Name: DELOS AMA, HEX NEO E.

Date:
Section: BSABE 2-2 Schedule: F (10:00 am – 1:00 pm)

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 1

FLUID PROPERTIES

I. Introduction: Use the following guide question in preparing your introduction.

The science of fluid mechanics studies how fluids react to external forces. This area of classical physics
has significant applications in chemical engineering, meteorology, zoology, hydraulic and aeronautical
engineering, and more.

Identify and define the different physical properties of fluid.

Density, viscosity, and surface tension are the three main physical characteristics of fluids. A brief
definition and overview of each of these in terms of molecular ideas will be provided, and their mass, length,
and time (M, L, and T) dimensions will be investigated. It is the specific fluid that determines the physical
qualities. While viscosity in gases is roughly proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature, it
also greatly relies on temperature in liquids. In most other circumstances, the effect of pressure on physical
qualities can be ignored; nevertheless, the density of gases depends practically directly on the absolute
pressure. The mass of a single molecule and the quantity of such molecules that occupy a unit of volume
determine density. Density for liquids is mostly determined by the specific liquid and just somewhat by its
temperature. The fluid is ideally expected to be contained in a relatively small gap of thickness h between
one stationary plate and another plate moving steadily at a velocity V relative to the first plate. The viscosity
of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow under an applied shear stress. The propensity of a liquid's
surface to act like an elastic membrane that has been stretched is known as surface tension. Liquids have an
innate tendency to reduce their surface area. The most obvious scenario involves a droplet of liquid on a
horizontal surface that is not covered with liquid mercury on glass, or water on a surface that has a thin layer
of oil on it as well.

Differentiate the type of fluids based on their physical properties

fluids in fluid mechanics are classified based on their physical properties. Newtonian fluids, irrespective of
the applied force, exhibit constant viscosity. The applied force affects the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids.
Perfect plastic fluids act as fluids in high stress situations and as solids in low stress situations. While
compressible fluids, like gasses, change volume under pressure, incompressible fluids, like water, maintain a
fixed density. In theoretical calculations, ideal fluids are incompressible and have no viscosity. Like most
fluids we meet on a daily basis, real fluids have viscosity. Whereas unstable fluids have different velocities
between any two places, steady fluids retain a consistent density throughout their passage. Motor oil and
other viscous fluids are thicker, but non-viscous fluids are thinner and have less internal friction resistance.
Comprehending these categorizations is essential for forecasting fluid behavior in various scenarios.

State the importance of physical property of fluid in understanding the principles of fluid
mechanics

We must define what is meant by the term "fluids" in order to comprehend the many qualities of fluids.
Everything that is able to flow is by definition fluid. Fluids include things like the water we drink and the air
we breathe. In essence, gasses and liquids are both types of fluids. The performance of compression
equipment is determined by the fluid characteristics. Fluid analysis should be provided wherever possible; in
cases where this isn't possible because of incomplete information or confidentiality, close approximations
must be made. Under these final settings, the divergence in values of the ratio of specific heats to average
molecular weights may cause actual field performance to differ from the design data. Determine the
composition and amount of any liquids or solids that have become entrained in the gas stream. No
manufacturer will make machinery that can handle "dirty" gases, yet some can manage entrained liquids or
solids. Solids are always removed using appropriate wet or dry scrubbing equipment before any compression
equipment, and liquid separators are advised in the event that there is a chance of liquid carryover.
 1. Identify and define the different physical properties of fluid.
2. Differentiate the type of fluids based on their physical properties.
3. State the importance of physical property of fluid in understanding the principles of
fluid mechanics.

II. Objectives

1. To determine the value of some physical property of fluid analytically.

2. To correlate the different physical property of fluids.

III. Materials/Equipments

1. Water 4. Graduated cylinder

2. Honey 5. Dishwashing liquid
3. Engine oil, transmission oil, 6. Beam balance
Automatic transmission oil,
Brake fluid.

IV. Procedure

1. Get the beam balance from Laboratory in-charge. Record in the laboratory equipment
utilization log book the time and date of laboratory activity.
2. Place the equipment on a flat and even surface. Make sure that the equipment is in good
condition before using. Check the different parts for damage.
3. Prepare the other material needed for the experiment.
4. Measure the mass of the graduated cylinder. Compute the weight of graduated cylinder
using the formula:
Weight = mass x a
a = 9.81m/sec2
Record this as its initial weight.
5. Add a known volume of the liquid. Start with water. Record the volume of liquid in the
table.
6. Measure the mass of the graduated cylinder with the fluid. Record the mass of graduated
cylinder and liquid in the table.
7. Subtract the initial mass of graduated cylinder to the mass of graduated cylinder and
liquid. Record this as the mass of the liquid. Compute the weight of liquid using the
formula in step 4. Record this as the weight of the liquid.
8. Compute for the specific weight of liquid using the given formula:
Specific weight = weight of fluid / volume of liquid.
 9. Disposed the liquid on proper bin. Wash and dry the graduated cylinder.
10. Compute the density of the liquid using the formula:
Density = mass of fluid / a
a = 9.81m/sec2
11. Record the density of the liquid in the table.
12. Compute the specific gravity of the liquid using water as the standard. Use density of
water as 1000kg/m3. Record the density of liquid in the table.
13. Repeat procedure 5 to 12 using the other liquid.
14. Search the web for the specific weight, density and specific gravity of the liquid under
study. Compare the value you computed.
15. After completing the measurement of the physical properties of all liquid, clean and
return the graduated cylinder and beam balance to the Laboratory in-charge.

V. Calculations and Results.

Table 1: Physical Property of Selected Liquid.

Weight Volum Weigh Specifi Density

Mas Mass (g) Mas
(N) e (m )
3
t (N) c (Kg/m3) Specific
s (g) Graduate s (g)
Weight Gravity
Liquid d
(N/m ) 3
(cylinder
Graduated Liquid
+ Liquid)
Cylinder

Water 208.5 77 0.00008 0.75 9375 962.5 0.9625

Honey 264 132.5 0.00009 1.30 14,444 1472.22 1.47222
Engine oil 200 68.5 0.00008 0.67 8375 856.25 0.85625
Transmissio 199.8 68.3 0.00008 0.67 8375 853.75 0.85375
n oil
Automatic 131.5 1.29 199.65 31.85 0.00008 0.31 3875 398.125 0.398125
transmission
oil
Brake fluid 141.2 9.7 0.00001 0.095 9500 970 0.97

Use the following sample computation as your guide to complete the table.

1. Weight of liquid = mass x a = 496.75 g x 9.81m/s2 (1 kg / 1000g) = 4.9 N

2. Volume = Volume in ml / 106 = Volume in m3
3. Specific weight = weight(N)/volume (m3)
4. Density = Mass(g)/1000 / Volume (m3)
5. Specific Gravity = Density(liquid)/1000 kg/m3

Show your computation.

M= (Mc+l) + Mgc V=V/10^6 W= m(g/1000) (N) SW=W/V D=(M/1000)/V (Kg/m^3) SG= D/1000
(g) (m^3) (N/m^3)
208.5-131.5 = 77 80mL/10^6 77(9.81/1000) = 0.75/0.00008= (77/1000)/0.00008= 962.5 962.5/1000=
= 0.00008 0.75 9375 0.9625
264-131.5 = 132.5 90mL/10^6 132.5(9.81/1000) = 1.30/0.00009= (132.5/1000)/0.00009= 1472.22/1000=
= 0.00009 1.30 14,444 1472.22 1.47222
200-131.5 = 68.5 80mL/10^6 68.5(9.81/1000) = 0.67/0.00008= (68.5/1000)/0.00008= 856.25/1000=
= 0.00008 0.67 8375 856.25 0.85625
199.8-131.5 = 68.3 80mL/10^6 68.3(9.81/1000) 0.67/0.00008= (68.3/1000)/0.00008= 853.75/1000=
= 0.00008 = 0.67 8375 853.75 0.85375
199.65-131.5 = 31.85 80mL/10^6 31.85(9.81/1000) = 31.85/0.00008= (31.85/1000)/0.00008= 398.125/1000=
= 0.00008 0.31 3875 398.125 0.398125
141.2-131.5 = 9.7 10mL/10^6 9.7(9.81/1000) = 0.095/0.00001= (9.7/1000)/0.00001= 970 970/1000=
= 0.00001 0.095 9500 0.97
Table 2: Comparison Between Computed Value and Standard Value.

Mass Weig Specific Densi Specific

Liquid ht Weight ty Gravity
Standa Compute Standa Compute Standa Compute Standa Compute Stand Comp
rd d rd d rd d rd d ar ute
d d
Water 120 77 1.176 0.75 9,810 9375 1,000 962.5 1 0.9625
Honey 108.8 132.5 1.064 1.30 13,881.1 14,444 1,420 1472.22 1.38- 1.47222
5 1.45
Engine oil 84.114 68.5 0.84- 0.67 8,720 8375 700-950 856.25 0.82 0.85625
1.12
Transmiss 68.3 0.67 8375 853.75 0.88- 0.85375
io 0.94
n oil
Automatic 104.95 31.85 0.31 7,989- 3875 398.125 0.39812
1.03 8,612.34 880-940 0.88- 5
transmissi
0.94
on
oil
Brake 22 9.7 0.216 0.095 10,780 9500 1,100 970 1.1 0.97
fluid

VI. Discussion of Results

1. State the possible reasons for the discrepancy between standard and computed values.
- There are a number of reasons why standard and computed values could differ. Variations can
result from measurement uncertainty, which is impacted by the environment, the measurer, and the
instrument's precision. During the data gathering process, random or systematic experimental
errors may arise. When measurements are made from a sample rather than the complete
population, statistical variations can occur, which could produce results that are not representative
of the population. Discrepancies can also result from calculation errors, such as inaccurate
formulas, approximation or rounding problems, or both. When the mathematical model used for
computation oversimplifies the actual situation or is predicated on false assumptions, modeling
errors might happen. Discrepancies can also result from misunderstanding the meanings of
Standard Deviation, which is a measure of variability, and Standard Error, which is a gauge of how
well the sample represents the population. These elements emphasize how crucial it is to gather,
compute, and analyze data carefully in order to minimize differences.
2. Discuss the relationship between the different physical properties. How do the different
properties are affected by location (i.e, elevation), temperature and pressure?

- Variations in location (elevation), temperature, and pressure can have an impact on the
physical characteristics of fluids, including density, pressure, temperature, and viscosity.
Density often rises with falling elevation and falls with rising temperature. In addition to
being influenced by temperature, pressure decreases with elevation. A fluid's density
varies with temperature, with lower densities occurring at higher temperatures.
Temperature-related changes in a fluid's viscosity cause it to become thinner. The ideal
gas law further states that a gas's volume is directly proportional to temperature at
constant pressure and inversely proportional to pressure at constant temperature.
 VII. Conclusion:

In summary, knowledge of the various physical characteristics of fluids is essential to the study of fluid
mechanics. Surface tension, viscosity, and density are important properties that determine how fluids behave. A
fluid's density, which is based on its mass and volume, influences its buoyancy and movement. A fluid's capacity
to convey momentum and energy is determined by its viscosity, a measurement of its resistance to flow. Capillary
action and other phenomena are influenced by surface tension, which is the propensity of a liquid's surface to
reduce its area. Engineers and scientists may precisely predict and evaluate fluid behavior in a variety of
applications by differentiating fluids based on their physical features, such as Newtonian and non-Newtonian
fluids, compressible and incompressible fluids, and viscous and non-viscous fluids. These characteristics affect
the handling of entrained liquids or solids in gas streams, the design and functionality of compression equipment,
and the choice of suitable separation apparatus. All things considered, studying fluid mechanics necessitates a
thorough comprehension of fluids' physical characteristics. This information makes it possible to design effective
systems, optimize workflows, and handle fluids safely across a range of sectors.

References:

1.4 Physical Properties-Density, viscosity, and surface tension | Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers |
InformIT. (n.d.). https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2832417&seqNum=4#:~:text=There%20are
%20three%20physical%20properties,%2C%20L%2C%20and%20T).

Admin. (2022, August 30). Definition, classification of fluids, properties of fluids, types of fluids, and FAQs.
BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/fluid/

Faber, T. E. (1998, October 26). Fluid mechanics | Definition, Equations, Types, & Facts. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fluid-mechanics

Admin. (2022a, August 3). Properties Of Fluids - Surface Tension, Pressure, Temperature & Density.
BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/properties-of-fluids/

Satter, A., & Iqbal, G. M. (2016). Reservoir rock properties. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 29–79).
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800219-3.00003-6