October University for Modern Sciences and Arts Module title: Linear Algebra

Faculty of Engineering Module code: MAT 251, GSE111, GSE111L

Midterm Exam - Fall 2023 Time allowed: 1.5 hours.

Model Answer of Midterm Exam - Fall 2023

Question (1): [LOs: LO1, LO3, LO4]. (Total marks: 10)

a) If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are non-singular commute matrices, show that 𝑨−𝟏 and 𝑩−𝟏 are commute. (1 mark)
Solution
We will show that: 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 .

𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩−𝟏 = (𝑩𝑨)−1 = (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺, [𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 ]

Therefore, 𝑨−𝟏 and 𝑩−𝟏 are commute

𝟕 𝟏
b) If 𝑨𝟐×𝟐 and 𝑩𝟐×𝟐 are two matrices such that; |𝟐𝑨𝑩| = 𝟔𝟎 , 𝒕𝒓(𝑨) = 𝟔, and (𝑩𝑻 + 𝟓𝑰𝟔 )𝑻 = [ ].
𝟕 𝟏𝟎
Find; i) 𝑩. ii) |𝟓𝑨−𝟏 |. iii) 𝒕𝒓(𝟐𝑨 − 𝑨𝑻 + 𝟑𝑩). (5 marks)

Solution
7 1 7 1 7 1 5 0
i) (𝑩𝑻 + 𝟓𝑰𝟔 )𝑻 = [
7 10
] ⟹ 𝑩 + 𝟓𝑰 = [
7 10
] ⟹ 𝑩=[
7 10
]−[
0 5
]

𝟐 𝟏
∴ 𝑩=[ ], |𝐵| = 3
𝟕 𝟓
ii) ∵ |𝟐𝑨𝑩| = 𝟔𝟎 ⟹ 𝟒|𝐴𝐵| = 𝟔𝟎 ⟹ |𝐴||𝐵| = 15 ⟹ 𝟑|𝐴| = 15 ⟹ |𝑨| = 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐𝟓
∴ |𝟓𝑨−𝟏 | = 𝟐𝟓. |𝑨−𝟏 | = 𝟐𝟓 × |𝑨 | = 𝟓
=𝟓

iii) 𝒕𝒓(𝟐𝑨 − 𝑨𝑻 + 𝟑𝑩) = 𝟐𝒕𝒓(𝑨) − 𝒕𝒓(𝑨) + 𝟑𝒕𝒓(𝑩) = 2(6) − (6) + 3(7) = 𝟐𝟕

𝟐 𝟏
c) Use Gauss-Jordan elimination method to find the inverse of matrix 𝑩 = [ ]. (2 marks)
𝟓 𝟑

Solution

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 (𝟏/𝟐)𝑹𝟏 𝟏 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 𝟎 −𝟓𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 𝟎 𝟐𝑹𝟐

[ | ] → [ | ] → [ | ] →
𝟓 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏/𝟐 −𝟓/𝟐 𝟏

𝟏 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 𝟎 (−𝟏/𝟐)𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏

[ | ] → [ | ] ∴ 𝑩−𝟏 = [ ]
𝟎 𝟏 −𝟓 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟓 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟐

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d) If 𝑨 and 𝑩 are two symmetric matrices, show that: (𝑩𝑨 + 𝑨𝑩) is symmetric. (1 mark)
Solution
We will show that; (𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑨)𝑻 = (𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑨)
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = (𝑩𝑨 + 𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = (𝑩𝑨)𝑻 + (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑨𝑻 𝑩𝑻 + 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻 = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑨
= (𝑩𝑨 + 𝑨𝑩) = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺 where, ( 𝑨𝑻 = 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝑻 = 𝑩)

e) If 𝑨 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑩 are orthogonal matrices, show that; 𝑨𝑩 is orthogonal. (1 mark)

Solution
i) We will show that, (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏

𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻 = 𝑩−𝟏 𝑨−𝟏 = (𝑨𝑩)−𝟏 = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺 ⟹ 𝑨𝑩 is orthogonal.

Question (2): [LOs: LO1, LO3, LO4]. (Total marks: 10)

a) Give an example for each of the following: (4 mark)
i) A skew-symmetric matrix that has a rank < 3.
ii) A (3 × 3) upper triangular matrix that has a rank = 3.
iii) A (3 × 3) matrix that has a rank = 2.
iv) A non-homogeneous system of equations that has no solution.
Solution
𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟐
i) [ 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟒 ] is a skew-symmetric matrix (of order 3 × 3) that has a 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 < 𝟑,
𝟐 𝟒 𝟎
because, it has no inverse. (has an odd order Theorem).

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
ii) [𝟎 𝟓 𝟎] 𝒊𝒔 an upper triangular 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑 because | 𝟎 𝟓 𝟎 | = 𝟑𝟎 ≠ 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟔 𝟎 𝟎 𝟔

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
−𝟐𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
iii) [𝟐 𝟒 𝟔] is matrix that has a 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟐 because [𝟐 𝟒 𝟔] → [𝟎 𝟎 𝟎]
𝟓 𝟎 𝟓 𝟓 𝟎 𝟓 𝟓 𝟎 𝟓

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏
iv) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟖𝒛 = 𝟑 } 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝟑 × 𝟑)𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟐
because The matrix 𝑨 of coefficients has rank 2. (𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩).

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b) Find the all values of 𝒌 such that the following system of equations, (6 marks)
𝒙+ 𝒚− 𝒛=𝟑 ,
𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒 ,
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 + (𝒌 − 𝟏𝟎)𝒛 = 𝒌
has: i) A unique solution. ii) More than one solution and find them. iii) No solution.
Solution
We can write the given system of equations in the form, 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 ,
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
[𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 ][ 𝒚 ] = [ 𝟒 ] & |𝑨| = | 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 |
𝟏 𝟏 𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 𝒛 𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎

∴ |𝑨| = {−𝟏(𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎) − 𝟑} − 𝟏 {(𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎) − 𝟑} − 𝟏{(𝟏 + 𝟏)} = −𝟐𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖

If |𝑨| = 𝟎 ⟹ −𝟐𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖 = 0 ⟹ 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟗 ⟹ 𝒌 = 𝟑 , −𝟑 therefore,

i) 𝑨𝒕 𝒌 ≠ 𝟑 , −𝟑 ⟹ (|𝑨| ≠ 𝟎) then system has unique solution.

ii) 𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟑 ,

𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
−𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 −(𝟏/𝟐) 𝑹𝟐
[𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 ] −𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑
→ [𝟎 −𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 ] → [ 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟏/𝟐 ]
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

Then system has an infinite number of solutions. To find them,

Let 𝒛 = 𝒓,
From the 2-nd row we get: 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = −𝟏/𝟐 ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒓 − 𝟎. 𝟓
From the 1-st row we get: 𝒙+𝒚−𝒛=𝟑 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒓 + 𝟏/𝟐 + 𝒓 ⟹ 𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟓 − 𝒓

𝒙 𝟑. 𝟓 − 𝒓

∴ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒓 − 𝟎. 𝟓 or (𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛) = (𝟑. 𝟓 − 𝒓 , 𝟐𝒓 − 𝟎. 𝟓 , 𝒓 )

[ 𝒛 ] [ 𝒓 ]

iii) 𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = −𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
−𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑
[𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 ] → [𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 ]
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟔

From the last row we get contradiction (𝟎 ≠ −𝟔), then the system has no solution.

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