(Part-B)

Guidelines and Assessment Manual

For

Micro Projects
Report
(Group No. 06)

COMPUTER Engineering Programme

(“I” Scheme Curriculum)
TITLE : VARIOUS GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM AND

OPERATING SYSTEM

PROGRAM : COMPUTER ENGENERING

COURSE : OPERATING SYSTEM

CODE : 22516

Submitted by

Sr.No. Student Name Roll No Enrollment No.

1 PIYUSH BHJADADE PRAMOD 09 2112420242
2 MRUNALI SAHARE SANJAY 14 2112420247
3 YASH GUPTA ANIL 25 2112420263

Submitted to
Mrs. Bhavana P. Bhagat
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that,
Piyush Bhadade(09),Mrunali Shahare(14),
Yash Gupta(25)
Of third Year Computer Technology students have submitted this Micro-Project

Report on “Various generations of Computer system and Operating System”

During academic session 2023- 202 in the practical fulfilment course for Diploma in
Computer Technology.

Mrs. Bhavana P. Bhagat Mrs. Bhavana P. Bhagat

Guid Head of Department

Principal

Mr. C.D. Gholghate

Government Polytechnic, Gondia
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to Mrs. Bhavana P. Bhagat

Dept. of Computer Engineering for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.

We express our sincere gratitude to Mrs. Bhavana P. Bhagat , Head of Dept. of Computer
Technology, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision
throughout the course of present work.

We are extremely thankful to Prof. C.D. Gholghate , Principal, Government Polytechnic,

Gondia for providing us infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would
not have been possible.

Piyush Bhadade(09),
Mrunali Shahare(14),
Yash Gupta(25)
 Micro-Project Report

“Various generations of computer system and operating system”

1.0 Rationale:

The study of Operating system provides us with an understanding of human computer interface
existing in computer system and the basic concepts and its working. The students will also get
hand-on experience and good working knowledge to work in environments. The aim is to gain
proficiency in using operating systems after undergoing this study. While doing so, we are known
to the concepts and principles of operating systems, its features and practical utility.

Generation of computer is an important topic of computer awareness. Generation of Computers

include the improvement in technology in both hardware as well as software which together make
up an entire computer system., if you know about the previous generations of computers and the
related technology of that era, you will get a clear picture of how it all started. You can learn about
the basics of all the things which we are seeing around us today. Moreover, you will be realizing
the vast improvement in research and development of technology. Again, you get to know stuff
from the past which is the base of what we are now and what we have with us now.

2.0 Course Outcome Integrated

➢ Analyse the hardware related to Computer since it was invented.

➢ Use Operating System tools to perform various functions

3.0 Literature Review:

 "Generation" in computing refers to the successive versions of processors or major

components, serving historical and configurational purposes.
 Understanding previous computer generations may initially seem unimportant, as older
technology may not directly relate to current technology.
 However, delving into past generations provides valuable insights into the foundations of
today's technology.
 -It offers a clear picture of the origins and basics of modern computing.
 It also highlights the significant advancements in research and technology development over
time.
Knowledge of the past serves as the basis for what we have today.
 Early mechanical computers, such as those developed by Charles Babbage, didn't require
operating systems.
 By the early 1950s, punch-card input was developed, facilitating program loading.
 Transistor-based machines necessitated job submission well in advance of execution.
 The economic benefits of faster response times, along with advancements in CPUs and
individual computer terminals, led to variations in multiprogramming.
 This introduced various types of operating systems like time-sharing, multiprocessor, and real-
time operating systems.
4.0 Actual Procedure followed:

1. We started by choosing a topic for our small project. We wanted something interesting and relevant.

2. We decided to focus on "Generations of Computer and Operating System" as our topic. This means
we looked at how computers and their systems have evolved over time.

3. We did some reading and asked people about our topic. We wanted to gather as much information as
possible.

4. We collected all the facts and details we found about the different generations of computers and their
operating systems.

5. We looked closely at all the information we gathered. We wanted to understand it well.

6. By following these steps, we successfully finished our project. We made sure it was well-researched
and had important information for others to learn from.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource/material Specification s Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Computer System with broad Intel core i5 11th
specifications Gen 8Gb Ram
512Gb SSD 1
2. Operating System Windows 11
6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project
 First Generation
Operating System Name: No specific names, as they were primitive.
Information: First-generation operating systems were developed in the 1940s and 1950s. They were
primarily designed to manage hardware resources for early computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC.
These systems had no user interfaces and were mainly batch-processing systems.
New Features: No user interaction, simple job scheduling, and limited hardware support.

 Advantages: Pioneered the concept of operating systems, enabling the automation of tasks.
 Disadvantages: Lacked user-friendliness, scalability, and multitasking capabilities.

 Second Generation
Operating System Name: IBM OS/360
Information: Second-generation operating systems emerged in the late 1950s and 1960s. They
introduced batch processing with the ability to execute multiple jobs in a queue. These systems often
had rudimentary user interfaces.
New Features: Batch processing, job scheduling, rudimentary user interfaces.
Advantages: Improved job management, better hardware utilization.
Disadvantages: Limited user interaction, still lacked true multitasking.

Operating System Name: DOS/360, DOS/VS

Information: These operating systems were part of the second generation and were used on IBM
mainframes.
New Features: Batch processing, limited user interfaces.
 Advantages: Improved job management for IBM mainframes.
 Disadvantages: Limited user interaction, lacked true multitasking.

 Third Generation
 Operating System Name: Unix
Information: Third-generation operating systems, developed in the late 1960s and 1970s, brought
about significant improvements. Unix, in particular, played a pivotal role in the development of
modern operating systems.
New Features: Time-sharing, multitasking, file systems, improved user interfaces.
 Advantages: Better resource management, improved user interaction, enhanced security.
 Disadvantages: Complex to develop, required substantial hardware resources.

Operating System Name: IBM OS/370

Information: OS/370 was an important third-generation operating system used on IBM mainframes.
New Features: Time-sharing, multitasking, improved job management.
Advantages: Improved resource management and user interaction on IBM mainframes.
Disadvantages: Complexity and resource requirements.

Operating System Name: VMS (Virtual Memory System)

Information: VMS is another example of a third-generation operating system known for its security
and scalability.
New Features: Advanced security features, multitasking, virtual memory.
 Advantages: Robust security, multitasking capabilities, scalability.
 Disadvantages: Resource-intensive, complex to administer.

 Fourth Generation
Operating System Name: Microsoft Windows
Information: Fourth-generation operating systems, which began in the late 1970s and continue to
evolve, are the basis for modern computing. Microsoft Windows is one of the most prominent
examples.
New Features: Graphical user interfaces, multitasking, plug-and-play hardware, virtual memory.
 Advantages: User-friendly, broad software compatibility, excellent hardware support.
 Disadvantages: Resource-intensive, potential for system crashes, security vulnerabilities.

Operating System Name: macOS

 Information: macOS, developed by Apple, is another fourth-generation operating system known for
its user-friendly interface and integration with Apple hardware.
New Features: Graphical user interfaces, multitasking, seamless hardware integration.

 Advantages: User-friendly, excellent integration with Apple devices.

 Disadvantages: Limited hardware compatibility, resource-intensive.

Operating System Name: Linux

Information: Linux, a fourth-generation operating system, is known for its open-source nature and
versatility.
New Features: Multitasking, open-source software, wide hardware support.
 Advantages: Open-source, versatile, community support.
 Disadvantages: Steeper learning curve, potential compatibility issues.

 Fifth Generation
Operating System Name: Windows 10/11
Information: Windows 10/11 represent fifth-generation operating systems, emphasizing security,
cloud integration, and enhanced user experiences.
New Features: Enhanced security features, cloud integration, virtualization, voice assistants.
 Advantages: Robust security, seamless cloud integration, advanced user experiences.
 Disadvantages: Resource-heavy, compatibility issues with older software, potential for privacy
concerns.
Operating System Name: macOS Sonoma
Information: macOS Monterey continues the legacy of Apple's operating systems, focusing on user
experience and tight integration with Apple devices.
New Features: Enhanced user interface, improved hardware integration, privacy features.
 Advantages: User-friendly, excellent integration with Apple ecosystem.
 Disadvantages: Limited hardware compatibility, resource-intensive.

Operating System Name: Linux Distributions

Information: Various Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu and Fedora, represent the fifth generation
with a strong emphasis on security, open-source development, and cloud compatibility.
 New Features: Enhanced security, cloud compatibility, regular updates.
 Advantages: Open-source, versatile, strong security.
 Disadvantages: Learning curve, potential compatibility issues with certain software.

Please note that this information provides an overview of each operating system within its respective
generation, and there are many more operating systems and variations beyond those mentioned here.
❖ Types of Operating System

 Single-User, Single-Tasking OS:

 Description: These are the simplest types of operating
systems, designed for personal computers and embedded
systems where only one user interacts with the system at a
time, and only one task is performed at a time.
 Features:
1. Supports a single user and one task or application at a
time.
2. Lacks multitasking capabilities.
 Examples include MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) and early versions of Mac OS.

 Use Cases: Older embedded systems, basic calculators, and early personal computers often used
single-user, single-tasking OS.

 Single-User, Multi-Tasking OS:

 Description: These operating systems are designed for personal computers and workstations
where a single user interacts with the system but can run multiple applications concurrently.
 Features:
1. Supports multitasking, allowing multiple applications to run concurrently.
2. Provides process management and memory protection to isolate running applications.
 Examples include Microsoft Windows, macOS (formerly Mac OS X), and Linux distributions for
desktops and laptops.

 Use Cases: Most modern personal computers, laptops, and workstations run single-user, multi-
tasking OS like Microsoft Windows, macOS, and various Linux distributions.
 Multi-User OS:
 Description: Multi-user operating systems are designed to
support multiple users accessing and using the system
simultaneously. These are common in server environments
and some mainframe systems.
 Features:
1. Supports concurrent access by multiple users.
2. Provides user authentication and access control.
3. Offers resource management to ensure fair allocation of system resources.
 Examples include Unix/Linux-based servers and mainframe operating systems like IBM z/OS.

 Description: Multi-user OS allows multiple users to interact with the computer simultaneously,
either locally or remotely through a network. Each user has their own session and resources.

 Use Cases: Unix and Linux-based systems often serve as multi-user OS. They are commonly
used in servers, mainframes, and time-sharing systems.

 Real-Time OS (RTOS):
 Description: RTOS is designed for systems
that require precise timing and quick
response to external events, such as
embedded systems, robotics, and industrial
control systems.
 Features:
1. Provides deterministic and predictable response times.
2. Supports tasks with specific priority levels.
3. Ensures strict timing requirements are met.
 Examples include FreeRTOS, VxWorks, and QNX.

 Use Cases: RTOS is used in critical systems such as industrial automation, aerospace control
systems, medical devices, and automotive control systems.
 Network OS:
 Description: NOS is specialized for managing and
supporting network resources. These are often used in
computer networks, including servers and network-attached
storage (NAS) devices.
 Features:
1. Manages network devices and services like file sharing,
printing, and authentication.
2. Supports multiple users accessing shared resources over a network.
 Examples include Windows Server, Linux-based server distributions, and Novell NetWare
(historical).

 Use Cases: Network OS is commonly used in routers, switches, and network-attached storage
(NAS) devices.

 Distributed OS:

 Description: Distributed operating systems are designed to run on

multiple interconnected computers, providing a unified and
coordinated environment. They are used in distributed computing
environments.
 Features:
1. Enables distributed computing with transparent access to resources across multiple machines.
2. Offers features like process migration, load balancing, and fault tolerance.
 Examples include Google's Android (for mobile devices) and various research-based distributed
OS projects.

 Use Cases: Distributed OS is used in cloud computing, cluster computing, and peer-to-peer
networks.
 Embedded OS:
 Description: Embedded OS is a
specialized OS tailored for embedded
systems, which are dedicated computing
devices with specific functions, such as
IoT devices, automotive systems, and
consumer electronics.

 Features:
1. Optimized for minimal hardware resources and specific tasks.
2. Provides real-time capabilities when required.
 Examples include Embedded Linux, VxWorks, and FreeRTOS.

 Use Cases: Embedded OS like FreeRTOS, VxWorks, and Embedded Linux are widely used in
various embedded systems.

 Mobile OS:
 Description: Mobile OS is designed for
smartphones and tablets. It includes
features for touchscreens, mobile apps,
power management, and connectivity.

 Features:
1. Touch-based user interface.
2. App stores for installing and updating applications.
3. Supports wireless communication, sensors, and location services.
 Examples include iOS (Apple), Android (Google), and Windows Phone (Microsoft, discontinued).

 Use Cases: Popular mobile OS include Android (Google), iOS (Apple), and Windows Mobile
(Microsoft).
 Server OS:
 Description: Server OS is optimized for
running server applications, providing
features like stability, security, and resource
management. They are typically used in
data centres.

 Features:
1. Supports multiple concurrent users and clients.
2. Provides centralized management of resources like storage, network services, and user
accounts.
3. Offers security features to protect sensitive data and access control.
 Often includes server-specific software and services like web servers (e.g., Apache, Nginx),
database servers (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL), and more.

 Use Cases: Windows Server, Linux distributions (e.g., Ubuntu Server, CentOS), and Unix
variants are examples of server OS.

 Mainframe OS:
 Description: Mainframe OS is designed for high-
performance computing on large mainframe computers. It
emphasizes scalability, reliability, and concurrent processing.

 Features:
1. Supports concurrent execution of multiple tasks and
users.
2. Provides advanced resource management and scheduling for optimal workload balancing.
3. Offers reliability and redundancy features to ensure uninterrupted operation.
 Often includes specialized software for database management and transaction processing.

 Use Cases: IBM z/OS, Unisys OS 2200, and Fujitsu BS2000 are examples of mainframe OS
used in critical business applications.

These are some of the major types of operating systems, each tailored to specific computing
requirements and environments. It's important to choose the right type of OS based on the intended
use and objectives of a computing system.
❖ Evolution of Computer System

7.0 Skill Development

 ➢ We able to understand the basics of Computer Hardware.
➢ We able to understand the types of Operating System.
➢ We are able to determine best suitable Operating System according to our work efficiency.
➢ This Micro-Project helps us to understand team Management and developing a project in
team based pattern.

8.0 Applications of the Micro-Project:

➢ Supports long file names up to 255 characters.
➢ Supports multiple users with their own setting such as desktop icons.
➢ Multi-tasking system.
➢ It supports and encourages 32/64 bits operation.

9.0 Reference:
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-operating-systems/
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating-system-generations
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/evolution-of-operating-system/

Teacher Signature
Mrs. Bhavana P. Bhagat