Lecture No.

3 and 4
Work and Energy
From Previous lectures

 The result of a dot product is a scalar quantity

 When two vectors 𝐴റ and 𝐵 are multiplied to each others using the dot product , the
product result is 𝐴. 𝐵. cos 𝜃. Where 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.
 Second law of Newton states that when there is an applied Unbalanced force is
acting on a body , the body will accelerates with an acceleration directly
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass.

𝑭
𝒂=
𝒎
2
Work Definition
 Work Definition
• In physics work is defined as a force causing the movement—or displacement—of an
object.
• In the case of a constant force, work is the scalar product of the force acting on an object
and the displacement caused by that force.
• Though both force and displacement are vector quantities, work has no direction due to
the nature of a scalar product (or dot product)

𝒘= 𝑭 .𝑫

𝒘 = 𝑭. 𝑫. 𝑪𝒐𝒔 Ɵ
General Rule
for the Work

Scalar (value + or -)
Vector The work is measured in Joule
(Newton . meter)
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 Work as a Scalar Quantity How Could
this happen ?

Work Could be
Logic
reason
Positive Zero Negative
Scientific
The force and the When No displacement is
The force and the reason
displacement are in occurred or F
displacement are in
the same direction perpendicular to the
the opposite direction
displacement.

Force applied
Force
Displacement Displacement

Force is in same line of motion , Force is anti parallel to the line of

then the force accelerate the motion , then the5 force decelerate
car and then it is a positive the car and then it is a negative
work work
Scientific reason about how Work could be +,- or Zero?
Simply the value of the work depends on the angle 𝒘 = 𝑭. 𝑫. 𝑪𝒐𝒔 Ɵ
between the force and the displacement

Ɵ=90 Ɵ less
Ɵ=180 than 90

Force
Force
Force

Displacement Displacement

Negative Positive
Zero Work
Work Work 6
Example 1
Application on how to use vectors to solve the problems
A particle is moving in the x-y plane undergoes a displacement given by
∆𝑥 = (2𝑖Ƹ +3𝑗)Ƹ due to a constant force , 𝐹 = (5𝑖Ƹ +2𝑗)Ƹ N acts on the
particle. Calculate the work done by the F on the particle.
Solution

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Work Due to Constant Force
Example 2--Many Forces acting on a body

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 The Force acting on a body could be
Parallel to the line
of motion

Inclined to the line

of motion
Constant
Opposite to the
The Force displacement

Due to Weight

Variable Due to Spring

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Work Due to Constant Force (Weight)
The work done in both cases is
Work Due to due to the gravitational force
Weight only as there are no other forces
acting on the ball

On an Inclined
On a Curve
Plane

𝑾 = 𝒎. 𝒈. 𝒉
𝑾=
𝒎𝒈 (sin 𝜽) ∗ 𝑆
*s
Ɵ

The work due to weigh is positive if going to Down

2 and negative if going up 10
Applications in daily Life
Work Done on a suitcase pulled A woman is pulling a suitcase in the airport
1 by a woman in the airport with a tension force of 35 N at constant
speed with an angle Ɵ above the
horizontal. If the mass of the suitcase is 20
kg and the friction force due to ground is
Example 3
=20N.
Draw a Free Body Diagram showing
all the forces acting on the suitcase?
B. Calculate the angle Ɵ between the
Tension and the horizontal.
Calculate the work done by the woman
on the suitcase (due to Tension Force)
if she did a displacement of 2m.
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Applications in daily life

Friction Force is opposite to the displacement

1 and could be calculated by µ𝒌 .N

Normal

Friction Ɵ
a. Free Body Diagram
b. Ɵ=55.15
Final Answers Weight
c. W due to Tension= 40J.
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 The Force acting on a body could be
Parallel to the line
of motion

Inclined to the line

of motion
Constant
Opposite to the
The Force displacement

Due to Weight

Variable Due to Spring

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What is a Variable Force ? A Force that changes with the change of the position

If the spring is either stretched or compressed a small distance from its equilibrium
configuration, it exerts on the block a force. This force required to stretch or compress a
spring is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression x
The spring constant K
measures the stiffness of the
𝑭α 𝒙 𝐅𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 = −𝐤. 𝐱 spring .Stiff Spring have large k
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while soft spring have small k
Hook’s Law
This the law used to calculate the force for springs

𝐅𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 = −𝐤. 𝐱

x -----the position of the block relative

to its equilibrium (x = 0) position
K ---- a positive constant called the spring
constant of the spring

𝑭α 𝒙

3 The spring force is always in opposite direction to the

displacement and this why the negative sign is existing
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Work Due to Variable Force- Work Calculation
If the block undergoes an arbitrary
displacement from x initial( initial position )
to x final (Final position ), the work done by
the spring force on the block is
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾= − *(k*𝒙𝟐 ) = − ∗k∗(𝒙𝒇𝟐 − 𝒙𝒊𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐

4 The most important is to identify correctly what is the

initial position and what is the final position

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Applications of Springs in daily Life
Springs in Bed

when you lie on your bed you don’t fall through

it, nor is it hard as wood.

Springs in Cars

Suspension car System

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 Report
You should submit a student Report covering the following points

1. What is a spring constant K?

2. How the Spring constant could be identified experimentally

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Part 2: ENERGY
ENERGY

Definition Categories and Forms

Energy is defined as Energy has two primary categories presented in
the ability to do a work many forms

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

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Kinetic Energy – Definition and Forms
Motion
of
𝟏 electrons
K.E.= (𝒎𝒗𝟐 )
𝟐 Mechanical Electrical
Energy Energy
Motion
of air
K.E. is the Kinetic particles
Light Sound
energy due to Energy
motion* s

Thermal
Waves
Energy

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Potential Energy – Definition and Forms
Chemical U= 𝒎𝒈𝒉

This is the Energy gained by changing the

Nuclear Potential
Energy position of configuration of an object.

Elastic Gravitational

Storing the
water in a
reservoir higher
than the ground
level

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 Conservation Law of Energy
Energy Can not be created or destroyed but could be transferred from one form to another .

Total amount of
Energy in the system
remains constant.

U1+KE1 = U2+KE2
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Application in life-Conservation Law of Energy

A Roller Coaster is a machine that uses

gravity and inertia to send a train of cars
along a winding track. As it accelerates
down the hill, the potential energy gets
converted to kinetic energy. The weight
of the roller coaster is pulled down by
Roller Coaster in Amusement Park gravity
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Problem No.13- Sheet 3
A Roller Coaster begins at rest at the top
of a first peak and descends a vertical
distance of 45m. Then it ascends a
second peak cresting the peak with a
speed of 15 m/second. Neglect the
c
friction. How high the second peak is ?

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Problem No.13- Sheet 3- Solution
A Roller Coaster begins at rest at the top
of a first peak and descends a vertical
distance of 45m. Then it ascends a
second peak cresting the peak with a
speed of 15 m/second. Neglect the
friction. How high the second peak is ?

IS there another
solution for this
problem?

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Work Energy Theorem
When a Force is applied on a system and the only changes is in the
speed , then the work done on the system is the change in the kinetic
Energy of the system .

Work = 𝑲𝑬𝟐 -𝑲𝑬𝟏

𝟏
𝑾𝟏𝟐 = (𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝟐 -𝒎𝒗𝟏 𝟐 )
𝟐

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Example 6 “ Work –Energy Theorem”

 A particle of 50 kg mass is
moving along a rough
horizontal surface for which the
coefficient of kinetic friction
𝛍𝐤=𝟎.𝟐𝟓 with an initial
velocity 𝐯𝟎=𝟒𝐦𝐬⁄ at the
position =𝟎 .If the spring is
stretched 0.2m at s = 0 . The
particle is subjected to a force
𝐏=𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐍 . Determine the
W (due to P)+W2 (due to friction)+W(Spring)
velocity of the particle at the
position 𝐬=𝟏𝐦.Giving that the
spring constant =𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐍𝐦. 27
Conclusion
 The work is a scalar quantity and is calculated by the dot product of the force and the
displacement.
 The work could be positive , negative or zero depending on the angle between the
Force and the displacement.
 The Energy is the ability of an object to do work and is measured in Joule.
 There are two main categories for the Energy ( Kinetic and potential Energy) that could
have different forms .
 When a Force is applied on a body and the only change is in the speed , In this case ,
the work = the change of KE. This is known by Work Energy Theorem.
 Energy can not be created or destroyed but could be transferred from one form to
another ---- This is What is known by The conservation Law of Energy.
 Physics is Fun !!! And this only by trying to use the physics theorem in our daily life for
enjoying our leisure time.

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