Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering

New Delhi

LAB MANUAL
De p a r t me n t APPL I E D S CI E NCE
S e me s t e r 1st /2nd

Subject
Na me E L E CT RI CAL S CI E NCE

Subject
Co d e E S - 1 59 /16 0
 VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

To be an institute of excellence that provides quality technical education and research to create
competent graduates for serving industry and society.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

 M1: To impart quality technical education through dynamic teaching-learning environment

 M2: To promote research & innovations activities which gives opportunities for life-long
learning in context of academic and industry
 M3: To build up links with industry-institute through partnerships and collaborative
developmental works.
 M4: To inculcate work ethics and commitment in graduates for their future endeavors to serve
the society.
 DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The department aspires to be a centre of excellence in education in basic sciences and technology
with ethical and social values.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

DM-1: To provide quality education through professional, problem-driven and interdisciplinary

teaching methodology.
DM-2: To make students sensible in terms of ethical and social values in pursuing their education.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Page no.

1. Course details
1.1 Course objective
1.2 Course Outcomes
1.3 Evaluation Scheme
1.4 Lab safety instruction
1.5 Instructions for students while writing Experiment in
Lab file.

2 List of Experiments & Course Beyond Syllabus

3 Experimental Setup details for the course.

4 Experiment details

5 Course Exit Survey

 1. COURSE DETAILS

1.1 COURSE OBJECTIVE

The objective of the course is to provide exposure to students in respects of the fundamentals of different
aspects of electrical engineering, with emphasis on construction, analysis, measurement and application
of various types of instruments and circuits.

1.2. COURSE OUTCOMES

Course Outcomes(COs) : At the end of the course, the student will be able to

CO Bloom’s Bloom’s
Course Outcomes
No.
Taxonomy Level

Ability to understand and use Kirchhoff’s Laws to solve

CO-1 resistive circuit problems. Understanding 2

Ability to analyze resistive, inductive and capacitive circuits for

CO-2 transient and steady state sinusoidal solutions. Apply, Analyze 3, 4
Understand the first order filters and magnetic circuits.
CO-3 Apply, Analyze 3, 4

Understand the design of electrical machines. 2, 3

CO-4 Understanding, Apply
1.3 EVALUATION SCHEME

Laboratory
Components Internal External
Marks 40 60
Total Marks 100

Note: Viva Voce Questions for each experiment should be related to Course
Outcomes.

1.4 Safety Guidelines/Rules for laboratory

1. Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
2. Never change wiring with circuit plugged into power source.
3. Never plug leads into power source unless they are connected to an established circuit.
4. Avoid contacting circuits with wet hands or wet materials.
5. Connect the power source last. Disconnect the power source first.
6. Never make wiring changes on live circuits. Work deliberately and carefully and check your
work as you proceed.
7. Before connecting the power, check your wiring carefully for agreement with the wiring
diagram for an accidental short-circuit and for loose connections.
8. Check out the supply voltage to make sure that is what you expect. For example: AC or DC,
120V, 208V or 240V.
9. Be careful to keep metallic accessories of apparel or jewelry out of contact with live circuit
parts and loose articles of clothing out of moving machinery.
10. When using a multiple range meter always use the high range first to determine the feasibility
of using a lower range.
11. Never overload any electrical machinery by more than 25% of the rated voltage or current for
more than a few seconds.
12.Select ratings of a current coil (CC) and potential coil (PC) in a wattmeter properly before
connecting in a test circuit
1.5 Format for students while writing Experiment in Lab file.

Experiment No:

Aim:

Theory:

Circuit diagram: (To be drawn on the un-ruled side)

Observations/Calculations:

Results:
2. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS AS PER GGSIPU

S. No. Title of Lab Experiments CO

To Study the applications of CRO for measurement of voltage, frequency
1. (CO1)
and phase of signals.
2. To Verify Thevenin’s & Norton’s Theorem (CO1)
Connection of lamp by (1) Single Switch Method.(2) Two-way Switch
3. (CO2)
Method.
4. To study of Resonance in a series R-L-C circuit. (CO2)
To Measure Power & Power Factor in a Single-Phase A.C Circuit using
5. (CO2)
three Voltmeters.
To Measure Power & Power Factor in a Balanced Three Phase Circuit
6. (CO2)
using Two Single Phase Wattmeters.
7. To perform open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer. (CO3)
(CO4)
8. To study speed control of DC shunt Motor.

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

S. No Name of Experiment
1. To verify Maximum power transfer theorem.
2. To verify Reciprocity theorem.

3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP DETAILS FOR THE COURSE

Minimum Hardware Requirements

CRO, Function Generator, Bread boards, Connecting wires, resistors, capacitor, inductor,
Transformer DC power supplies, Digital multi-meters, Digital ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter,
rheostat, 2-way switch demonstration kit, bulbs .
 Experiment no. 1

Aim: To Study the applications of CRO for measurement of voltage, frequency and phase of signals.

Apparatus used: CRO, Function Generator and Connecting probes.

Theory: An oscilloscope is an electronic measuring device which provides a two-

dimensional visual representation of a signal. Because the oscilloscope allows the user to
see the signal(s), their characteristics can be easily measured and observed. The
oscilloscope displays a graph of voltage (on the vertical axis) versus time (on the
horizontal axis). Most electrical circuits can be easily connected to the oscilloscope
typically with probes. Oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally
known as a scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern
digital storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation
of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more
electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time
(horizontal or 'x' axis).

Application:
 General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of
electronic equipment and laboratory work.
 Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as
analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to display the
waveform of the heartbeat as an electrocardiogram.
 Some computer sound software allows the sound being listened to to
be displayed on the screen as by an oscilloscope.

Procedure:

Various Functions of CRO

Carefully look at the front panel of the CRO and try to understand the
various control knobs like vertical gain switch (volts/div), the horizontal
sweep speed selector (time/div), CAL, VAR switch, Intensity and
Focussing knobs, Vertical and Horizontal shifting knobs, X and Y inputs,
Traces (single or double beam), ALT, chop, x10 (magnification),
component test etc.

Voltage Measurements
The ac signal from a signal generator is fed to the Y-input of the CRO in the
ac mode and the peak to peak voltage of the signal is measured by noting the
height of the signal on the screen and the vertical gain position of the Y input.
This can be repeated on signals of different frequencies and magnitude.
Frequency measurement
Connect the signal from the function generator (FG) to the Y-input and
adjust the horizontal sweep speed selector (time/div) to get a steady
pattern of the signal on the CRO screen. Measure the time interval
between two peaks, say t secs. Hence determine the frequency of the
signal f=l/t. It is better to note down the time integral for 5 to 6 peaks
then calculate the average time between two adjacent peaks.

Phase Measurement

One can approximately measure the phase difference θ between two signals
(same frequency) by feeding the signal to two inputs Y1 and Y2 of a dual
 trace CRO and noting the shift in the peak positions. The shift is measured on
the time scale (div/sec) and then converted into the phase difference assuming
one period T= 2π radians or 360o. A simple way of producing a difference
between two signals is to pass one of the signals through a capacitor C, a
inductance L or a combination of R and C

Result: Voltage, frequency and phase measurement have been done using CRO.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.

Q.1.what are the different applications of CRO?

Q.2.what is lissajous pattern?
 Experiment 2a

Aim: To verify Thevenin’s theorem and find out the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit using DC
sources

Apparatus used: Bread board, Digital multi-meter, Digital Ammeter, DC power supplies, resistances
(wire wound), connecting wires

Theory of experiment: Thevenin’s Theorem states that any active linear bilateral AC/DC network
consisting of independent and/or dependent voltage and current sources and linear bilateral circuit
elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series resistance,
the voltage source being the open-circuit voltage across the open-circuited load terminals and the
resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking through the open circuited load
terminals. The load current can then be obtained from the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit using the formula
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡ℎ /(𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅𝐿 ), where 𝑉𝑡ℎ is the open-circuit voltage across open-circuited 𝑅𝐿 terminals and 𝑅𝑡ℎ is
the equivalent resistance viewed from the load terminals when all the sources replaced by their internal
resistance only, i.e. all voltage sources are short-circuited and the current sources are open-circuited.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
1. Build the circuit on the breadboard using resistances 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , R3 and 𝑅𝐿 . Adjust the voltage of DC
voltage source. Connect an ammeter in series with 𝑅𝐿 to measure current.
2. Switch on the circuit and note the ammeter reading 𝐼𝐿 .
3. Remove 𝑅𝐿 and measure 𝑉𝑡ℎ using the digital multi-meter.
4. Remove the DC voltage source by short-circuiting them (replacing them with a wire). Set the
multi-meter to measure the resistance 𝑅𝑡ℎ .
5. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and calculate the load current. It should be equal to the
current value obtained in Step 2.

Observations and Calculations:

DC voltage Observed Current Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit Calculated
Circuit Resistances (kΩ) % Error
sources (Volts) (mA) Parameters Current
Rth
𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑡ℎ Rth
(Ca
(Ob 𝐼𝐿 ′ (mA)
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (Observe (Calculat lcul
serv
d) ed) ated
ed)
)

The calculation of 𝐼𝐿 ′ can be done using the formula 𝐼𝐿 ′ = 𝑉𝑡ℎ /(𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅𝐿 ).

𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The percentage error can be calculated as × 100.
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Result: The percentage error was found to be __________.

Expected Outcome attained: Thevenin’s Theorem is verified and the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is
obtained.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.

Q1. State Thevenin’s Theorem?

Q2. Where do we measure Thevenin voltage?
Q3. How do we measure Thevenin resistance?
Q4. What is the application of Thevenin’s theorem?
 Experiment 2b

Aim: To verify Norton’s theorem and find out the Norton’s equivalent circuit using DC sources

Apparatus used: Bread board, Digital multi-meter, Digital Ammeter, DC power supplies, resistances
(wire wound), connecting wires

Theory of experiment: Norton’s Theorem states that any active linear bilateral AC/DC network
consisting of independent and/or dependent voltage and current sources and linear bilateral circuit
elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source and a shunt resistance, the
current source being the short-circuit current across the short-circuited load terminals and the resistance
being the internal resistance of the source network looking through the open-circuited load terminals. The
𝑅𝑁
load current can then be obtained from the Norton’s equivalent circuit using the formula 𝐼𝐿 = ×
𝑅𝑁 +𝑅𝐿
𝐼𝑠𝑐 , where 𝐼𝑠𝑐 is the short-circuit current through the short-circuited link between the terminals of load
resistance 𝑅𝐿 and 𝑅𝑡ℎ is the equivalent resistance viewed from the load terminals when all the sources
replaced by their internal resistance only, i.e. all voltage sources are short-circuited and the current sources
are open-circuited.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
1. Build the circuit on the breadboard using resistances 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , R3 and 𝑅𝐿 . Adjust the voltage of DC
voltage source to the desired value. Connect an ammeter in series with 𝑅𝐿 to measure current.
2. Switch on the circuit and note the ammeter reading 𝐼𝐿 .
3. Remove 𝑅𝐿 and connect the digital ammeter between the terminals to measure 𝐼𝑠𝑐 .
4. Remove both the DC voltage sources by short-circuiting them (replacing them with a wire). Set
the multi-meter to measure the resistance 𝑅𝑁 .
5. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit and calculate the load current. It should be equal to the current
value obtained in Step 2.

Observations and Calculations:

DC
Observed
voltage Circuit Resistances Norton’s Equivalent Calculate %
Current
sources (kΩ) Circuit Parameters d Current Error
(mA)
(Volt)
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝑠𝑐 (mA) 𝑅𝑁 (kΩ) 𝐼𝐿 ′ (mA)

𝑅𝑁
The calculation of 𝐼𝐿 ′ can be done using the formula 𝐼𝐿 ′ = 𝑅 × 𝐼𝑠𝑐 .
𝑁 +𝑅𝐿
 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
The percentage error can be calculated as × 100.
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Result: The percentage error was found to be __________.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.

Q1. State Norton’s Theorem

Q2. How do we obtain Norton short-circuit current?
Q3. How do we measure the internal resistance of a circuit?
Q4. What is the application of Norton’s theorem?
 Experiment 3

Aim: To control a single lamp from two different places, using 2-way switch circuit

Apparatus used: Incandescent lamp, 2-way switch Kit, connecting cables.

Theory of experiment: A 2-way switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other 2-way switch
is installed at the upper part, where the stairs end. The light point is provided between the first and the last
stair at an adequate location and height, if the light is switched on by the lower switch. It can be switched
off by the switch at the top or vice versa. The circuit can be used in places like bedroom, where the person
may not have to move from their place for switching off the light. They can conveniently control the light
source from either of the switches.

Two switches are used in the 2-way switch circuit. The supply is given to the switch at the short-circuited
terminals. The connection to the light point is taken from the similar short-circuited terminal of the second
switch. Other two independent terminals of each circuit are connected through cables.

L1

COM L1

L2 COM

L2

Two-way switch (side view) Symbol

Direct connection Cross connection

(both switches in same condition) (both switches in opposite condition)

Procedure:
1. While the supply and the 2-way switch kit are turned off, connect the bulb into the bulb holder of
the Kit.
2. Connect the terminals of both the switches S1 and S2 for Direct Connection, as shown in the circuit
diagram.
3. Switch in the Supply and the Kit. Observe and note the status of the bulb.
4. Turn off the Kit and the power supply. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for Cross connection, as per the circuit
diagram.
Observations:

Direct Connection Cross Connection

Position of Switches Condition Position of Switches Condition
S1 S2 of Lamp S1 S2 of Lamp

Result: In _________-connection, the lamp was turned on when both the switches were in the same
position. In _________-connection, the lamp was turned on when both the switches were in the opposite
positions.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.

Q1. What are the advantages of 2-way switch circuit?

Q2. What are the practical applications of 2-way switch circuit?
Q3. In a 2-way switch circuit, what is meant by “Direct” connection?
Q4. In a 2-way switch circuit, what is meant by “Cross” connection?
Q5. How does a 3-way switch circuit work?
 EXPERIMENT NO.4

Aim: To Study an RLC series circuit and draw the phasor diagram

Apparatus used: Digital multi-meters, Variable resistor, Inductor, Capacitor, AC power supply,
connecting wires

Theory: Consider AC circuit of impedance 𝑍 ohms, consisting of a resistance 𝑅 Ohms, an inductance 𝐿

Henry and a capacitance of 𝐶 Farads connected in series, as shown in the circuit diagram. Let the current
flowing through the circuit be 𝐼 Amperes and the AC supply frequency be 𝑓 Hz.

The total impedance of the AC circuit is given as 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝑐 )2. The voltage drop across
resistance is 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 in phase with 𝐼. The voltage drop across inductance is 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 , where 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
is the inductive reactance. 𝑉𝐿 leads 𝐼 by 𝜋⁄2 . The voltage drop across capacitance is 𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑋𝑐 , where
𝑋𝑐 = 1⁄2𝜋𝑓𝐶 is the capacitive reactance. 𝑉𝑐 lags 𝐼 by 𝜋⁄2 . The voltages 𝑉𝐿 and 𝑉𝑐 are 180° out of phase
with each other and therefore when combined by parallelogram, they cancel each other. Thus, the circuit
can either be inductive or capacitive depending upon which voltage drop (𝑉𝐿 or 𝑉𝑐 ) is predominant.

|𝑉𝐿 −𝑉𝐶 | |𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 | 𝑅

The phase angle ∅ = tan−1 = tan−1 . The power factor of the circuit is given as cos ∅ = 𝑍 .
𝑉𝑅 𝑅
Power consumed in the circuit is given as 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos ∅.

Circuit diagram: Phasor diagrams:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Measure the AC voltage 𝑉 from the mains using the digital multi-meter.
3. Measure the circuit current 𝐼 using another multi-meter connected in series in the circuit.
4. Note the voltage drops 𝑉𝑅 , 𝑉𝐿 and 𝑉𝐶 using the digital multi-meter.
5. Using the above parameters, find the values of 𝑅, 𝑋𝐿 , 𝐿, 𝑋𝐶 , 𝐶, 𝑍 and cos ∅.
6. Draw the Phasor diagrams (Voltage, Impedance and Power triangles).
Observations and Calculations:
Observed Values
𝑉 (V) 𝑉𝑅 (V) 𝑉𝐿 (V) 𝑉𝐶 (V) 𝐼 (A)

Calculated Values
𝑅 (Ω) 𝑋𝐿 (Ω) 𝑋𝑐 𝑍 cos ∅ 𝑃 (W)
𝐿 (H) 𝐶 (F)
(Ω) (Ω)

Result: The impedance of the series RLC was found to be __________. The power factor of the circuit
was computed as ________ (lag/lead).

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.

Q1. Define Resistance, capacitance, inductance, reactance, impedance.

Q2. What can you say about the nature of the power factor when the voltage across capacitor is
less/more than the voltage across inductor?
Q3. What is the condition for resonance in a series RLC circuit?
Q4. Draw the impedance/voltage/power triangle?
Q5. What is meant by the power factor/phase angle of an AC circuit?
 Experiment 5

Aim: To measure power and power factor of a balanced three-phase star-connected load using
two-wattmeter method

Apparatus used:

Name Type Range Quantity

5/10 A, 150/300/500
Wattmeter Dynamometer 2
V
Voltmeter Moving Iron 0-500 V 1
Ammeter Moving Iron 0-10A 1
3-phase
Resistive - -
load

Theory of experiment: Power consumed by a 3-phase balanced star-connected load can be measured by
using two wattmeters connected in the circuit, as shown in the figure. The current coils of the wattmeters
are connected in series with the load in any two lines and the pressure coils are connected between these
lines.

Circuit diagram for 2-wattmeter method

The current through the current coil of W1 is 𝐼𝑅 and the current through the current coil of W2 is 𝐼𝐵 . The
potential difference across the pressure (voltage) coil of W1 is 𝑉𝑅𝑁 − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 = 𝑉𝑅𝑌 . Similarly, the pressure
(voltage) coil of W2 is 𝑉𝐵𝑁 − 𝑉𝑌𝑁 = 𝑉𝐵𝑌 . The phase difference between 𝐼𝑅 and 𝑉𝑅𝑌 is (30° + ∅), while
that between 𝐼𝐵 and 𝑉𝐵𝑌 is (30° − ∅). Hence, the reading of W1 is given as 𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑅𝑌 𝐼𝑅 cos(30° + ∅).
Similarly, the reading of W2 is given as 𝑊2 = 𝑉𝐵𝑌 𝐼𝐵 cos(30° − ∅). Since the load is balanced, therefore
|𝐼𝑅 | = |𝐼𝑌 | = |𝐼𝐵 | = 𝐼 and |𝑉𝑅𝑌 | = |𝑉𝐵𝑌 | = 𝑉𝐿 . Thus, 𝑊1 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 cos(30° + ∅) and 𝑊1 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 cos(30° −
∅). Then, the total power is given as

𝑃 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 cos(30° + ∅) + 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 cos(30° − ∅)=√3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 cos ∅.

𝑊2 −𝑊1
Also, 𝑊2 − 𝑊1 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 sin ∅. Therefore, tan ∅ = √3 .
𝑊2 +𝑊1
Procedure:
1. Connect the resistive load and the two wattmeters externally as per the diagram. For the lower
current range, short the terminals B1 and B2 of the wattmeter. For higher current range, short the
terminals B1-E1 and B2-E2. Ensure that the three-phase load is in off- position.
2. Switch on the three-phase AC mains and increase the applied voltage till its rated value 415V (as
indicated by the voltmeter) is achieved.
3. Switch on the load and turn on the resistive load for various load settings, as indicated by the
ammeter till its rated load current.
4. Note the readings of the wattmeters for various load settings.
5. Decrease the load gradually, turn off the load and switch-off the supply.
6. Note the multiplication factor of the wattmeters.

Observations and Calculations:

Load 𝑊1 (W) 𝑊2 (W) 𝑊2 + 𝑊1 (W) 𝑊2 − 𝑊1 (W) cos ∅

Result: Total power in the three-phase balanced star-connected load was found to be ________, and the
power factor was calculated as __________.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.
Q1. Can power in a 3-phase circuit be measured using less than 3 wattmeters?
Q2. What is complex power?
Q3. What is the difference between apparent, active and reactive powers?
Q4. What is the power factor of the circuit when using purely resistive load?
Q5. What is the power factor of the circuit when using purely inductive or capacitive load?
 Experiment 6

Aim: To measure the single phase power in a single phase a c. circuit by using three voltmeters.
Apparatus Required:

l. A.C Wattmeter - I nos. ( 0- 300 V, 10- amp)

2. A.C Voltmeter - 1 nos. (0-180 V)
3. A.C Voltmeter - 1 nos. (0-300 V)
4. Variac: 230 V, 10 A. 50 Hz, I-Phase
5. Resistor: 35 A1
6. R-L Load Box
7. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram

Theory:
 Phasor diagram of the above circuit.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the rircuit diagram.
2. Keep the variac at zero position before starting the experiment.
3. Switch on A.C supply.
4. By varying the variac set the voltmeter reading as supply voltage.
5. Vary the RL load to obtain different readings of voltmeters, and wattmeter.
6. Repeat step S for different observations.
7. Set the variac at zero position and switch of supply.

Observation Table:

Calculation:
Calculate the value of P, cos Φ.

Precautions:
1. All connection should be proper and tight.
2. The zero setting of all the meters should be checked before connecting them in
the circuit.
3. The current through ammeter should never be allowed to exceed the current rating
of variac and load used.

Result : The percentage error was found to be __________.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.
Q.1) Why current is taken as a reference?
Q.2) How to reduce error in power calculation?
 Experiment -7(a)

Aim: To perform open circuit test on Single-phase transformer.

Apparatus Required:
1. A.C Wattmeter - 1 nos. ( 0- 75 W)
2. A.C Voltmeter - 1 nos. (0-300 V)
8. A.C ammeter - 1 nos. (0-25 A)
4. Variac: 230 V. 10 A, 50 Hz, I-Phase
5. Transformer (1phase, 50 Hz)
6. Connecting wires

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Make sure that the secondary side of transformer is open.
3. Keep the variac at zero position before switch on the supply.
4. Switch on A.C supply.
5. By varying the variac apply full load current to the transformer and note the
reading of voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter.
6. Keep the variac at zero position and switch of supply.
 Observation Table:
SI No. Voltmeter Reading (V) Ammeter Reading (A) Wattmeter Reading (W)

Calculation:

Result: Open circuit test on Single-phase transformer have been done successfully.
Precautions:
1. All the connections should be tight and clean.
2. Special care should be taken while selecting the ranges of the meters for
conducting open-circuit test.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.
Q1. What information can be obtained from open circuit test of a transformer?
Q2. Why in open circuit test HV side is always kept open?
Q3. What is the power factor of a transformer under no load test situation?
Q4. What is the magnitude of no load current as compared to full load current?
 Experiment-7(b)
Aim: To perform short circuit test on a single phase transformer to calculate:

Apparatus Required:
1. A.C Wattmeter - 1 nos. ( 0- 250 W)
2. A.C Voltmeter - l nos. (0-250 V)
3. A.C ammeter - 1 nos. (0-2.5 A)
4. Variac: 230 V, 10 A, 5fi Hz, I-Phase
5. Transformer (single phase, 50 Hz)
6. Connecting wires

Theory:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Make sure that the secondary side of transformer is shorted.
3. Keep the variac at zero position before switch on the supply.
4. Switch on A C supply.
5. By varying the variac apply full supply voltage i.e. 230V to the primary of the
transformer and note the reading of voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter.
6. Keep the variac at zero position and switch of supply.
Observation Table:
SI No. Voltmeter Reading (V) Ammeter Reading (A) Wattmeter Reading (W)

Calculation:

Result: Short circuit test on Single-phase transformer have been done successfully.

Precautions:
1. All the connections should be tight and clean.
2. Special care should be taken while selecting the ranges of the meters for
conducting short-circuit test.
3. While conducting the short-circuit test, the voltage applied should be
initially set at zero, and then increase slowly. If a litlle higher voltage than
the required voltage be applied (by mistake), there is a danger of
transformer being damaged.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.
Q1. What type of losses occur in the primary and secondary windings of a
transformer when it is in service?
Q2. How do copper losses vary with load on the transformer?
Q3. Which parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer can be found through
short-circuit test ?
 Experiment 8
Aim: To study speed control of DC shunt Motor.

S.No Equipment Range

1 Ammeter 0-5A
0-2A
2 Voltmeter 0-250V
3 Rheostats 100 /5A
400 /1.7A
4 Tachometer 0-2000rpm
5 Connecting Wires

Theory:
i) Armature voltage control method:
For a load of constant Torque, the speed is proportional to the applied to the
armature. Therefore speed voltage characteristic is linear and is a straight
line. As the voltage is decrease across the armature the speed falls. This
method gives speeds less than rated speeds.

Eb α ΦN
Eb α N
V-Ia(Ra+R) α N
As the voltage are decreased speed decreases.

ii) Flux Control Method:

With rated voltage applied to the motor, the field resistance is increased i.e
field current is decreased. I t is observed that speed increases.
Eb/Φ α N N α Eb/If

The characteristics If Vs N is inverse (or) if it is hyperbola.

 Circuit diagram:

Armature Resistance (Ra):-

Procedure:
i) Armature Voltage Control Method
.
1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Show the connections to the lab instructor.
3) Keeping both rheostats at minimum, Start the motor with the help of
starter and by adjusting field rheostat bring the motor to rated speed.
4) By increasing armature circuit rheostat in steps note down voltage, Ia and speed at
every step.
5) The corresponding graph is draw between armature Voltage Vs speed

ii) Flux Control method:

1) The machine run at its rated speed and rated voltage obtained.
2) The voltage is kept constant and for different values of field current the speed is
noted.
Observation Table:

Armature Voltage Control Method

S.No Armature Armature Speed Eb=V-IaRa in

Voltage in current=Ia in RPM volts
volts in amps

Flux Control Method

S.No Field Current in amps Speed in RPM

Graphs:

N (Speed) Vs If (Field Current)

 N vs Va (Armature voltage)

Conclusion-Discuss the nature of graphs and the reasons for the shape of the graph

Result: Speed control methods of DC shunt Motor have been studied successfully.

Precautions:
1. Make Sure that your connection are correct.
2. Do not touch the live wire.
3. Take observation carefully.
4. Experiment kit should be properly grounded.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.
Q.1 What are the methods of speed control in a DC shunt motor?
Q.2.What is the necessity of starter?
 Experiment 9

Aim: To verify Maximum Power Transfer theorem using DC sources

Apparatus used: Bread board, Digital multi-meter, Digital Ammeter, DC power supplies,
resistances (wire wound), connecting wires

Theory of experiment: The maximum power transfer theorem is used to find the value of load
resistance for which there would be maximum amount of power transfer from source to load.

The maximum power transfer theorem for DC circuit states that a resistance load, being connected
to a DC network, receives maximum power when the load resistance is equal to the internal
resistance (Thevenin’s equivalent resistance) of the source network as seen from the load
terminals. The maximum power transferred is given by the relation 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉02 /4𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 and the
current through the load resistance 𝑅𝐿 is given by 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉0 /(𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑅𝐿 ), where 𝑉0 is the open-
circuit voltage across open-circuited 𝑅𝐿 terminals and 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 is the equivalent resistance viewed
from the load terminals when all the sources replaced by their internal resistance only, i.e. all
voltage sources are short-circuited and the current sources are open-circuited. During the
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
maximum power transfer, the efficiency ƞ becomes ƞ = × 100 = 50 %.
𝑃

The theorem can be extended to AC circuits as well and the maximum power transfer in that case
occurs when the load impedance is equal to the complex conjugate of the source impedance.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
1. Build the circuit on the breadboard using resistances 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 and 𝑅𝐿 . Adjust the voltage of
DC voltage source 1 to the desired value and connect to resistance 𝑅1 . Adjust the voltage
of DC voltage source 2 to the desired value and connect to resistance 𝑅2 . Connect an
ammeter in series with 𝑅𝐿 to measure current.
2. Switch on the circuit and note the ammeter reading 𝐼𝐿 .
3. Calculate the value of power 𝑃𝐿 , accordingly.
 4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for different values of 𝑅𝐿 .
5. Remove 𝑅𝐿 and measure 𝑉0 using the digital multi-meter.
6. Remove both the DC voltage sources by short-circuiting them (replacing them with a
wire). Set the multi-meter to measure the resistance 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 .
7. Draw the graph between values of 𝑃𝐿 and 𝑅𝐿 .

Observations and Calculations:

DC voltage Observed Thevenin’s

Circuit Resistances Power 𝑃𝐿
sources Current Equivalent Circuit
(kΩ) (mW)
(Volts) (mA) Parameters
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑉0 Volts 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 (kΩ) 𝐼𝐿2 𝑅𝐿
0.5
5 10 2 2
(𝑅𝐿 < 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 )
1
5 10 2 2
(𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 )
2
5 10 2 2
(𝑅𝐿 > 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 )

Result: The maximum power transfer theorem is verified as 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡 and the efficiency is
_________ %.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.

Q1. State Maximum Power Transfer Theorem and its application.

Q2. How do we deactivate sources to obtain Thevenin open-circuit voltage?
Q3. Where do we measure Thevenin voltage?
Q4. How do we measure internal resistance of the circuit?
Q5. What is the difference between Maximum power transfer condition for AC and DC
circuits?
 Experiment 10

Aim: To verify Reciprocity theorem using DC sources

Apparatus used: Bread board, Digital multi-meter, Digital Ammeter, DC power supplies,
resistances (wire wound), connecting wires

Theory of experiment: The Reciprocity theorem states that in any branch of a network, the
current due to a single source of voltage elsewhere in the network is equal to the current through
the branch in which the source was originally placed, when the source is placed in the branch in
which the current was originally taken. However, the polarity of the voltage source should have
the identicality with the direction of branch current in each position.

The limitation of this theorem is that it is applicable only to single-source networks and not in
multi-source network. Moreover, the network where the reciprocity theorem is applied must be a
linear circuit containing resistors, inductors, capacitors and coupled circuits. The network should
not have any time-varying element.

Circuit diagram:

Original Circuit Reciprocal Circuit

Procedure:
1. Build the circuit on the breadboard using resistances 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 .
2. Adjust the voltage of DC voltage source to the desired value and connect to resistance 𝑅1 .
Connect an ammeter in series with 𝑅3 .
3. Switch ON the circuit and note the ammeter reading for current 𝐼3 through 𝑅3 .
4. Switch OFF the circuit and connect the DC voltage source in series with resistance 𝑅3 .
5. Repeat Step 3 to measure the current 𝐼1 through 𝑅1 .
Observations and Calculations:
𝑅3 𝐼3 (mA)
𝑉 (Volts) 𝑅1 (kΩ) 𝑅2 (kΩ) 𝐼1 (mA)
(kΩ)
5 1 1 1
10 1 1 1

𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The percentage error can be calculated as × 100.
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Result: The percentage error was found to be __________.

Sample Viva Voce Questions for each experiment related to Course Outcomes.

Q1. State Reciprocity Theorem.

Q2. Is the Reciprocity theorem is applicable on Non-linear circuits?
Q3. Is Reciprocity theorem valid for both DC and AC circuits?
Q4. Is the Reciprocity theorem valid for time-varying sources?
Q5. Is the Reciprocity theorem valid for multi-source circuits?
 COURSE EXIT SURVEY (TEMPLATE ONLY)
COURSE EXIT SURVEY
2023-2024
Subject Name: Electrical Science
Subject Code: E S - 1 5 9
Semester: 1st
Please rate how well you understood the course (Tick the most appropriate option)
(1-Poor, 2-Good, 3-Excellent)
ES159.1 Did you able to understand the use of Kirchoff’s Laws to solve resistive circuit problems and
basics of CRO (Theorems).
1. 2. 3.

ES159.2 Did you able to analyze resistive, inductive and capacitive circuits for transient and steady
state sinusoidal solutions(Series RLC Circuit, Three Voltmeter method ,Two wattmeter method, Two
way switches).
1. 2. 3.

ES159.3 Did you able to understand the first order filters and magnetic circuits(Transformer).

1. 2. 3.

ES159.4 Did you able to understand the design of electrical machines(DC Motor).
1. 2. 3.

Suggestions to improve the teaching methodology:

Overall, how do you rate your understanding of the subject (tick whichever applicable)

1. Below 50 % 2. 50-70 % 3. 70-90% 4. Above 90 %

Name of Student:
Enrolment number: Signature