AP, GP, HP Results of sum of AP : Square of first n number :

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6 
• Seq is AP → if sum of n terms form An2 +Bn n(n + 1) 2

Cube of first n number :
1 Arithmetic Progression th 2
• if ratio of sum is given, then ratio of n term
is n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n − 1)
1.1 Introduction 4th power of n no :
→ replace n by 2n − 1 30
For starting term a, common difference d, an A.P.
of n terms could be formed as: • if ratio of nth term is given, then ratio of
sum is 2 Geometric Progression
n+1
a, a + d, a + 2d, · · · , a + (n − 1)d → replace n by
2 2.1 Introduction
Properties: For starting term a, common difference r, an G.P.
1.2 Arithmetic Mean (AM)
• General term: an = a + (n − 1)d could be formed as:
Arithmetic mean between a and b be:
(Also called last term l)
a+b a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , · · · , arn−1 , arn , · · ·
• Sum of an A.P.: A=
n 2
Sn = {2a + (n − 1)d} Properties:
2 1
n AM of n terms: [a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an ]
Sn = {a + l} n • General term: an = arn−1
2 n AM between two numbers: (Also called last term l)
• In A.P. of m terms: For a and b, n AMs are:
nth term from end = (m−n+1)th term from • Sum of
a, A1 , A2 , A3 , · · · , An , b  n terms: n 
start a 1 − r , r 6= 1
nth term from end: a + (m − n)d Sn = 1−r
nth term from end: l − (n − 1)d • number of terms: n + 2
na, r=1

b−a a − lr lr − a
• If a, b, c are in A.P.: • common difference: Sn = =
n+1 1−r r−1
2b = a + c
a1 + an = a2 + an−1 = · · · • nth term of n AM: a + nd • Sum of∞ terms:
2an = an+k + an−k  a |r| < 1
1.3 Sum of some Sequence S∞ = 1 − r
• Middle term of A.P.: ∞ |r| > 1
n+1 n(n + 1)
ODD ⇒ , CD → d First n natural number :
2 2 • In G.P. of m terms:
n n
EVEN ⇒ or + 1, CD → 2d nth term from end: an = arm−n
2 2 First n odd number : n2
1 n−1

th
First n even number : n(n + 1) n term from end: an = l
r

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 • If a, b, c are in G.P.: 3 Harmonic Progression • number of terms: n + 2
b2 = ac a−b
a1 an = a2 an−1 = · · · = ak an−k+1 3.1 Introduction • common difference:
(n + 1)ab
• GP divided/multiplied by constant, stays A series H1 = 1a1 , 1a2 , a3 , · ·1· , an is said to be in 1
GP H.P., iff , , , ··· , is in an arithmetic • nth term of n HM: + (n + 1)D
a1 a2 a3 an a
progression.
• reciprocal of GP, is GP
4 Relation between AP, GP and
• if a1 , a2 . . . an ⇒ GP HP
Example: 2, 3, 6 ⇐ H.P.
log a1 , log a2 . . . log an ⇒ AP and vice-versa 1 1 1
, , ⇐ A.P. • A,G and H between 2 numbers(a and
2 3 6
2.2 Geometric Mean (GM) b):
Geometric mean between a and b be: Properties: a+b √ 2ab
A= G= AB H=
√ 2 a+b
G = ab 1 1
• Common difference: d = −
1
a2 a1 • A≥G≥H
GM of n terms: (a1 · a2 · a3 · · · an ) n
• General term:
n GM between two numbers: • quadratic equation having a and b as its
If a and d are two terms of A.P.: hn =
For a and b, n GMs are: 1 roots
a + (n − 1)d x2 − 2Ax + G2 = 0
a, G1 , G2 , G3 , · · · , Gn , b If a and d are two terms of H.P.: hn = p
1 • the two numbers (a,b) are A ± A2 − G2
• number of terms: n + 2 1 1 1


a + (n − 1) b − a • if A and G are in the ratio m : n, then the
  1
b n+1 number(a,b) are in ratio
• common difference: r = 3.2 Harmonic Mean
a p p
Harmonic mean between a and b be: m + m2 − n2 : m − m2 − n2
• nth term of n GM: arn
2ab • A,G and H between 3 numbers (a, b, c):
H=
a+b
a+b+c √ 1 1
+ 1
+ 1
n A= G=
3
abc = a b c
HM of n terms: 1 1 1 1 3 H 3
a1 , a2 , a3 , · · · , an
n HM between two numbers:
• cubic equation where a,b,c are the roots
For a and b, n HMs are:
3G3
a, H1 , H2 , H3 , · · · , Hn , b x3 − 3Ax2 + x − G3 = 0
H

Himanshu Mittal : [email protected]

 • Example: for 1 and 9 Tips and Tricks
9 (black space for tips,tricks and important ques-
A=5 G=3 H= tion)
5
9 Finding sum of AGP through diference
G2 = AH ⇒ 9 = 5 ·
5 method

5 Arithmetico-geometric Pro- 1. multiply r in the series

gression (AGP) 2. subtract new series from old series Sn − rSn

a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2 , · · · , (a + nd)rn is a AGP se- 3. Now you are left with an AP, find sum as of
quence an AP

nth term: an = {a + (n − 1)d}.rn−1

Sum of ∞ term:
 a + d.r , |r| < 1


S∞ = 1 − r (1 − r)2
∞, |r| > 1


Sum of n terms:
dr(1 − rn−1 ) a − [a + (n − 1)d]rn
Sn = −
(1 − r)2 1−r

Himanshu Mittal : [email protected]