POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CERTIFICATION

This thesis entitled “LINGUISTIC AND PARALINGUISTIC STRATEGIES IN

THE TELEVISED POLITICAL CAMPAIGN ADVERTISEMENTS DURING THE
2016 PRESIDENTIAL AND VICE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: A CRITICAL
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS”, prepared and submitted by Charyl B. Gabad, Jonas
Christian D. Javier, John David Talavera and Jeasel D. G. Moloboco in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the subject ENGL 4024 Thesis Writing, has been
recommended for Oral Examination.

MARIE CLAIRE DUQUE-CRUZ

Adviser

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPROVAL

Approved by the PANEL OF EXAMINERS on ______________ with the

grade of _____.

PROF. EDELYN H. DAGNALAN

Chair

__________________________ ___________________________
Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Arts in English.

EVANGELINA S. SERIL, D.E.M.

Chair, DEFLL

EVANGELINA S. SERIL, D.E.M.

ii
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Dean, CLL

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This thesis owes its existence to the help, support, and inspiration of many
people. In the first place, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my
thesis adviser, Dr. Milagros F. Cañares, for her support, encouragement, and
patience in correcting my work and in offering invaluable suggestions. She has lent
me optimum materials relevant to the study that I was literally “pushed into”
finishing the work. I am also indebted to Dr. Mely M. Padilla who has been my
source of enthusiasm and encouragement over many years since I was in college.

I am very grateful to my dear friends, for buoying up my spirit and for boosting
my morale when it seemed everything was not going my way.

I am also thankful to my students who serve as my enduring inspiration to

continue in the teaching profession.

I owe special gratitude to my family for the continuous and unconditional

support in all my undertakings, scholastic and otherwise.

I also express my genuine thanks to my mother, Mrs. Rosemarie N. Tarrayo,

for showing me an exemplary image of a Filipino mother, thus proving to me that
Filipinas are a wonder.

Finally, I offer my ever thanks to the Lord Jesus Christ, my Strong Tower,
my Fortress and Light all throughout my walk in this study, my source of Wisdom
and Knowledge, and for whose Mercy this thesis was over and done with.

V.N.T

iii
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis entitled

LINGUISTIC AND PARALINGUISTIC STRATEGIES for the award of Bachelor of

Arts in English from the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila embodies

the result of original and scholarly work carried out by the undersigned. This thesis

does not contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works by

other persons which have been accepted as basis for the award of any degree from

other higher education institutions, except where proper referencing and

acknowledgment were made.

Veronico N. Tarrayo
_________________
_________________
_________________
Researchers/Candidates

Date: _______________

iv
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

ABSTRACT

Title : XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Researchers : XXXXXXXXXXXX, ,

Degree : Bachelor of Arts in English

Institution : Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Year : 2016

Adviser : Veronico N. Tarrayo, M.A.L.T.

The Problem

This study was conducted to draw the image of the Filipino woman as

depicted by the female protagonists in selected short stories in English (1925 –

1986) by Filipino woman authors. Specifically, the study aimed to answer the

following questions: (1) How are female protagonists depicted in the selected short

stories written by Filipino woman authors? What are their virtues, vices, passions,

and struggles? (2) What roles do these female protagonists play in the Philippine

society? (3) What feminist concerns and issues are brought out in the selected

short stories?

v
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Research Methodology

Initially, the researcher engaged in the close reading of the selected short

stories. Subsequently, the profile of each female protagonist was identified.

Afterwards, a character analysis was done using the approaches of characterization

made by Galda and Cullinan (247). Each woman character went through a thorough

characterization, after which, her character traits were coded and classified into

virtues, vices, passions, and struggles.

Three literary approaches were used in this research: psychological,

sociological, and feminist (second-wave feminist criticism). In passing, Marxist

criticism was also adapted.

Extensive library research was conducted to gather materials that would

support the results of the study. Also, the thesis writer made use of the findings of

previously conducted studies on the images of the Filipino woman by various writers

and scholars. News articles, magazine clippings, journal and book articles, and

testimonies lifted from various informational materials were used to identify the

image of the Filipino woman as it evolved from the late 20’s to the 80’s.

Findings

Based on the interpretation and analysis of the data gathered, the findings

are:

The following are the nine female protagonists in the short stories under

study: Julia and Esperanza of “Dead Stars”, Soledad of “The Small Key”, Rosa

vi
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

of “Servant Girl”, Lucia of “Maternity Leave”, the Mother in “Magnificence”, the

Movie House Usherette in “Unfinished Story”, the Grandmother in “Pieces of

String”, and Linda of “Family Rites”. A virtue displayed by most female characters

is having a sense of responsibility. Six are identified with vices – a passive woman

who accepts the “inevitable”, a woman who is unable to fight for her love, a jealous

wife, a mother who is in despair over financial problem, a mother who fails to sense

right away the evil design of others, and a movie usherette who engages in the futile

exercise of waiting for the lover who has only “used” her. Most of the woman

characters are passionate in preserving their relationship with their loved ones or

keeping the peace among the family members. Different struggles in life are

undergone by the female characters like assuaging the pain of the husband’s or

man’s infidelity, abandonment by the loved one, trying to stop themselves from

being hopelessly romantic, being subject to physical abuse, losing a job after taking

an ill-timed maternity leave, and safeguarding the children from a sexual pervert.

The following Filipino woman’s roles are reflected in the short stories

analyzed: Martyr: Soledad – “The Small Key”, Lucia “Maternity Leave”, the

Movie House Usherette – “Unfinished Story”, and Linda – “Family Rites”; Social

Victim: Lucia and Esperanza – “Dead Stars”, Rosa – “Servant Girl”, and Lucia

– “Maternity Leave”; Homemaker: Soledad – “Small Key” and Rosa –

“Servant Girl”; Mother: Lucia – “Maternity Leave”, the Mother –

“Magnificence”, Linda – “Family Rites” and the Grandmother – “Pieces of

vii
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

String”; Fighter: Rosa – “Servant Girl”, the Mother – “Magnificence” and the

Movie House Usherette – “Unfinished Story”.

Four feminist issues and concerns are brought out in the short stories. These

are inequality and gender discrimination, emotional and domestic violence against

women, sexual exploitation suffered by them, and unwarranted abandonment of a

woman.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the researcher arrived at these conclusions: (1) The

Filipino woman in the short stories has projected varied images which could be

categorized as: martyr, social victim, homemaker, mother, and fighter. (2) The

Filipino woman is a composite character who exhibits both desirable and

undesirable traits. (3) The Filipino woman is a product of her time and milieu –

heterogeneous in looks, psyche, and roles in the society. (4) Varied factors such as

the socio-economic and political conditions, as well as personal ambition can greatly

influence the change of image the Filipino woman can undergo. (5) The Filipino

woman has evolved from the traditionally coy Maria Clara to the modern Filipina who

is daring and committed in her endeavors. (6) Filipino women’s oppression must

have risen from the social, economic, and political conditions in the country. (7)

Feminism is an off-shoot of a socio-cultural system or structure which is highly

patriarchal.

Recommendations

viii
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Based on the findings and conclusions, the researcher arrived at the following

recommendations: (1) Other short stories or even novels written by Filipino women

may be analyzed to further draw the images of the Filipino woman and to show other

feminist aspects not included in this study. (2) Short stories written in Spanish and

in the vernacular by Filipino woman authors may be analyzed to reflect a more

composite image of the Filipino woman. (3) A study comparing and/or contrasting

male fictionists’ and female short story writers’ portrayal of woman characters in

their literary works may be undertaken. (4) Other literary approaches like the

historical and archetypal criticisms can be used to identify the images of the Filipino

woman depicted in literature. (5) Sexism, a current universal issue may be given

focus and researched on. Topics such as “Sexism in the Works of Two Feminist

Writers, Linda T. Casper and Edith Tiempo” may be of interest to thesis writers. (6)

Men, not only women, should read literary works that portray experiences of women

in a man’s world so that they, too, will understand more fully what the feminists are

fighting for.

ix
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . i
CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . . iii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY . . . . . . . iv
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . v
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . x
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . xiii
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . xiv

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction . . . . . . . . 1
Background of the Study . . . . . . 6
Theoretical Framework . . . . . . 15
Conceptual Framework . . . . . . 18
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . 19
Assumptions . . . . . . . . 20
Scope and Limitations . . . . . . 20
Significance of the Study . . . . . . 22
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . 24

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature . . . . . . . 28
Local Literature . . . . . . . 33
Foreign Studies . . . . . . . 37
Local Studies . . . . . . . 37
Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed
Literature and Studies . . . . . . 40

x
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method Used . . . . . . 42

Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Technique . 43
Description of the Subjects . . . . . . 44
Research Instrument . . . . . . 45
Data-Gathering Procedure . . . . . . 46
Statistical Treatment of Data . . . . . 47

CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

Female Protagonists as Depicted in the Selected

Short Stories . . . . . . . .
Roles Portrayed by the Female Protagonists in
Philippine Society . . . . . . .
Feminist Concerns and Issues Brought Out
in the Short Stories . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings . . . . . .
Conclusions . . . . . . . .
Recommendations . . . . . . .

WORKS CITED . . . . . . . . .

APPENDICES

1. The Short Stories under Study

DEAD STARS by Paz Marquez-Benitez . . .
THE SMALL KEY by Paz Latorena . . .
SERVANT GIRL by Estrella Alfon. . . .
MATERNITY LEAVE by Ligaya Victorio-Reyes .
MAGNIFICENCE by Estrella Alfon . . .
UNFINISHED STORY by Joy Dayrit . . .
PIECES OF STRING by Tita Lacambra-Ayala . .
FAMILY RITES by Rosario Cruz-Lucero . . .
2. Notes on the Writers . . . . . .
3. Understanding Literature Through the

xi
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Sociological Approach by Milagros F. Cañares . .

4. Understanding Literature Through the
Psychological Approach by Milagros F. Cañares . .
5. Characteristics of Feminist Literary Approach . .
6. Marxist Literary Criticism: A Brief Guide . . .
7. Literature and Society by Salvador P. Lopez . . .
8. Women Quotes . . . . . . .
9. Profile of the Researchers . . . . . .

xii
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Population and Sample Size . . . . 48

2 .........XXX . . . . . . . 50

xiii
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Research Paradigm . . . . . . 24

2 .........XXX . . . . . . . 50

xiv