0% found this document useful (0 votes)
103 views10 pages

IoT-based Real-Time Biofloc Monitoring and Controlling System

Uploaded by

Joko Aji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
103 views10 pages

IoT-based Real-Time Biofloc Monitoring and Controlling System

Uploaded by

Joko Aji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Smart Agricultural Technology


journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/smart-agricultural-technology

IoT-based real-time biofloc monitoring and controlling system


Md. Rasel Al Mamun , Muhammad Ashik-E-Rabbani *, Md. Mashurul Haque ,
Sidratul Muntaha Upoma
Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In Bangladesh, Biofloc technology is becoming popular in aquaculture, but controlling water parameters effec­
Internet of Things (IoT) tively remains a key challenge for achieving high yields. In this study, a system was proposed that continuously
Automatic control analyzes biofloc regulating parameters, such as temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), potential of hydrogen
Blynk app
(pH), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water level, to maintain the ideal circumstances for biofloc. An
Microcontroller
Water quality monitoring
Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled platform was implemented to collect and analyze real-time data from sensors,
including the DS18B20 water temperature, pH-4502C, analog dissolved oxygen, analog total dissolved solids,
and water level sensors. The experiment was conducted with mono-sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The
ESP32 microcontroller utilized Wi-Fi to process sensor data, enabling real-time data analysis on mobile and
computer devices through the Blynk application. The study was done as per designated conditions, and that led
to the average value of temperature around 27±1 ◦ C, DO around 6 ± 0.5 mg/l, TDS around 500 ppm, and the pH
level was nearly 7.7 ± 0.5. If the temperature, water level, or dissolved oxygen changed from the expected value,
it sent a signal to the Blynk. This signal then autonomously operated a relay to activate or deactivate the water
heater, pump, and air pump to maintain an effective operating condition. Hence, IoT-enabled monitoring systems
can have a crucial impact on managing the biofloc throughout the year and enhancing the aquaculture industry
in Bangladesh.

1. Introduction second largest contributor to Bangladesh’s export earnings, contributing


about 3.57 % to the country’s GDP and approximately 1.24 % of the
Aquaculture is the commercial cultivation of aquatic inhabitants, earnings in foreign exchange [5].
including fish, under specified conditions. On a global scale, the aqua­ Water quality is of extreme significance in aquaculture since it
culture and fisheries sector has experienced significant growth, attaining directly impacts the optimal growth and overall health of fish. Farmers
an economic worth of $424 billion [1]. But the escalating worldwide employ manual testing to determine water’s various parameters. These
population and the reduction in global capture fisheries undoubtedly water parameters change frequently, making manual testing time-
contribute to the surge in aquaculture demand [2]. In order to deal with consuming and inaccurate [6]. During the winter, water temperature
this issue, the biofloc system is implemented. is critical in assessing the physical state of fish. It is an ideal and
The biofloc system, known as biofloc technology (BFT), has gained consistent indicator that ensures a high fish yield and quality throughout
significant interest due to its effectiveness, sustainability, and environ­ the winter [7]. Low temperatures can cause biofloc to disintegrate,
mental friendliness. This system, featuring low water exchange and reducing its effectiveness. Also, disintegrated feeds and suspended feed
minimized artificial feeding, enhances water quality and generates mi­ can affect DO levels by lowering water quality [8]. Most fish become
crobial protein for fish [3]. In aquaculture, feed cost (60 % of total costs) vulnerable when the DO level drops to <4 mg/L. Most aquatic species
is the most influential factor concurrently, water and land availability cannot thrive at pH levels that exceed 9.5 or fall below 4.5. Young fish
are the most significant limitations [4]. Utilizing biofloc technology, an exhibit high sensitivity to pH levels below 5 [9]. The optimal tempera­
excellent alternative to traditional aquaculture can overcome the ture range to prevent any negative impact on tilapia growth is between
limiting factors of conventional fish farming while ensuring water 26 and 30 ◦ C [10]. As for the turbidity value for a biofloc production
quality smartly. The aquaculture and fishing industry has become the system 75–150 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) is considered

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ashik-E-Rabbani).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2024.100598
Received 7 July 2024; Received in revised form 10 September 2024; Accepted 3 October 2024
Available online 4 October 2024
2772-3755/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

optimum [11]. TDS is another quality parameter that largely indicates a used sensors to watch and track the majority of the parameters. How­
variety of minerals in water, and the suitable value for optimum aquatic ever, a meter was used to measure the DO. Other researchers have
production is around 400 ppm [12]. suggested employing sensors to monitor key water properties through
Poor quality of water can harm fish’s reproductive and physiological the IoT-based biofloc monitoring [24–26]. Their inability to create a
health, leading to stunted growth and higher mortality rates. Therefore, system that could control any of the parameters limited them, even
it is essential to monitor and control the water quality in biofloc settings though they were still able to monitor real-time data for the water
thoroughly. Progress in sensor technology, wireless communication, and quality parameters. Haque [27] developed an IoT-based monitoring
the Internet of Things has facilitated the effective monitoring and con­ system for water quality using Zigbee protocol, and another researcher
trolling of water quality in fish farming by installing specific sensors in [28] used the LoRaWAN IoT protocol to create an IoT-based system of
biofloc water tanks [13]. intense aquaculture monitoring that automated water adjustment, uti­
Several factors must be considered when measuring water quality, lizing Arduino and Raspberry Pi 3B, and seven water quality parameters
including ammonia, temperature, total dissolved solids, pH level, and were measured on these systems. Compared to these protocols, Wi-Fi
turbidity [14]. Water quality can be improved by continuously moni­ stands out as the best option for applications that require quick data
toring the parameters and acting when they reach an unfavorable level. transmission because of its higher data transfer rates and capacity to
Different types of aquatic life require different levels of parameters. If accommodate several devices simultaneously. Prior studies on aqua­
the parameters exceed their limits, the water quality will deteriorate and culture systems and biofloc primarily focused on monitoring water
may become toxic [15]. Continuous monitoring of the parameters helps quality parameters, but only within a narrow range of basic standards. It
in lowering future critical problems. The Internet of Things (IoT), a is vital to take into account extra factors that have significant impacts on
contemporary technology, aids the monitoring system to make it simple the fish’s growth and quality to improve the research. Although all the
and effortless [16]. The revolutionary IoT could make anything “smart” studies deployed monitoring systems, no significant control system was
that connects things anytime, anywhere, with anything and anyone, established. Furthermore, the proposed system not only monitored all
using any path, network, or service [17]. essential parameters but also autonomously regulated the three most
A recent work by Zhang [18] discussed an automated aquaculture important parameters. The synthesis of literature review is shown in
system with recirculation for outdoor fish production, employing an Table 1.
Orion 5-Star Portable pH/ORP/DO/EC Multimeter. The water parame­ Therefore, this study opted to utilize water quality parameters,
ters in the constructed fish farming were manually measured using specifically temperature, pH, turbidity, TDS, DO, and water level, which
meters, a method that proves to be time-consuming. Certain authors are the primary determinants of water quality and also focused on IoT-
have created a smart biofloc system equipped with sensors for real time based controlling systems for these distinct parameters with the help of a
monitoring of some essential water quality indicators [19–22]. How­ Wi-Fi protocol in collaboration with an online utility called Blynk, which
ever, they faced challenges in accurately measuring DO and ammonia, is able to receive and process data from all of the wireless sensors and
which are crucial parameters for biofloc systems. Teja [23] designed a notify the app when the parameters go beyond the predetermined
smart pond management monitoring system, in which the Blynk server threshold, initiating an automated control mechanism. This study was

Table 1
Synthesis of literature review.
Author Micro Protocol User Access Sensors Control Mechanism
Controller
Temperature DO pH TDS Turbidity Water
Level

Ahammed et al., Arduino UNO – LED display Thermistor – pH – – – Feeding system


2022 [9] R3
Pasha Mohd Arduino MEGA Wi-Fi Blynk and LCD – – Analog – – – Feeding system
Daud et al., and ESP8266 display pH
2020 [15]
Rashid et al., Arduino UNO Wi-Fi ​ DS18B20 – Analog TDS – – None
2021 [21] pH
Mahajan et al., Arduino Wi-Fi LCD and LM 35 – pH TDS – – None
2020 [25] UNO and Web application
ESP8266
Chen et al., 2022 Arduino Mega LoRaWAN LabVIEW Pt100 DO Analog – – Water Water level
[26] 2560 module pH overflow
Tolentino et al., Arduino Mega LoRaWAN TeamLapia web DS18B20 Analog Analog – Analog – Temperature, TDS,
2021 [28] and RPI 3B+ application DO pH Turbidity pH, ORP, Turbidity,
DO
Saha et al., 2018 Arduino UNO Wi-Fi Mobile application DS18B20 – Analog – – – None
[6] and Raspberry pH
Pi
Zamzari et al., ESP32 Wi-Fi Blynk app DS18B20 – pH – – – None
2022 [8]
Ya’acob et al., ESP8266 Wi-Fi Blynk DS18B20 – Analog – – – None
2021 [16] Alert with LED pH
Ahamed & ESP32 Wi-Fi LCD, Mobile DS18B20 – Analog TDS – Water Temperature, Water
Ahmed, 2021 application and pH Level Level, TDS, pH
[20] Web application Detector
Teja et al., 2020 ESP32 Wi-Fi Blynk application DH11 – pH – – – None
[23]
Al-Mutairi & Al- ESP8266 Wi-Fi Mobile application DS18B20 DO Analog TDS Turbidity Float level Water inlet,
Aubidy, 2023 pH Drainage, Oxygen
[24] supply
Haque et al., Raspberry pi Zigbee Web application Temp. sensor DO pH – Turbidity – None
2021 [27]

2
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

developed with the principal objective of implementing IoT devices into operated as microcontroller unit related to the sensors and activators.
the water quality parameter monitoring and controlling system, Sensors were used to collect data from the biofloc tank for real-time
intending to continuously optimize operational parameters based on monitoring, and the activators were used to control water quality pa­
monitored data and control their standards to improve biofloc rameters whenever the values exceed desired ranges.
performance.
2.2.1. Microcontroller
2. Methodology The ESP32, selected for its adaptability and upgraded features,
functioned as a system-on-chip (SoC), which incorporates GPIO (General
This study automated water parameter measurement and mainte­ Purpose Input/Output) for digital inputs or outputs, ADC for analog-to-
nance with an IoT-based biofloc monitoring and control system. digital transformation and I2C(Inter-Integrated Circuit) protocol for
Autonomously controlling temperature, DO, and water level while communication with external sensors. The ESP32 enabled the develop­
manually controlling other parameters optimized biofloc cultivation. ment of distinctive and interconnected IoT devices through Wi-Fi and
IoT-based biofloc monitoring device seamlessly performed these pro­ Bluetooth and operated within a voltage range of 2.3 V to 3.6 V.
cesses and sent real-time data to Blynk for continual monitoring.
Internet access enabled stakeholders to monitor biofloc systems 2.2.2. Sensors
remotely. This study controlled the water pump, air pump, and heater In order to collect critical data regarding the aquatic conditions of
with an ESP32 microcontroller and relay module. Blynk app users could biofloc, the study utilized a variety of sensors shown in Table 2.
control biofloc systems automatically or manually, making it flexible
and user-friendly. 2.2.3. Activators
A multitude of environmental parameters were effectively regulated
2.1. System architecture by actuators to regulate the growth of fish based on a variety of factors
(Table 3).
This study focused on enhancing the optimization of key water The circuit diagram of the ESP-32 and its components is shown in
quality parameters in biofloc systems by implementing automatic Fig. 3. The Temperature and water level sensors were linked to the
correction mechanisms when these parameters deviated from the digital pin of the ESP-32 microcontroller. In contrast, the analog pin
desired range. The system architecture (Fig. 1) incorporated an ESP32 directly connected the pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and
and six sensors: DS18B20 water temperature, DFRobot Gravity Analog turbidity sensors to the ESP-32.
DO, Gravity Analog TDS, Turbidity, E201-C BNC Electrode pH, and a
Water Level sensor. The microcontroller retrieved analog data and 2.3. Software design
transmitted it to the Blynk server utilizing Wi-Fi for data transmission.
The Web Application exhibited the data, adhering to IoT protocols. The This research work utilized blynk.io as the Internet of Things (IoT)
system utilized manual and automatic control techniques enabled by a platform. The coding for the sensors module was depicted in Arduino
4-channel relay module for the activators to turn them on or off auto­ Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software. Arduino IDE used
matically when measured parameters deviated from the standard levels. a modified C++ programming language written with an addition of
special methods and functions. The programming was done without
2.2. Hardware design taking advantage of any external assistance, and the sensors’ precision
was thoroughly maintained. The software version used was 2.2.1.
The central aspect of the proposed prototype was the hardware Arduino programming required a virtual pin for every sensor to connect
component, which included fundamental elements for implementing the with Blynk. A data stream was created on the Blynk website using virtual
proposition. pins. The version of Blynk used was 2.0. The automation system was
Fig. 2 illustrated flow diagram of hardware system where the ESP-32 developed with conditions to activate or deactivate actuators if

Fig. 1. System architecture of the biofloc system.

3
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Fig. 2. Flow diagram of hardware setup.

2.4. Logical unit


Table 2
Aquatic sensors and specifications.
Fig. 4 illustrates the logical structure of the proposed task. The mi­
Sensor Name Model Operating Range Accuracy crocontroller was programmed with the ideal settings for various sen­
Voltage
sors. A warning message was sent to the website or the user’s mobile
Water DS18B20 3.0–5.0V − 55 to ±0.5 ◦ C device if the value exceeded those settings. The microcontroller was
Temperature +125 ◦ C equipped with activators that include temperature and water level
Sensor
pH Sensor E201-C BNC pH 5.0V 0–14 ±0.1
sensors. Upon a decrease in water level, the water pump was triggered
Probe automatically and supplied the tank with water until it reached the
Dissolved SEN0237-A 3.3–5.0V 0–20 mg/L ±0.1 mg/ desired level. An electric heater was connected to the biofloc tank
Oxygen Sensor Gravity Analog L through a relay, which was conditioned to turn on automatically when
Dissolved Oxygen
the temperature dropped below 27 ◦ C and deactivated when the tem­
Total Dissolved XH2.54–3P TDS 3.3–5.0V 0–1000 ±10 %
Solids (TDS) ppm perature exceeded 30 ◦ C. The Blynk framework enables the setting up of
Sensor automated responses to predefined conditions.
Turbidity Sensor Compact 5.0V 0–400 ±10 %
Waterproof NTU 3. Results and discussion
Turbidity Sensor
Water level REES52 Water 3.0–5.0V – –
Sensor Level Sensor 3.1. Experimental setup

The experimental setup in Fig. 5 contains an ESP-32 equipped with


Table 3
sensors and an SMPS for power supply. It was also equipped with a water
System regulators and control devices. heater, a water pump, an air pump, and a pocket router for Wi-Fi con­
nectivity. Before installation into the biofloc system, the setup was
Activator Description
Name
tested.

Relay An electrically operated switch that independently turns on and off.


3.2. Monitoring unit
The supply voltage to the relay is 12 V, with an operating voltage of
3.3 V.
Water Pump A high-quality bilge submersible pump with a capacity of 1100 GPH The monitoring unit of the Blynk application on mobile devices is
and a 12 V DC power supply, ensuring noiseless operation with pro- shown in Fig. 6. The values of various water quality parameters and their
longed service life.
real-time data are visualized in Fig. 6a. There were ON and OFF buttons
Water Heater RS Electrical 300 W aquarium heater is designed to maintain stable
tank water temperature. Compact and submersible, the fish tank
for the water heater, water pump, and air pump, which could be acti­
heater can adjust the temperature between 20 ◦ C and 32 ◦ C vated or deactivated manually by a mobile application. Users could
Air Pump SUNSUN HZ-120 120 W 125 l/min air pump utilized to provide monitor and access real-time data from the Blynk website or a mobile
airflow to the biofloc tank device. A warning message was set for each parameter, and Blynk dis­
played the message to the owner whenever the values exceed the
parameters exceed their threshold value. The collected data would be threshold range (Fig. 6b). The message included a suggested possible
utilized to ascertain the optimal action for automated system control. solution. The programming was satisfactory, and there were no in­
Every activator was designed with a manual button that might be cidents of inaccuracy as the sensors were calibrated beforehand. The
operated through the web dashboard or a mobile device. following Fig. 7 shows a real-time graphical visualization of the Blynk
website.

4
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the system.

Fig. 4. Logic diagram of the control unit.

3.3. System efficiency analysis 2023. Automatic and human control mechanisms were used whenever
the values deviated from the desired range. Fig. 8 depicts the ambient
The values of manual and sensor data are represented graphically. temperature and water temperature values. The graph indicates that the
The graphs in the following show the values for the month of February water temperature values for both the manual and sensor measurements

5
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Fig. 5. Experimental setup: (a) Hardware connection (b) Implementation.

Fig. 6. Monitoring unit of the system: (a) Dashboard (b) Alert message

6
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Fig. 7. Graphical visualization on Blynk App.

Fig. 8. Comparison between ambient and water temperature.

were nearly identical. The pH level of water is shown in Fig. 9. The acceptable pH range
The graph illustrates that whenever the temperature dropped below fluctuates between 6.5 and 9.5 [9]. The graph illustrates a close differ­
the preset range (17th and 18th February) the water heater would ence between the manual and sensor values. Each time the value
activate automatically, resulting in a progressive increase in tempera­ reached the upper threshold (12th February), a notification was deliv­
ture. The temperature steadily increased to the upper limit of the ered to the user as a cautionary message, accompanied by a recom­
optimal range due to the activation of the water heater inside this range. mendation to reduce the pH. The sensor exhibits an error rate of 0.22 %,
Whenever the temperature is above the ideal range (11th February and which falls within the allowed range.
24th February) the water heater is immediately shut off, resulting in a The total dissolved solids in water fluctuate, ranging from 440 to 530
decrease in temperature. The water temperature was consistently ppm (Fig. 10). The graph indicates a gradual increase in TDS over time.
maintained within the range of 25 to 30 ◦ C despite fluctuations in the The rise was attributed to the daily addition of floc, which increased the
ambient temperature, which varied from 17 to 25 ◦ C. The ideal tem­ number of solids in the water. The standard value of TDS varies from 300
perature range for biofloc is between 26 and 30 ◦ C [10]. Also, the sensor to 600 ppm [12].
value has an error percentage of 0.535, indicating high accuracy in the The water’s dissolved oxygen levels are represented in Fig. 11,
sensor data. fluctuating between approximately 5 mg/L and 8.5 mg/L. The graph

7
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Fig. 9. Comparison between manual and sensor data of pH.

Fig. 10. Comparison between manual and sensor data of TDS.

illustrates a gradual decline in DO levels over time in the biofloc. settings. The system utilized many sensors to analyses and monitor real-
Whenever DO crossed the threshold value air pump automatically time water quality data efficiently, reducing the need for human inter­
started and increased the value. The graph shows DO was below the vention along with improving productivity and sustainability. Further­
lower range on (18th February and 27th February) which were due to more, the controlling device regulated the operation of the air pump,
discontinuity of electricity. The optimal DO level in biofloc systems was water pump, and temperature according to the necessary conditions.
kept above 4 mg/L [9]. Users could instantly view real-time data and control activators using a
Fig. 12 depicts the turbidity values in water, which vary between smartphone application, facilitating system maintenance even when no
approximately 50 and 80 NTU. For 1–2 months old fish, the optimal one was close to the biofloc.
range for turbidity in biofloc is typically between 50 and 75 NTU [11].
The results demonstrate that the suggested automated and IoT-based 4. Conclusion
system can easily and effectively monitor water quality parameters. The
system enabled Wi-Fi connectivity, using rapid operation across various The system operated on an Internet of Things (IoT) platform

8
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Fig. 11. Comparison between manual and sensor data of DO.

Fig. 12. Turbidity value of the sensor.

connected by Wi-Fi and a Blynk server through an ESP-32 microcon­ Ethics statement
troller. Utilizing automated processes and IoT technologies, the pro­
posed system can effectively and precisely monitor water quality Not applicable: This manuscript does not include human or animal
indicators without human intervention. The control system regulated research.
the functioning of the heater, water pump, and air pump based on the If Yes, please provide your text here:
specified range of parameters. This can result in a reduction in time
while simultaneously enhancing productivity. It continuously moni­ CRediT authorship contribution statement
tored data and transmitted signals to users, enabling them to make
informed decisions. The main constraint encountered during the Md. Rasel Al Mamun: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Soft­
research was the unexpected power interruptions, which significantly ware, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Muhammad
affected the continuous advancement of the work. This existing system Ashik-E-Rabbani: Supervision, Resources, Project administration,
can be further modified by providing solar power in the system to Funding acquisition. Md. Mashurul Haque: Writing – review & editing,
maintain a consistent electricity supply. Data curation. Sidratul Muntaha Upoma: Writing – review & editing,

9
Md.R. Al Mamun et al. Smart Agricultural Technology 9 (2024) 100598

Investigation, Data curation. Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), Dhaka, Bangladesh, IEEE, 2019, pp. 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.1109/STI47673.2019.9068050.
[13] R.C. Summerfelt, Water quality considerations for aquaculture, Dep. Anim. Ecol.
(2000) 2–7.
Declaration of competing interest [14] N.A. Shaaban, Water quality and trophic status of Lake Mariut in Egypt and its
drainage water after 8-year diversion, Environ. Monit. Assess. 194 (2022) 392,
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10009-8.
[15] A.K. Pasha Mohd Daud, N.A. Sulaiman, Y.W. Mohamad Yusof, M. Kassim, An IoT-
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence based smart aquarium monitoring system, in: Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 10th
the work reported in this paper. Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), Malaysia,
IEEE, 2020, pp. 277–282, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAIE47305.2020.9108823.
[16] N. Ya’acob, N.N.S.N. Dzulkefli, A.L. Yusof, M. Kassim, N.F. Naim, S.S.M. Aris,
Data availability
Water quality monitoring system for fisheries using Internet of Things (IoT), IOP
Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1176 (2021) 012016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-
Data will be made available on request. 899X/1176/1/012016.
[17] K.K. Patel, S.M. Patel, P. Scholar, Internet of things-IOT: definition, characteristics,
architecture, enabling technologies, application & future challenges, Int. J. Eng.
Sci. Comput. 6 (2016). http://www.opjstamnar.com/download/Worksheet/Da
References y-110/IP-XI.pdf. accessed April 19, 2024.
[18] S.Y. Zhang, G. Li, H.B. Wu, X.G. Liu, Y.H. Yao, L. Tao, H. Liu, An integrated
recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: the effects on
[1] FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022: Towards Blue
water quality and fish production, Aquac. Eng. 45 (2011) 93–102, https://doi.org/
Transformation, FAO, Rome, Italy, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en.
10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.08.001.
[2] J.E. Widanarni, S. Maryam, Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water
[19] N. Goswami, S.A. Sufian, M.S. Khandakar, K.Z.H. Shihab, M.S.R. Zishan, Design
quality and production performance of red tilapia oreochromis sp. cultured at
and development of smart system for biofloc fish farming in Bangladesh, in:
different stocking densities, HAYATI J. Biosci. 19 (2012) 73–80, https://doi.org/
Proceedings of the2022 7th International Conference on Communication and
10.4308/hjb.19.2.73.
Electronics Systems (ICCES), 2022, pp. 1424–1432, https://doi.org/10.1109/
[3] M.H. Khanjani, M. Sharifinia, Biofloc technology as a promising tool to improve
ICCES54183.2022.9835915.
aquaculture production, Rev. Aquac. 12 (2020) 1836–1850, https://doi.org/
[20] I. Ahamed, A. Ahmed, Design of smart biofloc for real-time water quality
10.1111/raq.12412.
management system, in: Proceedings of the2021 2nd International Conference on
[4] A. Ray, B. Mohanty, Biofloc technology: an overview and its application, Biot. Res.
Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST), 2021,
Today 2 (2020) 1026–1028.
pp. 298–302, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICREST51555.2021.9331166.
[5] DoF, Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics of Bangladesh, 2020-21, Fisheries Resources
[21] M.M. Rashid, A.A. Nayan, M.O. Rahman, S.A. Simi, J. Saha, M.G. Kibria, IoT based
Survey System (FRSS), Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries and
smart water quality prediction for biofloc aquaculture, IJACSA 12 (2021), https://
Livestock, 2022.
doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0120653.
[6] S. Saha, R. Hasan Rajib, S. Kabir, IoT based automated fish farm aquaculture
[22] M.S. Hameed, E. Ramya, L. Pillai, K.J. Kirubavathy, D.S.D. Shylesh, D.V.T. Bai, D.
monitoring system, in: Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on
R. Jaganathan, Realtime monitoring system for surface water quantity and
Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology (ICISET), Chittagong,
analyzing of water quality using microcontroller, J. Pharm. Negat. Results (2022)
Bangladesh, IEEE, 2018, pp. 201–206, https://doi.org/10.1109/
442–447, https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S03.073.
ICISET.2018.8745543.
[23] K.B.R. Teja, M. Monika, C. Chandravathi, P. Kodali, Smart monitoring system for
[7] L.V. Tsurkan, Influence of winter water temperatures on the physiological state of
pond management and automation in aquaculture, in: Proceedings of the 2020
carp (Cyprinus carpio), Regul. Mech. Biosyst. 13 (2022) 85–90, https://doi.org/
International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 2020,
10.15421/022212.
pp. 204–208, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSP48568.2020.9182187.
[8] School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
[24] A.W. Al-Mutairi, K.M. Al-Aubidy, IoT-based smart monitoring and management
MARA, 40450 Shah Alam M. Selangor, N.Z. Zamzari, M. Kassim, M. Yusoff,
system for fish farming, Bull. EEI 12 (2023) 1435–1446, https://doi.org/
Analysis and development of IoT-based aqua fish monitoring system, IJETAE 12
10.11591/eei.v12i3.3365.
(2022) 191–197, https://doi.org/10.46338/ijetae1022_20.
[25] M. Mahajan, A. Kardile, K. Kasar, S. Gaikwad, E-monitoring system for biofloc fish
[9] M.B. Ahammed, A. Momin, S. Sultana, A. Sarkar, pH and temperature monitoring
farming, IJRAR Int. J. Res. Anal. Rev. 7 (2020) 653–657 (IJRAR).
with a GSM-based auto feeding system of a biofloc technology, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res.
[26] C.H. Chen, Y.C. Wu, J.X. Zhang, Y.H. Chen, IoT-based fish farm water quality
13 (2022) 270–274.
monitoring system, Sensors 22 (2022) 6700, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176700.
[10] M. De La L. Sanchez-Estrada, J.F. Garcia-Trejo, V. Caltzontzin-Rabell, R. Chavez-
[27] H. Haque, K. Labeeb, R.B. Riha, M.N.R. Khan, IoT based water quality monitoring
Jaime, L. De L. Alvarez-Arquieta, O. Alatorre-Jacome, Factors to increase the
system by using Zigbee protocol, in: Proceedings of the 2021 International
stocking density using BioFloc Technology in tilapia production : a mini review, in:
Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics (ESCI), IEEE, 2021,
Proceedings of the 2018 XIV International Engineering Congress (CONIIN),
pp. 619–622. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9397031/ (accessed
Queretaro, IEEE, 2018, pp. 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1109/CONIIN.2018.8489813.
April 19, 2024).
[11] Hargreaves J.A., Biofloc production systems for aquaculture., 4503 (2013). htt
[28] L.K.S. Tolentino, C.P. De Pedro, J.D. Icamina, J.B.E. Navarro, L.J.D. Salvacion, G.C.
ps://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20133186178 (accessed April
D. Sobrevilla, A.A. Villanueva, T.M. Amado, M.V.C. Padilla, G.A.M. Madrigal, L.A.
19, 2024).
C. Enriquez, Development of an IoT-based intensive aquaculture monitoring
[12] M. Ahmed, Md.O. Rahaman, M. Rahman, M. Abul Kashem, Analyzing the quality of
system with automatic water correction, IJCDS 10 (2021) 1355–1365, https://doi.
water and predicting the suitability for fish farming based on IoT in the context of
org/10.12785/ijcds/1001120.
Bangladesh, in: Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Sustainable

10

You might also like