FETCH EXECUTE CYCLE

1- Define CPU
Central processing unit is the portion of the computers that retrieves and executes
instructions.
2- What are the main 3 components of the CPU
Control unit
Arithmetic and logic unit
Registers and buses
3- What is the name given to computer architecture that we are using now
Von Neumann models
4- Explain stored program concept
Concept brought with von Neumann architecture to
- Store data and instructions in the same memory
- To process data and instructions in a sequential order.
- To allow processor to access the main memory directly
5- What are the stages of fetch executing cycle
-fetch
-decode
-execute
6- Explain the steps of fetch -decode and execute cycle
-PC (program counter fetches the instructions of next instruction from main memory
(RAM)
- The address contained in the PC is then copied to MAR
-the instructions are then copied from the memory location contained in MAR and is
placed in the MDR
- entire instruction is then taken to CIR
- program counter is then incremented, so that next instructions can be fetched
- instructions are then decoded and executed
7- Explain the functions of the following components
Program Counter (PC) - an incrementing counter that keeps track of the memory
address of which instruction is to be executed next.
Memory Address Register (MAR) - the address in main memory that is currently being
read or written

Memory Buffer / Data Register (MBR / MDR) - a two-way register that holds data
fetched from memory (and ready for the CPU to process) or data waiting to be stored in
memory
Current Instruction register (CIR) - a temporary holding ground for the instruction
that has just been fetched from memory
Accumulator - a register used to contain the results of an arithmetical or logical
operation.
Control Unit (CU) - decodes the instruction in the CIR, selecting machine resources
such as a data source register and a particular arithmetic operation, and coordinates
activation of those resources
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) - performs mathematical and logical operations.

8- What are registers

It is high speed areas of memory with in microprocessor / CPU used to store small
amount of data temporarily.
Eg : CIR, MAR, MDR, ACCUMULATOR, PC

9- Explain the functions of the following buses

Address Bus: it is a unidirectional bus carries signals relating to address throughout the
system
Data Bus: it is a bidirectional bus which carries data from CPU/ Memory and to/from
input-output
Control Bus: it is a bidirectional bus carries signals relating to control and coordinates
all the activities of the CPU

10- Identify the component of the CPU that is responsible for decoding instructions.
Control unit

11- Explain ways to enhance the system performance

- Increasing the number of cores

 - Increasing clock speed

- Increasing the width of address and data bus

- Using cache memory

12- What does 3.5GHz Processor means

GHz measures the speed at which electronic components process instructions from
software. For example, a 3.5GHz processor means that the processor can execute 3.5
billion instructions in one second.

13- Explain what is a core

a core is a small CPU or processor built into a big CPU or CPU socket. It can
independently perform or process all computational tasks.

14- What is the meaning of quad core

It is when the CPU communicates using 4 cores with six

channels

15- Explain what is a system clock

The component that regulates the timing and speed of a computer

16- Explain what is Cache

The component that stores the frequently used data and instructions

17- Explain the disadvantages you will get if you increase the speed of system clock

Increasing the clock speed will lead to over clocking which will lead to overheating and
crash the system

18- Explain the disadvantage you will get if you use multiple cores

The time taken to communicate the cores will lead to latency

19- Explain instruction set

Instruction set is used to instruct the CPU how to carry out an operation

It has opcode and operand

Opcode: instructs the CPU what operations to be carried out

 Operand: it is the data which needs to be acted

20- Explain what is an embedded system

Embedded is a combination of hardware and software designed to carry out a specific

task.

Embedded system can be based on a microprocessor or a microcontroller

21- What are the two types of embedded systems

Programmable: can be programmed / upgraded

Non programmable: non-programmable devices need, in general, to be replaced if they

require a software upgrade.

22- Explain two ways programmable embedded systems can be updated

- connecting the device to a computer and allowing the download of updates to

the software (for example, this is used to update the maps on a GPS system

used in a vehicle)

- automatic updates via a Wi-Fi, satellite or cellular (mobile phone network) link

(For example, many modern cars allow updates to engine management systems

and other components via satellite link).

23- What is a microprocessor

It is an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a
computer

24- Explain the difference between microprocessor, microcontrollers and system on chips

A microprocessor is a processor where the memory and I/O component are connected
externally.

A microcontroller is a controlling device wherein the memory and I/O output

component are present internally.

System on chips: this may contain a microcontroller as one of its components (they
almost always will include CPU, memory, input/output (I/O) ports and secondary storage
on a single microchip.
25- Explain the general make up of an embedded system

User interface

Analogue to digital converter

Software and hardware

Output

Sensor, input, mechanical components, actuators and software

CPU/ I/O connections

1. It takes the analog/digital input from the user. Examples are Push-button switch, Keypad,
Sensor, Touch Screen.
2. Then, it processes the given input. Processing may be calculation or conversion. For
example, an ADC (Analog to digital converter) converts a sensor analog input to digital
output.
3. After converting the analog value to digital output, you need to control using output
devices. Examples are Motor, LCD, and Touchscreen.

26- Explain the benefits and drawbacks of embedded systems

BENEFITS

They are small in size and therefore easy to fit in to devices

Relatively low cost

They are usually dedicated to one task making a simple interface

They consume very little power

They can be controlled remotely

DRAWBACKS

difficult to upgrade

troubleshooting faults
 although interface appear simple, in reality it can be more confusing

as device can be accessed remotely it can be easily hacked

can lead to environment issues created by increasing throw away

27- Give some examples of embedded systems and explain them

Security systems: The security code is set in RAM and the alarm activated or deactivated using

the keypad. Data from sensors is sent to the controller which checks against values stored on the
SSD (these settings are on SSD rather than RAM in case the sensitivity needs to be adjusted). An
output can be a signal to flash lights, sound an alarm or send a message to the home owner via
their mobile phone. Again, the home owner can interface with the system remotely if necessary

Set top box: a set-top box uses an embedded system to allow, for example, recording and
playback of television programs. This can be operated remotely by the user when not at home
using an internet-enabled device or by using the interface panel when at home. The embedded
system will look after many of the functions involving inputs from a number of sources such as a
Solid-State Device (SSD) (where television programs can be stored or retrieved) or a satellite
signal (where it will be necessary to decode the incoming signal).

Vending machines:
- actuators to operate the motors, which drive the helixes (see figure below) to
- give the customers their selected item(s)
- signals to operate the cooling system if the temperature is too high
- item description and any change due shown on an LCD display panel
- data sent back to the vending machine company so that they can remotely
- check sales activity (which could include instructions to refill the machine)

without the need to visit each machine.

Washing machines: Many ‘white goods’ (such as refrigerators, washing machines,

microwave ovens, and so on) are controlled by embedded systems. They all
come with a keypad or dials that are used to select the temperature, wash cycle
or cooking duration. This data forms the input to the embedded system, which
then carries out the required task without any further human intervention.

Input/ output
28- define input device

a device that allows data to be entered in to a computer system

29- give some examples of input devices

-barcode reader

-QR codes

- digital cameras

-keyboards

-microphones

-mouse

-2D/3Dscanners

-touch screens

30- explain what is a barcode reader

A barcode reader or barcode scanner is an optical scanner that can read printed barcodes,
decode the data contained in the barcode to a computer.

31- Explain how a barcode is read using a barcode reader

- Shines (red) laser/light

- Light is reflected back // white lines reflect light // black lines reflect less light
- Sensors/photoelectric cells detect the light
- Different reflections/bars give different binary/digital values // (pattern) converted to
binary/digital values
- Microprocessor interprets the data
- Uses check digit error checking
- Database stores data/barcodes/products/prices
- Barcode/value/key transmitted to database/system // Searches for
 - barcode/value/key in the database/system and price is returned/found
32- explain the advantages of using barcode to the management and the customer
management
-much easier and faster to change the price on stock items
-much better and more UpToDate sales information
-allows automatic stock control and re order level
- possible to check customers buying habits and manage customer loyalty cards

customer
- faster checkout queues
- -customer is given item-based bills
- Better tracks of items and expiry dates.

33- What is a QR code

A QR code is a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode)

34- What are the characteristics of QR code

-holds considerably more data than barcodes up to 7089 digits / 4296 characters

- the three large squares at the corners are used to align the QR code

- data in inserted horizontally and vertically

35- What are the advantages of QR code over barcode

- They can hold more information

- They will be fewer errors because it allows built in error checking method

- Easy to read/ generate

- Can be read if half of it is damaged or missing

36- What are the advantages of barcode over QR code

- Barcodes are Difficult to generate / normal barcode contains almost no data

redundancy

- Only one barcode format is available in QR code more than one format is available

- QR code can be used to transmit malicious code/ since there are larger number of free
apps for QR code any one can make it.

37- What are digital cameras

 A camera that produces digital images that can be stored on a computer, displayed on a
screen, and printed.

38- Explain how digital camera saves an image to a computer

- The image through the camera lens is captured on photodiodes (CCD) and converted
in to pixels.

- Each pixel stores one colour

- Image has a set number of pixels wide by pixels high

- Each colour has a unique binary value // Each colour has a unique colour code

- The colour/binary value of each pixel is stored in sequence

- File contains metadata to identify how the file should be displayed

- metadata can be the colour depth / resolution

39- explain the advantages and disadvantages of digital camera

Advantages

-easily transferred to computers

-can share the files easily

-microprocessor in the camera automatically controls many camera functions such as

shutter speed, focus, aperture, size, flash, red eye removal etc.

Disadvantages

- some images might get accidently shared

- digitals cameras are expensive

40- Explain how keyboard identify which key is pressed

First, a switch beneath the key closes, and current flows into a small chip in a keyboard.
Each key has a scan code number, which corresponds to its position on the keyboard. The
keyboard transmits this number as binary data to the computer's CPU and identify the
key.
41- List down some types of keyboards being used

Physical keyboard

Virtual key board / onscreen key board

Concept key board

42- Explain some advantages and disadvantages of physical keyboard

Advantages

- Easy to input

- Faster to type if well trained

Disadvantages

- Dirt might make the keys to get clogged

- More prone to errors if not well trained

43- Explain advantages and disadvantages of virtual / onscreen key board

Advantages

- No need of footprint/ physical space

Disadvantages

- Difficult/ impossible to type if screen is damaged / dead pixels

44- Explain advantages and disadvantages of concept keyboard

Advantages

- User Friendly. A concept keyboard typically takes less time to learn compared to a
standard keyboard.

- reduce the number of mistakes

Disadvantages

-limited functions available if more functions are needed the keyboard has to be upgraded
/ rebuilt

-need a developer/ expert to develop the concept key board

 45- explain how microphone works

pressure variations in sound waves cause the flexible diaphragm to vibrate

the vibrations of the diaphragm cause vibrations in the coil

the coil moves relative to a permanent magnet, so a potential difference is induced in the
coil

the coil is part of a complete circuit, so the induced potential difference causes a current
to flow around the circuit

the changing size and direction of the induced current matches the vibrations of the coil

the electrical signals generated match the pressure variations in the sound waves

46- explain advantages and disadvantages of microphone

advantages
- easy and faster way to input.

disadvantages
- the pronunciation of some word might not be easy to understand e.g., there / their
- background noises will affect the input

47- explain the advantages of optical mouse compared to mechanical mouse

no moving parts therefore more reliable
dirt can’t get trapped in any components
no need for special software (drivers)

48- explain advantages of wired mouse compared to optical mouse

unlike Bluetooth, wired connections have no signal loss
cheaper to use (no need for batteries)
fewer environmental issues (for example disposal of batteries)

49- explain how 2D and 3D scanners work

2D
– (Scanner) shines a light onto the surface of a document // Light moves across
document
– Reflected light is captured
– Uses mirrors and lenses
– Captured image is converted into a digital file
– Produces a 2D digital image
 3D
– Scanners shines a laser (or light) over the surface of a 3D object
– Records measurements of the geometry/dimensions of the object
– Measurements are converted to digital file
– Produces a 3D digital model

50- list some advantages for 2D scanners

advantages
-easy to share the documents
- documents can be saved electronically for later use
disadvantages
if the quality of scanning document is bad than scanned copy will be worse
- scanner is expensive to buy

51- explain how capacitive, resistive and infrared touch screen identify user’s touch
resistive
− uses multiple layers of material ...
− ... that transmit electric currents
− when the top layer/screen is pushed/touched into the lower/bottom layer ...
− ... the electric current changes and location of “touch” is found
capacitive
− current sent/flows out from all 4 corners of the screen
− when finger/stylus touches screen, the current changes
− the location of “touch” is calculated
infra-red
− an “invisible” grid on the screen (pattern of infra-red LED beams)
− sensors detect where the screen has been touched through a break in an infrared
beam(s)
− the position where the screen touched is calculated
52- Give advantages and disadvantages for all the three types of touch screens
Resistive
benefits:
− inexpensive/cheap to manufacture
− can use stylus/finger/gloved finger/pen
drawbacks:
 − poor visibility in sunlight
− vulnerable to scratching
− wears through time
− does not allow multi-touch facility
Capacitive
benefits:
− good visibility in sunlight
− (very) durable surface
− allows multi-touch facility
drawbacks:
− screen (glass) will shatter/break/crack (on impact)
− cannot use when wearing (standard) gloves
infra-red
benefits:
− good durability
− allows multi-touch facility
− can use stylus/finger/gloved finger/pen
drawbacks:
− expensive to manufacture
− screen (glass) will shatter/break/crack (on impact)
− sensitive to dust/dirt
53- explain the following two types of capacitive touch screens
- surface capacitive screens, sensors are placed at the corners of a screen. Small voltages are
also applied at the corners of the screen creating an electric field. A finger touching the screen
surface will draw current from each corner reducing the capacitance. A microcontroller measures
the decrease in capacitance and hence determines the point where the finger touched the screen.
This system only works with a bare finger or stylus.

Projective capacitive screens work slightly differently to surface capacitive screens. The
transparent conductive layer is now in the form of an X-Y matrix pattern. This creates a three dimensional
(3D) electrostatic field. When a finger touches the screen, it disturbs the 3D electrostatic field allowing a
microcontroller to determine the coordinates of the point of contact. This system works with bare fingers,
stylus and thin surgical or cotton gloves. It also allows multi-touch facility (for example, pinching or
sliding).
 OUTPUT DEVICES

54- What are actuators

Is a mechanical / electromechanically device which out puts a movement eg; robot arm relay,
solenoid or motor.
55- What are projectors
Device used to show enlarged computer output on a wall or a large screen, mainly there are two
types of projectors DLP and LCD
56- Explain how DLP works
Digital light projector uses many micro mirrors arranged on a DMD chip
These mirrors move according to the data send to them from computer, these mirrors first
produce a grey image
After bright light is shown on the DMD which passes through RGB filter where grey scale will be
converted to full color image.
57- Explain how LCD projectors work
A powerful beam of light is sent to a chromatic – coated mirrors which splits the image into red,
green and blue components, and three different version of red, green, blue image is created.
The image will then be recombined using a prism which produce full colored image
58- What are the advantages and disadvantages of DLP and LCD projectors
LCD advantages

More visible pixels // higher resolution

• Higher colour contrast (in ambient lighting) // more vivid colours
• Colours are (often) more accurate
• Image (usually) appears brighter (with same wattage)
• Will be stationary so does not need the portability of DLP
 • Does not need the compactness of DLP
• Cost of purchase (usually) less
• Run quieter
• Any surface can be used as a display
• Uses less power
• Produces less heat
• Does not give the rainbow effect DLP often gives
• Longer lasting lamps

LCD disadvantages

Contrast is not as good as DLP

Since LCD panels are organic in nature they tend to degrade with time (screen turns yellow and colors are
subsequently degraded over time.
DLP advantages
High color contrast
Higher reliability and longevity
Quitter running
Small and portable
DLP disadvantages
Images tends to suffer from shadow, when showing a moving image
Does not have grey components in the image
Color saturation is not as good as LCD
59- Inkjet printers and laser printers are two common types of printer.
Describe the features and principles of operation of each type of printer.
Inkjet printer:
– uses cartridges/liquid ink
– makes use of thermal bubble/piezoelectric technology
– sprays ink in droplets on the paper
– uses a moving print head
– suitable for low volume (high quality) output, e.g. a photo
Laser printer
– uses powdered ink/toner cartridges
– uses a (charged) printing drum
– makes use of static electricity charges
– uses a fuser to fix/melt ink onto the paper
– uses a discharge lamp to remove static charge from the drum
– useful for high volume (high quality) output, e.g. leaflets.
60- Another type of printer is the 3D printer. Describe 3D printing
produces solid, 3D objects/prototypes
– used in CAD/CAM
– makes use of tomography/slices of an object
– solid built up in thin layers
– uses resin, powdered metal, paper, plastic
61- State one suitable application for each printer below. A different application must be given for
each printer.
Inkjet : small quantities document / photos
Laser : larger quantities of documents
3D printer : (physical) prototype (from CAD)
– (physical) model (from a blueprint)

62- Explain the advantages and disadvantages of inkjet and laser printers
Inkjet advantages
Cheaper to buy than laser printer
Takes small footprint
good quality for photo printing
Inkjet disadvantages
Expensive to operate (cartridges will run faster)
Slow printing than laser
Runs quieter than laser
Laser advantages
Cheaper to run / operate (toner will run for longer)
Faster printing / high volume printing
Good quality in printing text
Laser disadvantages
Printer is expensive
Takes large foot print
Louder
63- Modern LCD monitors and televisions use LED back-lit technology.
Give two advantages of using this new technology compared to the older cold cathode
fluorescent lamp (CCFL) method

– no need to warm up

– whiter tint/more vivid colours/brighter image

– higher resolution

– much thinner monitors possible/lighter weight

 – more reliable technology/longer lasting

– uses much less power/more efficient

64- Explain difference between LED and LCD monitors / displays

LED LCD

LED uses light emitting diodes LCD uses florescent lights

Placement of light in LED is placed behind the Florescent light of LCD are always placed back of
screen and around its edges the screen

LED is expensive LCD is cheaper than LED

Reduction in power saving than LED

Since it uses backlight more clear, better picture is As it uses florescent light the picture quality in
displayed LCD is noticeable in scenes with high contrast as
dark portions may appear too bright or fadeout

Runs cooler than LCD

Consumes very little power

65- Explain advantages and disadvantages of using speakers for output

Advantages
 Multiple peoples can receive the message at the same time

 There is no need for a cable or wire for the Bluetooth speakers to connect.
 Laptops, tablets, and smartphones all come with built-in speakers.
 Because they are extremely portable, they may be relocated from one location to
another.

Disadvantages

Speakers can cause noise problem

Memory and storage

66- Explain primary memory with example

Memory which processor can directly access to eg. RAM, ROM
 It has relatively small storage capacity
It has to be inside the CPU
67- Explain secondary storage
Memory which processor does not have direct access Eg. HDD, SSD
It is nonvolatile memory
It can be removed from the computer and used externally
It has high storage capacity
68- Explain offline storage
Memory which processor does not have direct access
It is usually carried out with the data eg. pendrive, external HDD, external SSD
69- Explain the difference between primary and secondary memory

Primary Secondary

Processor can directly access to this Processor cannot directly access to this, if
memory any data in the secondary needs to be
read, then it has to be loaded in to RAM
first

Eg: RAM , ROM cache HDD, SSD

Has smaller capacity Has larger capacity compared to Primary

memory

It has to be located in side the computer to It can be removable and connected

function externally

Is partially volatile because RAM is It is non volatile

volatile

70- Explain the difference between RAM and ROM

RAM ROM

Random Access memory Read only memory

Can be read and written Can only be read

 Stores instructions and data currently in Stores boot up instructions / bios
use

Large capacity than ROM Relatively small storage than RAM

Processor can directly access Processor can directly access

71- Explain the difference between static ram and dynamic ram

Static RAM Dynamic RAM

Uses flip flops to hold each bit of memory Consists of transistors and capacitors

Does not need to be constantly refreshed Needs to be constantly refreshed

Has faster data access time Less expensive to manufacturer SRAM

Higher memory than SRAM

Consumes less power than SRAM

72- Explain the difference between HDD and SSD

HDD has moving parts but SSD does not
• HDD uses magnetic storage whereas SSD uses flash memory
• HDD is slower to access data than SSD // HDD has greater latency than SSD
• HDD will create noise/heat, whereas SSD runs quieter/cooler
• HDD has higher power consumption than SSD
• HDD have greater longevity/more read-write cycles whereas SDD has lower longevity/limited
number of read-write cycles
• HDD larger in physical size/heavier than SSD
• HDD is normally cheaper for the same capacity of storage as SSD
• HDD is available in a larger storage capacity than SSD

73- Explain how SSD works

Flash storage
− Uses transistors/controls gates/floating gates
− Can be NAND/NOR technology // Can use flip-flops
− Stores data by flashing it onto the chips/device
− Controlling/using the flow of electrons through/using
transistors/chips/gates
− The electric current reaches the control gate and flows through to the
floating gate to be stored
− When data is stored, the transistor is converted from 1 to 0 / 0 to 1

74- Explain how HDD/ magnetic storage works

Storage device has platters

− Platters/disk divided into tracks
 − Storage platter / disk is spun
− Has a read/write arm that moves across storage media
− Read/writes data using electromagnets
− Uses magnetic fields to control magnetic dots of data
− Magnetic field determines binary value

75- Explain how data is written in CD

Red) laser is used
– (Laser beams) shines onto surface of the disk
– It is rotated (at a constant speed) to be read
– Surface is covered in a track (that spirals from the centre)
– Data is represented on the surface using pits and lands
– Pits and lands represent binary values
– Pits reflect light back differently (to the area in between/land)
– Optical device can determine the binary value from the light reflection

76- Explain the difference between Blu-ray and DVD

Blu-ray discs use blue/violet lasers rather than red lasers as used by DVDs
– storage capacity of Blu-ray discs is much higher than standard DVDs
– Blu-ray discs use one polycarbonate layer; DVDs use two layers
– Blu-ray discs have a built-in secure encryption system

77- What is the meaning of dual layering

which considerably increases the storage capacity. Basically, this means
that there are two individual recording layers.

78- Explain the following terms

ROM — read only. The data stored is already burned onto the disk by a manufacturer or another
user. This data can only be read.
• -R. The disk is initially empty of data. It can be written to once and once only. Once written, the
data can be read. There is a similar format called +R.
• -RW. The disk is initially empty of data. It can be written to and read from repeatedly. This type
of disk has a reflective surface that can have pits burned in to it. By using a higher power laser,
the surface can be made to flow and cover the pits. This will return the disk to a blank state.
There is a similar format called +RW.

79- What are the things to consider when choosing an appropriate secondary storage device

• Capacity — The amount of data that can be stored with the medium.
• Transfer speed — The rate at which data can be transferred to and from the medium.
• Portability — How easily the medium can be transported from one location to another
• Durability — How resistant the medium is to data loss and damage from wear, tear and
pressure.
• Cost — How expensive is the medium (this is often calculated as cost per megabyte or cost per
gigabyte).

80- Explain the capacity of the following devices

 81- Click the correct box

82- Describe the following storage device

Non-volatile memory that can only be read from and not written to. ROM

Optical storage media that allows very high storage capacity: blu-ray disc
by using blue/violet laser technology.

Volatile memory that stores data, programs and the parts of RAM
the operating system that are currently in use.

Optical storage media that uses a single spiral track and uses
dual layer technology, allowing high data storage capacity. DVD/ DVD-R(+R)/ DVD-RW(+RW)/
DVD-ROM

Device that stores data by controlling the movement of

electrons within a microchip; there are no moving parts. SSD

Optical storage media that uses concentric tracks allowing

writing and reading to take place at the same time. DVD-RAM
 Virtual Memory

83- Explain virtual memory

Virtual memory gives illusion of unlimited RAM. When RAM is full pages of data can be moved to
HDD/SSD giving illusion that RAM is always available.

84- What are the benefits of virtual memory

With virtual memory more programs and data can be executed.
It reduces the need of buying and installing extra physical RAM

85- What are the disadvantages of virtual memory

Disk thrashing can become an issue since pages are being moved to and from HDD, this causes
many head movement to made and thrash point can be reached.

86- Why SSD are not affected by disk thrashing

Because SSD does not have any moving parts

87- Draw the diagram of virtual memory

88- Explain cache memory

Primary memory used to hold frequently used data

89- What is a cloud storage

Storing a vast quantity of data on remote physical servers.

90- What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cloud storage
ADVANTAGES
Files stored in cloud can be accessed anytime
No need to carry external storage with them
Provides remote backup
Almost unlimited storage capacity
DISADVANTAGES
Slower / unstable internet connections
Cost can be high if large storage capacity is required
Always possible to loss all backup data
Data security issues
91- Explain the three types of clouds
Public cloud: the client and cloud storage providers are different companies
Private cloud: a dedicated system behind a firewall where the client and storage provider
operate as single entity
Hybrid cloud: a combination of public and private cloud provider, where the most sensitive data
is stored in a private storage.

92- What are the advantages and disadvantages of public cloud

ADVANTAGES
Cheap: because you don’t have to purchase your own server or manage services internally
High scalability: easy to get extra service / server space
Disaster recovery: All your data is stored and backed-up on an external server which may be
hundreds of thousands of miles away from your own business location.
DISADVANTAGES
Less secure than private cloud:
depends on the internet connection
Lack of total control: Since data is held by a company you do not control; you can’t customize
your data storage set-up

93- What are the advantages and disadvantages of private cloud

ADVANTAGES
Full control
Maximum security: By employing your own staff to manage security, you have full control. This
is the reason why banks and other financial institutions, for example, rely on private cloud
solutions.
High system performance: If your servers are on your own business premises you do not need
to rely on your internet connection.
DISADVANTAGES
Most expensive cloud option: You pay more for a private cloud system than for any other
option, because it needs extra resources in terms of hardware and staff.
No external support: You have to keep your private cloud up to date for yourself.

94- What are the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid cloud

ADVANTAGES
Cheaper than private cloud: A hybrid cloud solution is less expensive than buying and
maintaining servers on your premises for absolutely all your data. you can have your most
sensitive data on a private server and the rest on a public cloud server.
Control where you need it: When using a hybrid cloud infrastructure, you retain control over
security where you need to.

DISADVANTAGES
Higher cost than public cloud
More maintenance than public cloud
Depends on internet connection
 Network hardware
95- Explain NIC Card
A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is
installed on a computer so it can connect to a network.
NIC card contains the MAC address

96- Explain MAC address

Media access control address used to identify the device connected to network
MAC address can be administered two ways UAA (universally administered address:
administered by manufacturer) and LAA (locally administered address: administered by the user
after buying the device)
- MAC address has two parts first six digits represents the manufacturer ID and last 6 digits
represents the device ID

97- Explain the reasons why MAC address is being administered locally
Due to network restrictions
And some software needs the MAC address to be set in a specific standard

98- Explain IP address

Internet protocol address is a unique numerical identifier for every device or network that
connects to the internet.
99- Explain two types of IP addresses
IPV4 : uses 32 bits of decimal numbers separated by dots
IPV6 : uses 128 bits of hex digits separated by colons

100- List down the main advantages of IPV6 compared to IPV4

» removes the risk of IP address collisions
» has built-in authentication checks
» allows for more efficient packet routes.

101- Give examples where static IP addresses are usually assigned

» remote servers which are hosting a website
» an online database
» a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server. FTP servers are used when files
need to
be transferred to various computers throughout the network.
102- Explain the process of retrieving a webpage using dynamic IP with
the help of a diagram
103- Explain the process of retrieving a webpage using static IP with the
help of a diagram
104- Explain the difference between dynamic and static Ip

dynamic Static
Changes every time a device connects to a Permanently assigned
network
Greater privacy since it changes every time a Can be fully traceable: because it does not
user log on change
Allows for faster upload and download speed
105- Explain the difference between MAC and IP address

MAC IP ADDRESS
Identifies the physical address of a device on Identifies the global on the internet
the network
Unique for device on the network May not be unique
Assigned by the manufacturer and is part of Assigned by ISP
NIC
Can be universal or local Dynamic ip changes every time device
connects static IP address don’t change
Use 48 bits Use either 32 bits or 128 bits
Can be UAA or LAA Can be static and dynamic

106- What are routers

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers
perform the traffic directing functions between networks and on the global Internet.

107- What is DHCP

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network management protocol used on Internet
Protocol networks for automatically assigning IP addresses and other communication parameters
to devices connected to the network using a client–server architecture.

108- Explain how router works

Routers inspect the data package sent to it from any computer on any of
the
networks connected to it. Since every computer on the same network has
the
same part of an internet protocol (IP) address, the router is able to send
the
data packet to the appropriate switch, and the data will then be delivered
to
the correct device using the MAC destination address. If the MAC address
doesn’t
match any device connected to the switch, it passes on to another switch
on
the same network until the appropriate device is found.