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Operating system report 102933

Computer engineering (Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad)

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Mumbai. (M.S.)

MICRO PROJECT
On
“Process scheduling”

Submitted by
Alok Mule
Sumit Nandkar
Om Surase

G.S. Mandal’s

Department of Computer Engineering

Marathwada Institute of Technology
Polytechnic, Aurangabad.
Academic Year: -2024-2025

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD

OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that : -

Roll Enrollment Exam

No. Name of Student No. Seat No.
78 Alok Mule 2200660241

132 Sumit Nandkar 2200660244

94 Om Surase 2200660266

We have successfully completed “Process scheduling” Micro-project for the subject Operating
Systems as in the enclosed ‘Portfilio’ during his tenure of Completing the Diploma in Computer
Engineering (CO5I) in Academic Year 2024-2025 from M.I.T. Polytechnic, Chh.Sambhajinagar with
Institute Code 0066.

Date:
Prof. S.S.Jadhav Prof. A.S.Nagrik
Project Guide H.O.D.

Principal
Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Polytechnic, Chh.Sambhajinagar

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INDEX
Annexure-IV Micro Project Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Annexure-I A “Format for Micro-Project Proposal”

1.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project (minimum 30-50 words)

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

3.0 Proposed Methodology (procedure in brief that will be followed to do the micro-
project in about 100-200 words.)

4.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity.)

5.0 Resources required (major resources such as row material, some machining facility,
software etc.)

Annexure-II A “Format for Micro-Project Report”

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50 words. This is a modified
version of the earlier one written after the work)

2.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project:

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list is more Cos are addressed)

4.0 Literature Review

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its
analysis (if any). The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)

6.0 Actual Resources Used (mention the actual resources used).

7.0 Outputs of the micro projects (Drawings of the prototype, drawing of survey,
presentation of collected data, findings etc.)

8.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this micro project

9.0 Applications of this micro project

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Annexure-IV
Micro Project
(Teacher Evaluation Sheet)

Name of Programme: Diploma in Computer Engineering Semester : - 5

Course Title : Operating System Code:22516
Title of Micro Project:- Process scheduling
Course Outcomes Achieved:

a) Install Linux operating system and configure it.

b) Use operating system tools to perform various functions

Process and Individual Total

Roll Name of Student Enrollment Exam Product Presentation Marks
No. No. Seat No. Assessment / Viva (10)
(06) (04)
78 Alok Mule 2200660241

132 Sumit Nandkar 2200660244

94 OM Surase 2200660266

Comments / Suggestions about work:

Signature of Teacher :

Name and Designation : S.S.Jadhav

of the Teacher

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Annexure-I
Micro-Project Proposal
(Format for Micro-Project Proposal About 1-2 pages)

Title of Micro-Project : Process scheduling

1.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project (minimum 30-50 words)

a. Increasing knowledge about linux based commands.

b. Enhanced searching skill quality.
c. Improving solo working skills.
d. Enhanced terminal operating skills.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

a) Install Linux operating system and configure it.

b) Use operating system tools to perform various functions

3.0 Proposed Methodology (Procedure in brief that will be followed to do the

micro- project in about 100-200 words.)

A)-For micro-project first we have to decide topic related to Operating System subject.

B)-Then we will be start researching and collecting information about

That topic
C)-Then we will plan a raw project on notebook.

D)-Then we will research information & after that I will start my main project.

E)-At the time of project if we are getting some problem then we will ask to the
respective subject teacher

F)-After removing errors from my project , we will show it to subject teacher for
checking/correction .

G)-After completing project. for submitting it in soft copy.

H)- We will create proper report.

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3.1 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major

Sr. Details of Activity Planned Planned Name of

No Start Date Finish Date
Responsible
Team Members

1 Deciding topic of 28/7/2024 01/08/2024 All Member

microproject

2 Collecting and Searching 02/08/2024 14/08/2024 All Member

Information about topic

3 Arrange all information in ppt 17/08/2024 26/08/2024 All Member

format

4 Prepare a report on it using MS 04/9/2024 23/09/2024 All Member

Word.
5 Print micro project. 27/09/2024 30/09/2024 All Member

5.0 Resources required (major resources such as row material, some

machining facility, software etc.)

Sr. Name of Resource/Material Specification Qty. Remarks

No
1 Computer system Asus intel i5 1
core,8GB
RAM
2 Operating System Linux 1

Names of Team Members with Roll No. : -

Roll No. Name of Student

78 Alok Mule

132 Sumit Nandkar

94 Om Surase

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Annexure-II
Micro-Project Report
(Format for Micro-Project Report minimum 4
pages) Title Title of Micro-Project : - Process scheduling
1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50 words.
This is a modified version of the earlier one written after the work)
 Process Scheduling is an OS task that schedules processes of different states like ready, waiting,
and running.
 Process scheduling allows OS to allocate a time interval of CPU execution for each process.
Another important reason for using a process scheduling system is that it keeps the CPU busy
all the time.
 This allows you to get the minimum response time for programs.

2.0) Aim/Benefits of Micro Project:

a. Increasing knowledge about linux based commands.
b. Enhanced searching skill quality.
c. Improving working skills.
d. Enhanced terminal operating skills.

3.0) Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list is more Cos are addressed)

a) Install Linux operating system and configure it.

b) Use operating system tools to perform various functions.

4.0) Literature Review:-

The following is the abstract from following websites

A literature review for a micro project on process scheduling should provide an overview of
the key concepts, theories, and research related to process scheduling in computer science
and operating systems.

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_process_scheduling.htm
• https://www.guru99.com/process-scheduling.html

we searched historical development on above website

we collect some information about historical development on process scheduling.
 provide a historical overview of process scheduling algorithm, starting with
early computer system.

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 Discuss the evolution f scheduling techniques and how they have adapted to
changing hardware and software environments
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_process_scheduling_algorithms.htm
In this website we searched and discuss about various scheduling algorithms, including:
o First-come-first-serve (FCFS)
o Shortest job first (SJF)
o Round Robin (RR)
o Priority Scheduling
o Multilevel Queue Scheduling.
o Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling
o Lottery Scheduling
o Real- Time Scheduling Algorithms

• https://www.guru99.com/process-scheduling.html

we refer above website for understanding and collecting some diagrams and
important notes about process scheduling.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and
its analysis (if any). The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)

A)- Project Topic selection :

At the beginning we was confused about selecting Topic for Operating Systems
microproject but after a conversation with subject teacher we made our decision
and select topic Process scheduling.

B)- Searching and Collecting Information :

After selecting project topic then we searched lots of information related to our topic. we was
visited different websites which gave valuable information about our Project topic.

C)- Raw Project :

After collecting information about project, we started rough Design, data, topics, diagram on
notebook for implementing Idea on project.

D)- Main Project Work On:

After completing and Implementing rough Design, data, topics, diagram on notebook.
Then, we started project in Microsoft Office word . On that time we was stuck
Because we was unable to sorting information And also we didn’t have proper
information about Report & Literature Review .

E)-Problem & Doubt Solving :

As we was not able to proceed further in micro project we did brief discussion with respected subject
teacher (Mr. S. S. Jadhav) ,During conversation Sir gave proper instruction
and Sequence for project.

F)-Final Stage of Micro project :

After removing errors we had completed my project and got the proper output.

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6.0 Actual Resources Used (mention the actual resources used).

Sr. Name of Resource/Material Specification Qty. Remarks

No
1 Computer system Asus intel i5 1
core,8GB
RAM
2 Operating System Linux 1

7.0 Outputs of the micro projects (Drawings of the prototype, drawing of survey,
Presentation of collected data, findings etc.)

Attached below the report

8.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this micro project

a. Increased knowledge about Linux terminal.

b. Enhanced knowledge about Terminal
c. Increased Terminal Operating skills.
d. Enhanced presenting skills.
e. Increased editing skills
f. Increased solo working skills .

9.0 Applications of this micro project : -

a. The process scheduling is the activity of the process manager that handles the removal of the running
process from the CPU and the selection of another process on the basis of a particular strategy.
b. Process scheduling is an essential part of a Multiprogramming operating systems.
c. Such operating systems allow more than one process to be loaded into the executable memory at a time
and the loaded process shares the CPU using time multiplexing.

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PROCESS SCHEDULING
The process scheduling is the activity of the process manager that handles the removal of the running process from the
CPU and the selection of another process on the basis of a particular strategy.

Process scheduling is an essential part of a Multiprogramming operating systems. Such operating systems allow more than
one process to be loaded into the executable memory at a time and the loaded process shares the CPU using time
multiplexing.

Process Scheduling Queues

The OS maintains all PCBs in Process Scheduling Queues. The OS maintains a separate queue for each of the process
states and PCBs of all processes in the same execution state are placed in the same queue. When the state of a process is
changed, its PCB is unlinked from its current queue and moved to its new state queue.

The Operating System maintains the following important process scheduling queues –

• Job queue − This queue keeps all the processes in the system.
• Ready queue − This queue keeps a set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and
waiting to execute. A new process is always put in this queue.
• Device queues − The processes which are blocked due to unavailability of an I/O device
constitute this queue.

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The OS can use different policies to manage each queue (FIFO, Round Robin, Priority, etc.). The OS
scheduler determines how to move processes between the ready and run queues which can only have
one entry per processor core on the system; in the above diagram, it has been merged with the CPU.

Two-State Process Model

Two-state process model refers to running and non-running states which are described below –

S.N. State & Description

1
Running
When a new process is created, it
enters into the system as in the
running state.

2
Not Running
Processes that are not running are
kept in queue, waiting for their turn to
execute. Each entry in the queue is a
pointer to a particular process. Queue
is implemented by using linked list.
Use of dispatcher is as follows. When
a process is interrupted, that process
is transferred in the waiting queue. If
the process has completed or
aborted, the process is discarded. In
either case, the dispatcher then
selects a process from the queue to
execute.

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Schedulers
Schedulers are special system software which handle process scheduling in various ways. Their main
task is to select the jobs to be submitted into the system and to decide which process to run.
Schedulers are of three types
–
Long-Term Scheduler
Short-Term Scheduler
Medium-Term Scheduler

Long Term Scheduler

It is also called a job scheduler. A long-term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the
system for processing. It selects processes from the queue and loads them into memory for execution.
Process loads into the memory for CPU scheduling.

The primary objective of the job scheduler is to provide a balanced mix of jobs, such as I/O bound
and processor bound. It also controls the degree of multiprogramming. If the degree of
multiprogramming is stable, then the average rate of process creation must be equal to the average
departure rate of processes leaving the system.

On some systems, the long-term scheduler may not be available or minimal. Time-sharing operating
systems have no long term scheduler. When a process changes the state from new to ready, then there
is use of long term scheduler.

Short Term Scheduler

It is also called as CPU scheduler. Its main objective is to increase system performance in accordance
with the chosen set of criteria. It is the change of ready state to running state of the process. CPU
scheduler selects a process among the processes that are ready to execute and allocates CPU to one of
them.

Short-term schedulers, also known as dispatchers, make the decision of which process to execute
next. Short term schedulers are faster than long-term schedulers.

Medium Term Scheduler

Medium-term scheduling is a part of swapping. It removes the processes from the memory. It reduces
the degree of multiprogramming. The medium-term scheduler is in-charge of handling the swapped
out-processes.

A running process may become suspended if it makes an I/O request. A suspended processes cannot
make any progress towards completion. In this condition, to remove the process from memory and
make space for other processes, the suspended process is moved to the secondary storage. This
process is called swapping, and the process is said to be swapped out or rolled out. Swapping may be
necessary to improve the process mix.

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Comparison among Scheduler

S.N. Long-Term Short-Term Medium-Term

Scheduler Scheduler Scheduler

1 It is a job scheduler It is a CPU It is a process swapping

scheduler scheduler.

2 Speed is lesser than Speed is fastest Speed is in between both

short term scheduler among other two short and long term
scheduler.

3 It controls the degree It provides lesser It reduces the degree of

of multiprogramming control over degree multiprogramming.
of
multiprogramming

4 It is almost absent or It is also minimal in It is a part of Time

minimal in time time sharing system sharing systems.
sharing system

5 It selects processes It selects those It can re-introduce the

from pool and loads processes which are process into memory and
them into memory for ready to execute execution can be
execution continued

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Context Switch
A context switch is the mechanism to store and restore the state or context of a CPU in Process Control
block so that a process execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time. Using this
technique, a context switcher enables multiple processes to share a single CPU. Context switching is an
essential part of a multitasking operating system features.

When the scheduler switches the CPU from executing one process to execute another, the state from the
current running process is stored into the process control block. After this, the state for the process to
run next is loaded from its own PCB and used to set the PC, registers, etc. At that point, the second
process can start executing.

Context switches are computationally intensive since register and memory state must be saved and
restored. To avoid the amount of context switching time, some hardware systems employ two or more
sets of processor registers. When the process is switched, the following information is stored for later
use.

• Program Counter
• Scheduling information
• Base and limit register value
• Currently used register
• Changed State
• I/O State information
• Accounting information

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Summary
• Process scheduling is an OS task that schedules the processes of different states like ready,
waiting, and running.
• Two-state process models are 1) Running, and )Not Running
• Process scheduling maximizes the number of interactive users, within acceptable response
times.
• A scheduler is a type of system software that allows you to handle process scheduling.
• Three types of the scheduler are 1) Long term 2) Short term 3) Medium-term
• Long term scheduler regulates the program and select process from the queue and loads
them into memory for execution.
• The medium-term scheduler enables you to handle the swapped out-processes.
• The main goal of short term scheduler is to boost the system performance according to set
criteria
• Long term is also known as a job scheduler, whereas the short term is also known as CPU
scheduler, and the medium-term is also called swapping scheduler.

THANK YOU…!

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