Module 3

Review of Matrices,
Operations, Vectors,
Determinants, Ranks
 M3: Review of Matrices, Operations,
Vectors, Determinants, Ranks

L3.2: Special Matrices and

Their Properties
L3.3: Matrix Operations
Learning Outcomes
• Discuss the types of matrices
• Identify special matrices and their properties
• Describe the different operations involving
matrices and vectors.
Recalling Matrix
MATRIX – is a rectangular array of numbers denoted by square [ ] or round ( )
brackets. It consists of m rows and n columns.

Examples
A 2 x 2 Matrix A 3 x 2 Matrix

1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 or B = 3 4
A= or A = B= 3 4
3 4 3 4 5 6
5 6
Types of Matrices
1. ROW MATRIX – is a matrix having only one row. It is also called as a row
vector.

Examples

A= 1 2 3 B= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Types of Matrices
2. COLUMN MATRIX – is a matrix having only one column. It is also called as
column vector.

Examples

1 𝑥
A= 2 B= 𝑦
3 𝑧
Types of Matrices
3. RECTANGULAR MATRIX – is a matrix having unequal number of rows and
columns. Row vector and column vector are examples of rectangular matrix.

Examples

1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
A= 2 B=
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
3
Special Matrices
1. DIAGONAL MATRIX – is one for which nonzero entries may only occur on the
main diagonal.
Examples Scalar Matrix
a diagonal matrix whose elements along
1 0 0 the principal diagonal are all equal
A=
0 0 2
2 0 0
3 0 0 B= 0 2 0 = 2I
B= 0 4 0 0 0 2
0 0 5
main diagonal entries
Special Matrices
2. SQUARE MATRIX – is a matrix having same number of rows and columns.
Properties
1. Zero or Null Matrix 2. Identity or Unit Matrix (I)

0 0 1 0
A= C=
0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 0 0
B= 0 0 0 D= 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
Special Matrices
3. SYMMETRIC MATRIX – a matrix is said to be symmetric if 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗,𝑖 for all i,j
= 1,2….n. Alternatively, it can also be represented as A = AT
Examples

1 2 3
1 2 B= 2 4
A= 5
2 3
3 5 6
Special Matrices
3. SYMMETRIC MATRIX – a matrix is said to be symmetric if 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗,𝑖 for all i,j
= 1,2….n. Alternatively, it can also be represented as A = AT
Transpose of a Matrix
1. Unsymmetrical matrix 2. Symmetrical matrix
1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 1 2
B= 𝑑 1 𝑐 C= 1 𝑏 3
𝑒 𝑓 1 2 3 𝑐

1 𝑑 𝑒 𝑎 1 2
BT = 𝑎 1 𝑓 CT = 1 𝑏 3
𝑏 𝑐 1 𝐁 ≠ 𝐁𝐓 2 3 𝑐 𝐂 = 𝐂𝐓
Special Matrices
4. TRIANGULAR MATRIX – is a square matrix whose elements above or below
the principal diagonal are zeroes.
Properties
1. Upper triangular matrix 2. Lower triangular matrix
𝒂𝒊,𝒋 = 𝟎 𝐢𝐟 𝒊 > 𝒋 𝒂𝒊,𝒋 = 𝟎 𝐢𝐟 𝒊 < 𝒋

elements below the main elements above the main

diagonal are zeroes diagonal are zeroes

𝑎 1 2 𝑎 0 0 “the lower triangular matrix

can be considered as the
B= 0 𝑎 3 B= 1 𝑎 0
transpose of the upper
0 0 𝑎 2 3 𝑎 triangular matrix”
Special Matrices
5. PERMUTATION MATRIX – is a square matrix with two properties:
1. Each entry of the matrix is either 0 or 1
2. Every row and every column contains exactly one 1.
Examples:
A. 1 permutation for order 1 [1] C. 6 permutations for order 3
B. 2 permutations for order 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 A= 0 1 0 B= 0 0 1 C= 1 0 0
A= 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1
B= D= 1 0 0 E= 0 1 0 F= 0 0 1
1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
MATRIX OPERATIONS
Operation of Matrices
1. EQUALITY OF MATRICES – Two matrices are equal if their orders are equal and
corresponding elements are equal.

Examples
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
A= 1 2 3 C= D=
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
B= 1 2 3
The order of C is 2 by 2
The order of A is 1 by 3 while that of D is 2 by 2
while that of B is 1 by 3 also. All elements for both
also. All elements for both matrices are equal.
matrices are equal.
𝐂=𝐃
𝐀=𝐁
Operation of Matrices
2. ADDITION OF MATRICES – The sum of two matrices having the same order or
dimension is the sum of the corresponding entries or elements of the two matrices.
Examples
1. Adding two matrices with similar order or dimension
1 2 3 −2 2 −3
A= 4 5 6 B= 4 1 5
7 8 9 5 3 2
Operation of Matrices
2. ADDITION OF MATRICES – The sum of two matrices having the same order or
dimension is the sum of the corresponding entries or elements of the two matrices.
Examples
2. Adding a matrix and a scalar number
1 2 3
A= 4 5 6 x=2
7 8 9
Operation of Matrices
2. ADDITION OF MATRICES – The sum of two matrices having the same order or
dimension is the sum of the corresponding entries or elements of the two matrices.
Examples
3. Proving a theorem regarding transpose of a matrix
1 2 3 −2 2 −3
A= 4 5 6 B= 4 1 5
7 8 9 5 3 2
𝐓
𝐀+𝐁 = 𝐀𝐓 + 𝐁 𝐓
Operation of Matrices
3. SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES – The difference of two matrices having the same
order is the difference of the corresponding entries or elements of the two matrices.
Example
Subtract matrix A by matrix B
1 2 3 −2 2 −3
A= 4 5 6 B= 4 1 5
7 8 9 5 3 2
Operation of Matrices
4. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES – Multiplication of matrices can be done only if the
number of columns of the left hand matrix is equal to the number of rows on the right
hand matrix. The elements of the products are formed by multiplying each element in the
𝑖 𝑡ℎ row of the left hand matrix by the corresponding element in the 𝑗𝑡ℎ column of the
right hand matrix.
Note: Multiplication of matrices is not commutative!
Examples
1. Multiply matrix A by matrix B
1 2 1
A= B=
3 4 2
Operation of Matrices
4. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES – Multiplication of matrices can be done only if the
number of columns of the left hand matrix is equal to the number of rows on the right
hand matrix. The elements of the products are formed by multiplying each element in the
𝑖 𝑡ℎ row of the left hand matrix by the corresponding element in the 𝑗𝑡ℎ column of the
right hand matrix.
Note: Multiplication of matrices is not commutative!
Examples
2. Multiply matrix A by a scalar number x
1 2
A= x=2
3 4
Operation of Matrices
5. DIVISION OF MATRICES – Division of matrices can be done only by multiplying the
given matrix by the inverse of the denominator matrix.

𝐀
= 𝐀𝐁 −𝟏
𝐁

𝐁
= 𝐁𝐀−𝟏
𝐀
Operation of Matrices
6. INVERSE OF A MATRIX – Rules in finding the Inverse of a Matrix: (say Matrix A)
1. Find the determinant of A.
2. Form the transpose of matrix A (𝐴𝑇 )
3. Form the adjoint matrix
4. Divide each element of the adjoint matrix by the determinant

To perform inverse of a matrix, we D determinant

need to learn how to perform
determinant of a matrix, T transpose
transpose of a matrix, and to find
the minors and cofactors in
A adjoint
order to establish the adjoint D divide by determinant
matrix.
Operation of Matrices INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Examples
1. Find the inverse of Matrix A (2x2 matrix)
3 −2
A=
5 1
Solution:
a. Find the determinant of a matrix
b. Find the transpose of a matrix
c. Find the adjoint of matrix – finding the cofactors of each elements
𝐢+𝐣 𝐌
𝐂𝐢𝐣 = −𝟏 𝐢𝐣
d. Divide each element of the adjoint matrix by the determinant
Operation of Matrices INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Examples 1 −2 4
2. Find the inverse of Matrix B (3x3 matrix) B= 1 2 7
Solution: −2 3 6
a. Find the determinant of a matrix
b. Find the transpose of a matrix
c. Find the adjoint of matrix – finding the cofactors of each elements
𝐢+𝐣 𝐌
𝐂𝐢𝐣 = −𝟏 𝐢𝐣
d. Divide each element of the adjoint matrix by the determinant
Operation of Matrices INVERSE OF A MATRIX

Traditionally and generally, rectangular matrices have no inverse.

The product of a matrix and its equivalent inverse matrix is an identity matrix.
A square matrix that is not invertible has no inverse.
A square matrix A is said to be INVERTIBLE if there exist another square
matrix B (same dimension with A) such that…
𝐀𝐁 = 𝐁𝐀 = 𝐈𝐧

invertible not invertible

1 2 1 2
A= B=
3 4 3 6
Operation of Matrices DIVISION OF MATRICES

Find the quotient of A/B (2x2 matrix)

1 2 1 2
A= B=
3 6 3 4
Solution:
1. Find the inverse matrix of B
1.1 Find the determinant of matrix B
1.2 Find the transpose of matrix B
1.3 Find the adjoint of matrix B
1.4 Divided each element in the adjoint matrix by the determinant value
2. Multiply matrix A by the inverse of matrix B
Practice Problems
𝐀−𝐁
1. Simplify the following matrix expression
𝐂
−1 5 2 1 2 4 1 3 2
A= 1 3 −2 B= 1 1 2 C= 4 3 1
3 4 1 3 5 2 1 5 2

−57 −2 45
14 7 14
−41 4 25
ans. R= 7 7 7
−5 1 1
7 7 7

2. Try to solve inverse of a 4 by 4 matrix

And we know that for those who love God all things
work together for good, for those who are called
according to His purpose.

Romans 8:28

God Bless!