IoT-Based Waste Management System

IOT102-IA1803, Group 7

Phan Xuan Thang, Nguyen Quang Nhat, Tran Trung Kiet, and Le The Dung
FPT University, Ho Chi Minh Campus, Vietnam
{thangpxse180364, nhatnqse180714, kietttse180757}@fpt.edu.vn, [email protected]
Abstract
This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a smart trash can system designed to improve waste management
efficiency and enhance environmental sustainability. The smart trash can incorporates advanced technologies, such as sensors, IoT
connectivity, and data analytics, to provide real-time monitoring and user engagement. Specifically, the system uses an infrared
sensor to detect the presence of a person, triggering a servo motor to open the trash can lid. A sound sensor measures the trash
level inside the bin. Data collected by these sensors are processed by an ESP8266 microcontroller and transmitted to the Blynk
platform for real-time monitoring and data analytics.To achieve the study’s objectives, a mixed-methods approach was employed.
The research involved designing and constructing a prototype smart trash can, integrating the aforementioned sensors, IoT modules,
and microcontroller for data processing and communication. The prototype was deployed in various settings, including residential
areas, public spaces, and offices. Data on waste disposal patterns, user interaction, and system performance were collected over
a three-month period. User feedback was gathered through surveys and interviews to assess the usability, convenience, and
acceptance of the smart trash can system. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods and machine learning
algorithms to evaluate the system’s effectiveness in user engagement and overall performance. The study observed that the smart
trash can provided accurate real-time monitoring of trash levels and user interaction patterns, enabling optimized waste collection
schedules. User surveys indicated a high level of satisfaction with the smart trash can, with 85 percent of participants finding it
convenient and easy to use. The system demonstrated improved efficiency in waste management, promoting better practices and
reducing the burden on maintenance services.

I. I NTRODUCTION
This report focuses on the design and implementation of a Smart Waste Management System based on Internet of Things
(IoT) technology. The system uses devices such as the ESP8266, infrared sensor module, ultrasonic distance meter, and servo
motor to automatically open the trash can lid when someone approaches. Simultaneously, waste levels are monitored remotely
via Internet applications or the Blynk app.When someone approaches, the infrared sensor detects their presence and sends a
signal to the ESP8266, which in turn activates the servo motor to open the trash can lid. The sensor then sends a signal to close
the lid when the person leaves, ensuring minimal contact and maintaining hygiene. The ultrasonic distance meter continuously
measures waste levels in the bin and sends data back to the monitoring application. If the trash bin is full, the system sends a
notification so the manager can promptly collect it.
Before the implementation of smart trash bins, manual operation increased the risk of bacterial exposure, inefficient waste
management due to fixed collection schedules, and poor hygiene from overflowing or open bins. Manual trash handling involves
frequent physical contact with the bins, which exposes individuals to harmful bacteria and pathogens, potentially leading to
various health issues. Additionally, traditional waste collection practices often rely on fixed schedules, which do not account
for the actual waste levels in bins, resulting in either under-utilization or overflow situations. Overflowing bins not only create
unsightly environments but also attract pests and contribute to the spread of diseases. This led to high operational costs and
a negative environmental impact, as inefficient waste collection routes contribute to higher fuel consumption and increased
carbon emissions.Moreover, the labor-intensive nature of traditional waste management requires significant human resources,
which can be costly and prone to errors. Inefficient monitoring of waste levels can lead to delays in waste collection, causing
inconvenience to the public and increasing the likelihood of complaints. The lack of real-time data on bin status means that waste
management companies cannot optimize their routes and schedules, leading to suboptimal resource utilization. This scenario
often results in missed collections or the need for emergency pickups, further straining resources and budgets. Additionally,
the manual process does not provide any insights into waste generation patterns, making it difficult to implement effective
waste reduction strategies. With the increasing urban population and waste generation, these challenges are becoming more
pronounced, necessitating the adoption of smarter solutions. Traditional waste management also fails to encourage recycling, as
mixed waste in overflowing bins often ends up in landfills, exacerbating environmental issues. The cumulative effect of these
inefficiencies underscores the urgent need for innovative approaches like smart trash bins to improve overall waste management
systems [1].
After deployment, smart trash bins automate lid opening and closing, minimizing hand contact, preventing bacterial trans-
mission, and optimizing waste collection processes. The infrared sensor ensures that the lid opens only when someone is
in close proximity, reducing unnecessary exposure and maintaining better hygiene. The integration of the ultrasonic distance
meter provides continuous monitoring of waste levels, enabling real-time data collection and analysis. Remote monitoring
allows for real-time adjustment of collection schedules, helping to reduce costs and protect the environment by lowering
carbon emissions. With the ability to adjust collection routes based on actual waste levels, waste management companies
can optimize their operations, leading to significant cost savings and a reduced environmental footprint. Smart trash bins
mitigate overflowing bins, uphold environmental hygiene, and reduce waste collection times. By preventing overflow, these
smart systems contribute to cleaner public spaces and improved overall community hygiene. The automated system reduces the
need for manual labor, allowing waste management personnel to focus on other essential tasks. Additionally, the data collected
can be analyzed to identify trends in waste generation, which can inform policies and programs aimed at reducing waste and
promoting recycling. Furthermore, the integration of IoT technology in waste management fosters a culture of sustainability
and innovation. The system supports sustainability efforts by promoting efficient resource use and reducing the environmental
impact of waste collection activities. It encourages the adoption of smart technologies in other areas of urban management,
leading to smarter, more efficient cities.The smart waste management system not only enhances community hygiene and health
but also contributes to environmental conservation and improves the quality of life. By leveraging technology to address
traditional waste management challenges, the system represents a significant step forward in creating sustainable and livable
urban environments [2].
II. M ETHODS AND M ATERIALS
A. System Model and Block Diagram

Ultrasonic Sensor
Arduino Uno
IR Sensor Servo Motor

Esp8266 Internet Blynk

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the developed system.

The Arduino Uno serves as the central controller in the Smart Waste Management System, managing power distribution and
processing data from various sensors. It receives signals from the infrared (IR) sensor when individuals approach the trash bin,
activating the servo motor to open or close the lid accordingly. Simultaneously, the ultrasonic distance meter measures the trash
level inside the bin, providing real-time data to the Arduino. The Arduino processes this information and communicates the lid
status (open/close) and current trash level to the ESP8266 module. The ESP8266 connects to the Internet and transmits this data
to the Blynk application, enabling remote monitoring of the bin’s status and facilitating efficient waste management practices.
This integrated system automates lid operations, reduces manual handling, minimizes bacterial exposure, and optimizes waste
collection schedules based on real-time fill levels, contributing to cleaner environments and improved community hygiene.
B. Components and Peripheral Devices
Arduino Uno R3: The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P, which has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a 16-pin quartz crystal. MHz, USB port,
power jack, ICSP header, and reset button. It differs from previous boards in not using the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip
but instead uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. The power pins
include VIN (input voltage from 7-12V), 5V (provides a stable voltage of 5V), 3.3V (provides a stable voltage of 3.3V with
a maximum current of 50 mA), and GND (connects land). Digital I/O pins 0-13 can be used as digital inputs or outputs, in
which pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 support PWM, pins 0 and 1 are used for UART, and 2 and 3 can trigger external interrupts.
Analog Input pins A0-A5 read analog signals from 0-5V and can be used as Digital I/O. The AREF pin provides reference
voltage for analog inputs, and the Reset pin helps reset the microcontroller. The Arduino Uno R3 is compatible with most
shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila, providing flexibility for a variety of applications in electronics
and IoT projects.
 Fig. 2. Arduino Uno R3.

ESP8266:The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi IC with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capabilities, manufactured by
Espressif Systems. It is popular in the IoT (Internet of Things) community due to its affordable price, ease of use, and flexibility.
This chip allows the microcontroller to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style
commands. The ESP8266 can be programmed using a variety of platforms such as Arduino, NodeMCU, and MicroPython,
making it accessible to both enthusiasts and professionals. Its features include a 32-bit microprocessor, clock speeds from 80
to 160 MHz, and multiple GPIO pins for communication with other hardware components. The pins of the ESP8266 include:
VCC (3.3V voltage supply), GND (ground pin), TX (TTL Serial data transmission pin), RX (TTL Serial data receiving pin),
CHPD (Chip Enable pin, usually connected to VCC), GPIO0 (common in/out pin, used to enter programming mode when
pulling down GND during boot), GPIO2 (common in/out pin), GPIO15 (in/out pin common output, usually pulled down to
GND), and RST (microcontroller reset pin). These pins provide flexible connectivity and interaction, making the ESP8266
suitable for a variety of IoT applications.

Fig. 3. ESP8266.

Ultrasonic Sensor: Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) is a device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance to an object.
It works by emitting a pulse of ultrasonic waves and measuring the time it takes for the waves to reflect back after impacting
an object. The sensor consists of a transmitter to send sound waves and a receiver to detect the reflected waves. By calculating
the time between transmitting and receiving sound waves, the sensor determines the distance to the object, which is widely
used in applications such as detecting obstacles in robots, measuring liquid levels in tanks, and Distance sensor in security
system. The pins of the HC-SR04 include: VCC (provides 5V power to the sensor), GND (ground pin), Trig (Trigger) (trigger
pin, needs to be activated by an electronic pulse lasting at least 10 minutes). microseconds to emit ultrasonic pulses), and
Echo (signal receiving pin, switches to high level when receiving reflected ultrasonic waves, time at high level is proportional
to distance to object). When using the HC-SR04, send a trigger pulse to the Trig pin, then measure the time the Echo pin is
high to calculate the distance, with the distance calculation formula being distance (cm) = time (microseconds)

Fig. 4. Ultrasonic Sensor.

 IR Sensor: An IR (Infrared) sensor is an electronic device that emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its surroundings.
IR sensors can measure the heat emitted by objects and detect motion. They consist of an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode)
which emits infrared light, and a photodiode or phototransistor which detects the reflected light from an object. When an object
comes within the sensor’s range, the infrared light from the LED is reflected back and detected by the receiver, allowing the
sensor to determine the presence and distance of the object. IR sensors are commonly used in applications such as remote
controls, motion detectors, and proximity sensors.

Fig. 5. IR Sensor.

Servo Motor: A servo motor is a type of motor designed for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity,
and acceleration. It consists of a motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. This feedback allows the motor to be
controlled with high accuracy. Servo motors are commonly used in applications where precise positioning is required, such
as in robotics, CNC machinery, and automated manufacturing systems. They typically operate through a closed-loop system,
which continuously adjusts the motor’s output based on feedback from the sensor to achieve the desired position. This ensures
that the motor can respond quickly and accurately to control signals, making it ideal for tasks requiring exact movement and
positioning.

Fig. 6. Servo Motor.

Circuit Diagram: To assemble the sensor system and peripheral devices with Arduino, you need to follow these steps:
First, connect the ultrasonic sensor. Attach the VCC pin of the sensor to the positive (+) rail on the breadboard and the GND
pin of the sensor to the negative (-) rail on the breadboard. Next, connect the Trig pin of the sensor to pin 9 on the Arduino
and the Echo pin to pin 8. With these connections, the ultrasonic sensor will be able to send and receive signals to measure
distance. Next, you will connect the infrared sensor. The VCC pin of this sensor should be connected to the positive (+) rail
on the breadboard, and the GND pin to the negative (-) rail on the breadboard. The OUT pin of the infrared sensor will be
connected to pin 7 on the Arduino. When the infrared sensor detects an obstacle, it will send a signal to the Arduino through
this OUT pin. After that, you will install the servo motor. The VCC pin of the servo motor is connected to the positive (+) rail
on the breadboard, the GND pin to the negative (-) rail on the breadboard, and the Signal pin to pin 6 on the Arduino. The
servo motor will receive commands from the Arduino through the Signal pin to control its rotation angle. Finally, connect the
ESP8266 module. The VCC pin of the ESP8266 should be connected to the 3.3V pin on the Arduino and the GND pin to the
negative (-) rail on the breadboard. The RX pin of the ESP8266 needs to be connected to the TX pin of the Arduino (pin 1)
and the TX pin of the ESP8266 to the RX pin of the Arduino (pin 0). The ESP8266 will allow the Arduino to communicate via
Wi-Fi, transmitting and receiving data from other devices. Once these connections are completed, you can power the Arduino
and check the operation of the connected devices. This check ensures that all sensors and modules are working correctly and
that your system is ready for use.
 Fig. 7. Circuit Diagram.

TABLE I
I NTERFACING BETWEEN A RDUINO U NO ( OR ESP8266) AND I TS C OMPONENTS

Arduino Uno Ultrasonic Sensor Infrared Sensor Servo Motor

Pin Connection Connection Connection
GND GND GND GND
5V VCC VCC VCC
Digital pin 9 (Trig) Trig
Digital pin 8 (Echo) Echo
Digital pin 7 OUT
Digital pin 6 Signal
Digital pin 1 (TX)
Digital pin 0 (RX)

TABLE II
I NTERFACING BETWEEN A RDUINO U NO AND ESP8266

ESP8266 Arduino Uno

VCC 3.3V
GND GND
RX Digital pin 1 (TX)
TX Digital pin 0 (RX)

C. Software Programming
Step 1: Open Blynk and Create a New Device Begin by opening the Blynk application on your smartphone or tablet. If
you haven’t already installed the Blynk app, you can download it from the App Store for iOS devices or Google Play Store
for Android devices. Once the app is installed, launch it and log in with your Blynk account credentials. If you don’t have an
account, you’ll need to create one by following the on-screen instructions.After logging in, you will be greeted by the Blynk
dashboard. Here, you’ll need to create a new device to represent your smart trash bin system. To do this, click on the ”New
Device” button. You will be prompted to enter details such as the device name, type, and connection method. For the device
name, choose a name that easily identifies your smart trash bin, such as ”Smart Trash Bin 1.” For the device type, select a
relevant category, such as ”ESP8266” if you’re using this microcontroller. For the connection method, choose ”Wi-Fi” since
your device will be connecting to Blynk over a Wi-Fi network.Once you have filled in all the required information, click
on the ”Create” button to create your new device. This device will now appear on your Blynk dashboard, ready for further
configuration and setup.
 Click to create new template

Fig. 8. Create a new template.

Fig. 9. How to set up templates.

Step 2: Blynk System Provides a Token for Connecting to Blynk After creating your new device, the Blynk system will
automatically generate an authentication token for your device. This token is a unique code that allows your smart trash bin
system to connect to the Blynk platform securely. The token is essential for establishing communication between your hardware
(ESP8266) and the Blynk app.The authentication token will be displayed on your screen immediately after creating the device.
Make sure to copy this token and keep it in a safe place, as you will need it to configure your ESP8266 microcontroller later.
Blynk also provides an option to send the token to your email address for easy access. Simply click on the ”Email” button,
and Blynk will send the token to the email associated with your Blynk account.Having this token is crucial because it ensures
that your data is securely transmitted between your device and the Blynk servers. Without the token, your device will not be
able to connect to the Blynk platform, and you won’t be able to monitor or control your smart trash bin system remotely.
Fig. 10. How to set up a new device.

Fig. 11. Create new device.

 Fig. 12. Get the device verification code.

Step 3: To configure the Datastreams and Web Dashboard for your smart trash system, you will start from the Blynk
dashboard and navigate to the “Template” section. Here you will find the “Datastreams” option, where you will set up data
streams that represent sensor information from your smart trash. First, you need to create new data streams for each type of
information you want to track. For example, you can create one data stream for the motion detection status from the IR sensor
and another data stream for the fill rate of the ultrasonic sensor. When creating data streams, you need to specify important
parameters for each stream, including data type (such as integer for motion detection status and float for fullness level), unit
of measure measurement (such as a percentage of how full the trash is), and data update intervals (this can be every second,
every minute, or according to the specific needs of the system). It is important that these parameters match the way data
is sent from the ESP8266 microcontroller, ensuring that the system can convey information accurately and promptly. After
completing the configuration of data flows, the next step is to set up the web console. This dashboard will provide you with
an intuitive interface to monitor real-time data from sensors and system controls. You can add widgets like “Label” to display
detailed information about the percentage of full level of the trash, “Gauge” to provide a visual view of how full the trash
is, and “Button” to allow users to manually open or close the trash can lid. When adding and configuring widgets, you need
to adjust each widget to ensure that it works as expected. Customize each widget’s settings, including associating it with the
correct data stream, adjusting display properties such as color, size, and style, and configuring related actions (like control
buttons). Arranging widgets on the dashboard logically helps create a user-friendly and easy-to-use interface, allowing users
to easily monitor and manage information. Don’t forget to test the dashboard after configuration is complete to ensure that
all widgets work properly and information displays correctly. You can do some testing to see that the data is updated in real
time and the controls work as intended. If necessary, adjust the layout and configuration to optimize the user experience.Once
you’re satisfied with the web dashboard’s configuration and layout, save your changes. The control panel is immediately ready
to use, providing monitoring and control of your smart trash system from any internet-connected device. This not only helps
you monitor the performance of your waste management system but also allows you to intervene promptly when necessary.
Being able to access and control the system remotely helps improve waste management efficiency, minimize garbage overflow
and ensure environmental hygiene, contributing to building clean and sustainable cities .By using a web dashboard along
with precisely configured data streams, you can easily monitor the status of your smart trash system and adjust its operation
according to actual needs. This not only helps manage waste more effectively, but also improves the quality of urban life by
ensuring that the system always operates optimally.
Fig. 13. Create new datastreams.

Fig. 14. Choose virtual pin.

 Fig. 15. How to set up a virtual pin.

Fig. 16. This is after completing the installation process.

 Fig. 17. Edit web databoard.

Fig. 18. Save and apply.

Step 4: Return to the Menu and Review the Configured Interface After completing the previous steps, navigate back to the
main menu in the Blynk application. From the menu, select the device you just configured to review the setup. You will be
able to see the web dashboard interface you created, including all the widgets and data streams. Ensure that all widgets are
functioning correctly and displaying the appropriate data from your smart trash bin system. This step allows you to verify
that the configuration is correct and that the system is ready for real-time monitoring and management. If any adjustments
are needed, you can return to the template section to modify the datastreams or dashboard layout as necessary. Once you are
satisfied with the setup, your smart trash bin system is fully operational, and you can start monitoring and controlling it via
the Blynk app.
 (a) (b)

Fig. 19. Here is the process after setup is complete.

Upon completing the four setup steps, the Smart Waste Management System operates seamlessly. Initially, configure the
NodeMCU ESP8266 module to connect securely to your WiFi network with devices like HC-05 for wireless communication.
Use the Blynk authentication tokens generated from the Blynk app to enable secure transmission of sensor data—such as
lid status and trash level—from the NodeMCU ESP8266 to the Blynk server.The Arduino Uno manages sensor integration,
processing data from infrared and ultrasonic sensors to control the servo motor. This motor adjusts the trash bin lid based on
proximity and fill levels. Arduino communicates this processed data to the ESP8266 via serial communication.The ESP8266 then
formats and transmits this data to the Blynk app for real-time monitoring. This integrated system optimizes waste management
efficiency, enhances hygiene by minimizing physical contact, and supports proactive maintenance through remote monitoring.
Overall, it ensures operational efficiency and promotes environmental sustainability in waste management practices.
D. Programming Flowchart
Step 1: The system begins its operation, signaling the activation of the smart trash bin. This initial step is crucial as it signifies
the system’s readiness to perform its functions. When the system starts, it ensures that all components are powered up and
functioning correctly. This includes checking the power supply, verifying the connections, and ensuring that the microcontroller
and sensors are ready to receive and process data. This step also involves loading any necessary configuration files and
initializing variables that will be used throughout the operation. During the initialization phase, the system sets up all the
necessary configurations. The microcontroller (ESP8266) initializes the libraries and communication protocols required for
the operation of the sensors and the servo motor. This step includes setting up the GPIO pins for the IR sensor, ultrasonic
sensor, and servo motor, ensuring they are configured as input or output as needed. The system may also perform a self-check
to verify that each component is functioning correctly. This step ensures that the sensors are calibrated, the servo motor is
positioned correctly, and the Wi-Fi connection is established for data transmission to Blynk. At this stage, the system activates
both the IR sensor and the ultrasonic sensor. The IR sensor is configured to detect motion, while the ultrasonic sensor is
set to measure the distance to the trash surface. Activating these sensors involves powering them up and beginning the data
collection process. The IR sensor starts emitting infrared light and monitoring for reflections that indicate motion, while the
ultrasonic sensor begins emitting ultrasonic waves and measuring the time it takes for these waves to return. This activation
step ensures that both sensors are operational and ready to collect and transmit data. The microcontroller enters a continuous
loop where it processes data from the sensors. It reads the signals from the IR sensor to check for motion and gathers distance
measurements from the ultrasonic sensor. This processing step is critical for real-time decision-making based on the sensor
inputs. The microcontroller must interpret the binary signals from the IR sensor and the time measurements from the ultrasonic
sensor, converting them into actionable information. This step involves filtering the data to remove any noise or false readings
and ensuring that the system only responds to accurate and relevant sensor inputs.
Step 2: The IR sensor’s primary role is to detect the presence of individuals near the trash bin. It operates by emitting infrared
light and detecting reflections from nearby objects. When an individual approaches the bin, the sensor detects the motion and
sends a binary signal (high for detected motion, low for no motion) to the microcontroller. The IR sensor’s sensitivity and
range are crucial factors in ensuring accurate detection. It must be able to detect motion within a specified distance and angle
to avoid false positives or missed detections. The IR sensor continuously monitors its surroundings, providing real-time updates
to the microcontroller. The ultrasonic sensor measures the fill level of the trash bin by emitting high-frequency sound waves
and measuring the time it takes for these waves to bounce back from the trash surface. The microcontroller processes this
time measurement to calculate the distance to the trash, converting it into a percentage to represent the bin’s fill level. The
accuracy and reliability of the ultrasonic sensor are vital for providing consistent fill level readings. The sensor must be able
to accurately measure distances regardless of the type and texture of the trash. It continuously monitors the fill level, updating
the microcontroller with real-time data. This decision-making step involves checking the output from the IR sensor. If the IR
sensor detects motion (high signal), the system proceeds to open the lid. If no motion is detected (low signal), the system
ensures the lid remains closed. The microcontroller must make quick and accurate decisions based on the IR sensor’s input
to ensure timely lid operation. This step involves comparing the current sensor reading with previous readings to determine if
there is sustained motion, filtering out brief or accidental movements that should not trigger the lid.

Start

Initialize the system

Activate all sensor

system

IR sensor Process the sensor Ultrasonic sensor

data

No Yes
Is there motion ?

Close trash Open trash

Measure trash level

(%)

Display the
information on serial
montior

Send data to Esp8266

Send data to Blynk

End

Fig. 20. Flowchart of the system’s operating process.

If no motion is detected by the IR sensor, the system ensures that the servo motor closes the trash bin lid (if it was previously
open). The microcontroller sends a signal to the servo motor to initiate the closing process. The servo motor rotates in the
opposite direction, gently lowering the lid until it is fully closed. This step is crucial for maintaining hygiene by preventing
unnecessary exposure of the trash and minimizing the risk of odors or pests. The system ensures that the lid closes smoothly
and quietly, avoiding any sudden or harsh movements that could cause noise or mechanical wear. If motion is detected by the
IR sensor, the system commands the servo motor to open the trash bin lid. The microcontroller sends a signal to the servo
motor, which begins to rotate, lifting the lid. The speed and angle of the lid opening are precisely controlled to ensure that it
opens fully, allowing users to easily dispose of their waste without touching the bin. This touchless operation enhances hygiene
and convenience. The system continuously monitors the IR sensor to ensure that the lid remains open as long as motion is
detected, accommodating users who may need more time to dispose of their waste. With the lid open (or at periodic intervals
if the lid remains closed), the ultrasonic sensor measures the trash level. The sensor emits ultrasonic waves and calculates the
time it takes for these waves to bounce back from the trash surface. The microcontroller processes this time measurement to
determine the distance to the trash, converting it into a percentage to represent the fill level. This real-time measurement is
crucial for monitoring the bin’s status and preventing overflows. The system ensures that the sensor readings are accurate and
consistent, providing reliable data for decision-making.
Step 3: The microcontroller sends the sensor data (motion detection status and trash level percentage) to the serial monitor.
This local display allows users to see real-time information about the bin’s status, such as whether the lid is open or closed and
how full the bin is. The serial monitor provides a straightforward user interface for local monitoring, displaying data in a clear
and organized manner. This step is particularly useful for maintenance staff or individuals who are physically near the bin,
allowing them to quickly assess the bin’s status and take necessary actions. The processed data from the sensors is sent to the
ESP8266 microcontroller. This step is crucial for further communication and data transmission to remote monitoring systems.
The ESP8266 collects and formats the data, preparing it for transmission over a Wi-Fi connection. This step involves ensuring
that the data is accurately transmitted and that the connection is stable and secure. The ESP8266 acts as a bridge between
the local sensor system and the remote monitoring platform, enabling real-time data sharing and remote management. The
ESP8266 sends the collected data to the Blynk platform over a Wi-Fi connection. Blynk is an IoT platform that allows remote
monitoring and control of connected devices. The data sent to Blynk includes motion detection status, fill level percentage,
and any other relevant information about the bin’s status. This remote monitoring capability is crucial for providing real-time
updates and alerts to users and waste management personnel. Notifications are sent if the bin is full and needs to be emptied,
allowing for timely interventions and preventing overflows. Blynk provides a user-friendly interface for remote monitoring,
enabling users to access and manage the bin’s data from anywhere.
Step 4: This step signifies the end of the current processing cycle. However, the system typically continues to loop back
to process sensor data continuously, ensuring ongoing monitoring and management. This continuous operation is essential for
maintaining real-time responsiveness and ensuring that the bin’s status is always up-to-date. The system resets its variables
and prepares to start the next cycle of sensor data processing, ensuring that it is always ready to detect motion, measure the
fill level, and update the monitoring platforms. The system continuously loops back to process the sensor data, maintaining
real-time monitoring and decision-making. This looping ensures that the bin’s status is always up-to-date and that any changes
are promptly acted upon. The microcontroller repeatedly reads the IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor data, processes the inputs,
and performs the necessary actions (opening or closing the lid, updating the fill level, and transmitting data). This continuous
processing loop ensures that the system operates efficiently and effectively, providing reliable and timely waste management.
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
A. Prototype Implementation
To implement a smart trash system, a series of steps are required and many key components are used to ensure the system
is efficient and durable. The process starts with the hardware setup, where the infrared motion sensor is the key component to
detect the presence of people nearby. When this sensor detects someone approaching, it will activate the servo motor to open
the trash can lid, helping users easily dispose of trash without having to touch the trash can lid. In parallel with the infrared
sensor, an acoustic sensor is installed inside the trash bin to measure how full the bin is. This sound sensor works by measuring
the sound feedback from the bottom of the trash bin, thereby providing accurate data about the amount of trash currently in
the bin. Data from these sensors is sent to the Arduino microcontroller, which processes the input signals from the sensors and
controls the operation of the servo motors to ensure the tank lid opens and closes correctly.To enhance connectivity and remote
monitoring, the system uses the ESP8266 module. This module provides wireless connectivity, allowing data transfer to the
Blynk platform. Through the Blynk platform, users can monitor real-time data, including motion detection events and trash
levels in bins. Blynk also provides timely notifications, such as when the trash can is nearly full or when the lid is opened,
helping users manage and intervene effectively. Implementing this system not only requires the correct hardware and software
installation, but also requires special care in testing and calibrating the sensors to ensure they operate with the highest accuracy.
This process includes performing tests to identify potential problems, calibrating sensors to match specific requirements, and
ensuring that the system operates reliably under these conditions. actual event. In addition to installation and calibration, system
maintenance is an important factor in maintaining system functionality over time. This includes performing routine maintenance,
updating software to fix bugs and improve features, and training users on how to use the system effectively. Ensuring that
the system is always in good operating condition helps optimize performance and prolong the life of hardware components.
Overall, implementing a smart trash system is not simply the application of advanced technology to waste management but
is also an important step forward in supporting environmental sustainability goals. This system not only helps improve waste
management processes through automation and remote monitoring, but also contributes to raising public awareness about waste
treatment, thereby protecting the environment and improving quality. quality of urban life. By combining modern technology
with effective waste management methods, smart trash systems play an important role in building smarter and more sustainable
cities. [3].
 Fig. 21. Simulate smart trash products.

B. Experimental Results

Fig. 22. This is the process of automatically closing/opening the trash bin when someone approaches.
 The smart trash system using infrared sensors and servo motors has become a great step forward in waste management
technology in modern urban areas. This technology is designed to optimize the waste collection process by automatically
opening and closing trash lids based on user presence detection, bringing many outstanding environmental benefits, health and
performance. When the infrared sensor detects someone approaching the trash can, it will send a signal to activate the servo
motor to open the trash lid, allowing users to throw away trash without touching the trash lid, thereby preventing dispersion.
odors and maintain a clean, fresh environment. Automatically opening and closing trash can lids not only helps prevent the
spread of unpleasant odors but also limits the entry of insects and harmful animals, contributing to protecting the human living
environment. At the same time, this also helps reduce the risk of cross-contamination and the spread of bacteria and infectious
diseases, creating a safer and more hygienic environment for the community [4].
The smart trash system also brings outstanding convenience to users. With this technology, users do not need to touch the
trash can lid, helping to reduce the risk of exposure to dirt and bacteria. Especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
and other infectious diseases, limiting direct contact with public surfaces such as trash can lids is extremely important to
protect public health. In addition, the smart trash system also contributes to optimizing the operation of urban infrastructure.
With automatic features, this system helps save time and effort in waste management, while increasing operational efficiency.
Infrared sensors and servo motors are programmed to operate accurately and quickly, ensuring that the trash can lid opens and
closes at the right time, making the trash disposal process more convenient and efficient. Furthermore, the application of smart
technology in waste management also demonstrates the development and application of technology in daily life, contributing
to building smart and sustainable cities. The smart trash system is not only an advanced technological solution but also an
important step forward in improving the quality of life, protecting the environment and public health. The combination of
infrared sensors and servo motors in this system represents a comprehensive and modern approach to the problem of waste
management, opening up new prospects for the sustainable development of waste management systems. urban areas worldwide.

Fig. 23. This illustrates the process of monitoring the bin when it is empty as well as when it contains trash

Using ultrasonic sensors to measure the amount of trash in the bin brings many outstanding benefits, from accurately and
stably measuring distances to reliably determining the full level of the trash can. Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting a pulse
of sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the waves to reflect back after hitting the trash. This not only optimizes the
waste collection process but also reduces the work and costs involved. Smart trash systems equipped with ultrasonic sensors
can send alerts when they are nearly full, leading to more efficient waste management and preventing overflow and unsanitary
conditions. Ultrasonic sensors in smart trash bins help ensure that waste collection is carried out in a timely and efficient
manner. When the sensor detects that the trash bin is nearly full, it will send a notification to the management system, from
which the waste collection organization will be able to schedule collection more flexibly and effectively. This helps avoid
overflowing trash cans, causing bad odors and affecting the surrounding environment. Furthermore, collecting waste at the
right time also helps reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases caused by waste [5].
In addition, data collected from ultrasonic sensors can also be used to analyze and predict usage trends, allowing flexible and
scientific adjustment of waste collection schedules. Through data analysis, managers can determine the times and areas with
the highest demand for waste collection, thereby allocating resources effectively. This not only saves time and costs but also
improves the operational efficiency of the waste management system. Integrating ultrasonic sensors into smart trash systems
not only improves waste management efficiency but also contributes to protecting the environment and improving the quality
of urban life. With the ability to accurately measure and respond quickly, ultrasonic sensors help ensure that waste is managed
scientifically and effectively, minimizing negative impacts on the environment. Furthermore, the use of smart technology in
waste management also demonstrates the progress and development of technology in everyday life, contributing to building
smart and sustainable cities. The smart trash system with ultrasonic sensors is not only an advanced technological solution but
also an important step forward in improving the quality of life, protecting the environment and public health. The combination
of sensor technology and smart waste management opens up new prospects for the sustainable development of urban areas
around the world, while bringing many practical benefits to communities and communities. society. The application of ultrasonic
sensors in smart trash bins represents a comprehensive and modern approach to waste management, contributing to building
a greener, cleaner, and more sustainable living environment for all everyone.
C. Discussion
Smart trash systems represent an important step forward in waste management technology, bringing many significant benefits
and with them challenges that need to be kept in mind. These products often integrate advanced technologies such as motion
sensors, ultrasonic or infrared sensors, and remote connections through platforms like Blynk for real-time monitoring and
data collection. They provide accurate information about trash levels and the condition of trash bins, thereby helping to
intervene promptly to prevent trash overflow and maintain cleanliness. Automating bin lid operations not only improves
operational efficiency by minimizing manual intervention, but also encourages users to adopt responsible trash disposal habits
through user-friendly interfaces. and timely notification. However, implementing this technology also comes with challenges
such as high initial setup costs, including investments in sensors and connectivity infrastructure, which can create financial
barriers. Continuous maintenance is required to ensure sensor accuracy and system reliability, which increases operating costs.
Continuous operation for remote monitoring and communication also raises concerns about energy consumption, requiring
efficient energy management solutions to minimize environmental impact. Additionally, integrating remote connectivity brings
cybersecurity risks, which must be addressed through strong data security measures. To maximize the benefits and minimize
problems, organizations need to carefully consider and develop effective maintenance, energy management, and cybersecurity
measures. Currently, there are many smart trash can products with outstanding features such as ultrasonic sensors that measure
the full level of the bin, lids that automatically open when someone approaches, and remote connection via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
to the trash can. mobile applications, automatic waste sorting and energy-saving sustainable design. These innovations not
only optimize waste management processes but also contribute to building smarter and more sustainable cities, improving the
quality of urban life.
IV. C ONCLUSION
The smart trash can system generated several key outputs that demonstrated its effectiveness in enhancing waste management.
It provided accurate, real-time monitoring of the trash bin’s status, including motion detection, trash level percentage, and bin
fullness. Notifications and alerts were sent to users via the Blynk platform, informing them when the bin needed to be emptied,
while real-time feedback was displayed on the serial monitor for easy local monitoring. Automated lid operation minimized
manual intervention, reducing the risk of overflow and maintaining cleanliness. The system’s ease of use and reliability received
positive feedback from users, indicating improved waste disposal habits. Future directions for improving the smart trash can
system include developing scalable solutions for larger deployments in various settings, integrating AI and machine learning
to optimize waste collection schedules, and incorporating solar panels for energy independence. Additional features such as
a compaction mechanism, odor control, and improved sensor accuracy and reliability should also be explored. Optimizing
the system’s energy consumption and using durable, sustainable materials can enhance longevity and environmental impact.
Developing comprehensive data analytics tools to analyze waste patterns and enabling integration with smart city initiatives
and waste management services will further maximize the system’s impact on sustainable waste management practices [6].
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