Sentence: Its Structure & Types

Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure of language. Language evolves and changes over
time. Knowledge of grammar helps in spoken and written communication. Three basic units which
constitute the structure of language are – Phrase, Clause and Sentence.
A phrase is a group of words that makes incomplete sense. It is a part of a sentence and cannot stand
alone. It does not include a subject and a verb. For example.
 in the south
 a pink dress
 at ten o’clock
A clause is a group of words consisting of a subject and a predicate. It can make complete sense on its
own. It may or may not be part of a sentence. Clauses are of two types:
Main or Independent Clause: A main clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence and function as a
simple sentence. It consists of a subject and a predicate. For example:
 She has a diamond ring.
 Ashok lives in Dubai.
In the above examples, She and Ashok are subjects. Has a diamond ring and lives in Dubai are predicates
Also, the whole clause makes complete sense.
Subordinate or Dependent Clause: A subordinate clause does not make complete sense on its own. It is
dependent on the main clause. However, it consists of a subject and a predicate, For example:
 She has a ring which is made of diamonds.
 This is the place where Himalaya was buried.
The words in italics are the subordinate clauses. As they on their own do not make complete sense and are
dependent on the main clause; She has a ring and This is the place.
1. Definition of a Sentence
A sentence means a group of words that makes complete sense. It begins with a capital letter and ends
with a full stop. It always contains a finite verb. A sentence may be a statement, question, exclamation or
command. It consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. A sentence may be short and
simple or long and complex. For example:
 She likes Sweets.
 She likes Bengali Sweets.
 She likes Bengali Sweets which are made of milk.
 She likes Bengali Sweets which are made of milk and are tasty.
2. Structure of a Sentence

A sentence consists of the following parts:

1. Subject: The person or thing about which something is stated is called subject.
2. Predicate: It is that part of a sentence that tells something about the subject.
 His sister works in London
 The flight arrived late
 This is my car
 The young lady was running
 The temperature in Gulmarg is zero degree
In the above sentences, the italicized words are the subjects while the other words are the predicates.
3. Direct Object: A person or thing which receives the action of the verb is the direct object. It comes
after the verb and answers the question ‘What’. For example:
 Sohan ate breakfast.
 The breakfast was tasty.
  Naina read the book.
 He repaired his mobile.
 I have written a book.
In the above sentences, italicised words are direct objects. Sentence structure is Subject, Verb, Direct
Object.
4. Indirect Object: A person or thing that the action is done to or for is known as the indirect object. It is
the receiver of the direct object. It follows the verb and answers the questions ‘Whom’. The indirect
object usually comes just before the direct object. For example:
 She made Rava dosa for breakfast.
 Deepak is sending his wife an e-mail right now.
 Rohan has made his mother promise to work hard.
 Ms. Gupta teaches them communication skills.
In the above sentences, italicized words are indirect objects. Sentence structure is Subject, Verb, Indirect
Object, Direct Object.
5. Object of the Preposition: It is a noun or pronoun that provides meaning. The noun that comes after the
preposition is called the object of the preposition. For example:
 The cat is looking at the mouse.
In this sentence “the mouse” is the object of the preposition “at”.
 They are going to ooty.
Here “ooty” is the object of the preposition “to”.
Object of the preposition is different from the indirect object. The object of the preposition comes
immediately after the preposition whereas the Indirect object does not come immediately after the
preposition. Moreover, the indirect object is usually followed by the direct object but this rule does not
apply to object of the preposition. For example:
 Mohan gave Monika the book.
 Mohan gave the book to Monika.
In the first sentence, Monika is the indirect object. In the second sentence Monika is the object of the
preposition “to”. The meaning of both the sentences is the same but their structure is different.
6. Verbs: A verb means that part of speech which describes an action or occurrence. For example,
 John ran a mile.
 Perry is a teacher.
 We know the solution to this problem.
Verbs are of the following types according to their function in the sentence.
(i) Finite Verbs: A finite verb (or main verb) agrees with its subject in person and number. It forms the
main clause of a sentence. It also changes according to the tense of the sentence. For example:
 She is a professor
 They are professors
 She goes to college five days a week
 They go to college five days a week
In the above sentences, italicized words are finite verbs.
(ii) Non-Finite Verbs: A verb that does not change according to the person, number and tense of the
sentence is called a non-finite verb. Non-finite Verbs are of three types:
(a) Infinitive: It is generally used like a noun. Generally, the word “to” is used before the infinitive verb.
For example:
 To err is human
 To forgive is divine
 Asha loves to sing
In the above sentences, italicised words are infinitive verbs
(b) Participle: It is a verb which can be used as an adjective. Present participle ends with ing and the past
participle ends with ed or t. For example:
 We saw the breaking news today at 7 p.m.
 The broken glass cut my foot.
 The food tasted like a burnt log.
In the above sentences italicised words are participles
(c) Gerunds: A gerund is a verb but acts as a noun. It ends with ing. For example:
 She likes reading poetry.
 Playing football is not allowed in this park.
 Running is a healthy activity.
 Painting keeps me busy.
 I enjoy dancing to classical music.
In the above sentences, italicised words are gerunds.
(iii) Auxiliary Verbs: The verbs ‘be’, ‘have’ and ‘do’ which are used with main verbs to make tenses,
passive forms, questions and negatives are known as auxiliary or helping verbs. These include is, own,
are, was, were, has, have, had, does, do, did. For example:
There are 23 auxiliary verbs that can be remembered using the abbreviation “CHAD B SWIM”

C H A D B S W I M

Can Has Am Do Be Shall Was is May

could Had are Does Being should Will might
have did been Were must
would

 She is working on her dissertation

 This song was sung by Lata Mangeshkar
(iv) Modals: Modals are used before main verbs to express meanings such as ability, permission,
possibility and obligation. For example:

Can Must Should

Could Will Need to

May Would Ought to

Might shall Used to

 Geeta can drive a truck (ability)

 You may go (permission)
 We should speak truth (obligation)
 It might rain tonight. (possibility)
 The temperature might drop tonight. (possibility)
(v) Transitive Verbs: The Verbs which always have direct objects. In other words, these give action to
someone or something: Therefore, these are also called action verbs which express doable activities. For
example:
 Ramesh told a lie
 The traffic police fined the driver
  The dog licked the bread
(vi) Intransitive Verbs: An intransitive verb indicates an action that does not pass over to an object. It
merely expresses a state or being. For example:
 The watchman remains awake (state)
 There is a snag (being)
 She danced (action)
7. Phrases: A phrase means a group of words that makes some sense but not complete sense. It acts as a
single part of speech. It may not have a subject, or a predicate or both. Phrases are of the following types:
(i) Prepositional Phrase: It is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or
pronoun or gerund. For example:
 He gave the job to her
 Her car is struck in traffic jam
 The army works for the entire country
A prepositional phrase is generally used as an adjective or adverb. When used as an adjective, it comes
after the noun or pronoun which it is describing. The objective case of a pronoun (me, him, her, us, them,
whom) is used a prepositional phrase.
Mughal Garden is part of the Rashtrapati Bhawan Estate
In this sentence ‘of is the preposition Rashtrapati Bhawan Estate is a noun’ and is the object of the
preposition.
The phrase decided the word ‘part’
(ii) Noun Phrase: A noun phrase consists of a single noun or pronoun and its modifiers. It does the
function of a noun. It may be used as a subject, an object or a complement. For example:
 The dark, foul smoke engulfed the locality (noun phrase as subject)
 Namita does a lot of office work at home (noun phrase as object)
 The constitution club is a great place for a press conference (noun phrase
as complement)
(iii) Verb Phrase: In a verb Phrase, a main verb and one or more helping verbs are linked together. It
serves as the predicate of a clause or sentence. It defines the different times of the action. For example:
 I have read a book
 I was reading a book
 I have already read a book
 I must have been reading a book
8. Complements: A word or a group of words that completes the meaning of a subject, an object, or a verb
is known as complement:
(i) Subject complement: A subject complement modifies or refers to the subject and follows a verb. It may
be a noun or an adjective for example:
 Taj Mahal is Magnificent: (The adjective magnificent is a subject
complement that describes the subject Taj Mahal).
 Mr. Anoop Jalota is a bhajan Singer (The noun phrase bhajan
singer describes Mr. Anoop Jalota).
(ii) Object Complement: It modifies and follows an object. For example:
 Voters elected her a member of the Parliament (Member of Parliament
describes the direct object her).
 I consider smoking cigarettes harmful to health (Cigarettes is the direct
object, harmful to health describes it).
(iii) Verb Complement: Direct or Indirect object of a verb is called verb complement. It may be a noun,
pronoun, or word/group of words acting as a noun. For example:
 Naina gave Mohan my umbrella (Mohan is the indirect object, my
umbrella is the direct object of the verb gave. Both are verb
complements)
3. Types of Sentences

3.1 Classification According to Function

1. Declarative/Assertive Sentences: These sentences make a declaration in the form of a statement, an
opinion, a suggestion, a proverb or a universal truth. These can be positive or negative but always end
with a full stop. For example:
 The teacher is going to the class room (simple statement)
  Sunita is a good singer (opinion) (declaration)
 The sun rises in the east. (universal truth)
 Barking dogs seldom bite (proverb)
2. Imperative Sentences : These sentences express an order, command, advice, request, proposal or
suggestion. These may end with a full stop or exclamation depending on the imperative word. For
example:
 Get out (Command)
 Always Speak the truth (Advice)
 Please be patient (request)
 Let’s go to the book fair (suggestion)
3. Interrogative Sentences: These sentences ask questions. ‘Wh’ and a verb are used to frame an
interrogative sentence. A question mark comes after such a question. For example:
 Who is your father?
 When are you going to London?
 Do you have any money?
 Are you feeling alright?
4. Exclamatory Sentences: These sentences express strong emotions or feelings such as joy, surprise,
wonder, regret, etc. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark. For example:
 Alas! India lost the match. (regret)
 Hurray! My daughter passed the IIT examination (joy)
 Oh my God! It is raining. (surprise)
 What a shame! (regret)
 What a beautiful scene! (wonder)
3.2 Classification According to Structure
5. Simple Sentences: There is only one subject one predicate and one finite verb in a simple sentence. It
contains only one independent clause. For example:
 She sings (She is the subject and sings is the predicate)
 The dog ran after the ball (Dog is the subject and ran after the ball is the
predicate).
Either subject or verb can be compound (meaning two or more), but the key is there always remains only
ONE independent clause. For example:
 Blue is her favourite colour.
  Blue and Red are her favourite colours.
 Sam loves and hates pink.
The examples above are all simple sentences, though some contain compound elements.
Example one has a simple subject (Blue) and a simple verb(is).
Example two has a compound subject (Blue and Red) and a simple verb (are).
Example three has a simple subject (Sam) and a compound verb (loves and hates). However, they are all
still considered simple sentences because there is no dependent clause that can stand alone.
6. Compound Sentences: There are two or more independent/main clauses in a compound sentence. A
comma, a colon, a semi-colon is used to join these clauses. Conjunctions used to join similar elements
(e.g. two nouns, two verbs, two modifiers) are called coordinating conjunctions (Here is a list of co-
ordinating conjunctions for future compound sentences you will write: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. An
easy way to remember these is the acronym FANBOYS.)
 It rained heavily throughout the day; consequently, the city was flooded
 The thief ran to escape but the police caught him
 The winter set in, it was cold and we took out woollens from the cupboard
 She is neither honest nor sincere.
some more examples
 I called her twice yet she did not come.
 Sam enjoys reading; John prefers sports.
 Betty and Joy arrived at the party early, but Sam got the relate.
7. Complex Sentences: There is one main clause and one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses in a
complex sentence. The subordinating conjunction indicates time, place, manner, reason, conditions or
concession and provides a link between the clauses. For example:
 The robber ran away when he saw the police
 When the robber saw the police, he ran away because he was terrified
In the above sentences, italicised words constitute the main clause. The remaining words are subordinate
clause (D).
 She returned the computer after she noticed it was damaged.
 When the cost goes up, customers buy less clothing.Since winter is coming I
think I’ll knit a warm sweater because I’m always cold.
In complex sentences, subordinate clauses function within the sentence as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
For example:
Rohan was tired. (Simple sentence)
Rohan went to bed. (Simple sentence)
  Rohan went to bed because he was tired.
 Because he was tired, Rohan went to bed.
 Rohan who was tired went to bed. (noun clause)
Rohan, although he was tired, went to bed late. (adverb clause)
Subordinating conjunctions

Conjunctions Conjunctions Relative

Concession Time Adjective

though after that

although as long as what

even though before whatever

while by the time which

now that whichever

Conjunctions once

Condition since Relative

if til Pronoun

only if until who

unless when whom

until whenever whoever

providing that while whomever

 assuming that whose

even if
in case (that)

Conjunctions

Manner

Conjunctions Conjunctions how

Comparison Reason as though

than because as if

rather than since

whether so that Conjunctions

as much as in order (that) Place

whereas why where

wherever

8. Complex Compound Sentences: A Complex compound sentence consist of two or more independent
clauses plus one or more dependent clauses. For example:
 Smita smiled brightly and laughed delightedly when he saw her new scooty.
 Although it was raining, I left my house, as I had to attend an important meeting.
Some more examples
 Jay’s mother went to the store because it’s his birthday, and she bought him a
present.
 The team captain jumped for joy and the fans cheered because we won the state
championship.
 Simple sentence — Independent clause
Compound sentence — Independent clause, *Independent clause
Complex sentence — Independent clause *(two or more) dependent clause
Compound complex — (2 or more) Independent clauses *(2 or more) dependent clauses

3.3 Subject-Verb Agreement

In a grammatically correct sentence, the subject and finite (main) verb are always in agreement with each
other in the present tense. For example,


 The dog plays with the ball.

 The dogs play with the ball.
Rules for subject-verb agreement
1. The subject and the verb agree with each other. The agreement is not affected by the phrase in between
them.
For example,
Polly, who is a dentist, loves to eat candies.
The teachers, as well as the Principal, want to attend the book fair.
One of the team members is sick.
2. In case the subject is composed of compound nouns or pronouns connected with “and” always use a
plural verb.
For example,
Carol and Sheila are skating in the rink.
He and his brother work in the same organization.
The Prime minister and the President are both in agreement over the issue.
3. In case the subject is composed of two or more singular nouns or pronouns connected with “or”/ “nor”
always use a singular verb.
For example,
David or Jane is in-charge of this project.
Pink or Red is the theme colour of the party.
Love or hate is a strong emotion.
4. In the case of both singular and plural subjects connected with “or”/ “nor” the verb agrees with the part
of the subject closer to the verb.
For example,
My sister or her colleagues are going on a trip.
Her colleagues or my sister is going on a trip.
Neither Taylor nor Selena won the Grammy’s this year.
5. Don’t is always used with the plural subject and “Doesn’t” is used with a singular subject. (exception to
the rule, I and You)
For example,
Roses don’t bloom in winters.
The train doesn’t stop at the station for long.
They don’t want to attend the meeting in the afternoon.
He doesn’t like to attend the meeting in the afternoon.
6. Collective nouns like group, team, class require singular verbs.
For example,
The Indian Army is the pride of our nation.
The class is dismissed.
The jury is not convinced with the evidence.
7. Words such as each, everyone, anyone, no one, nobody, anybody, everybody require a singular verb.
For example,
Everybody is invited to the party.
No one is left behind.
Each one of the boxes is sealed.
Anyone wants to eat chocolate.
8. In Sentences beginning with there the verb agrees with the subject that comes after the verb.
For example,
There is no sugar in the pot.
There are ripe mangoes in the refrigerator.
9. Nouns which have two parts always require a plural verb.
For example,
These cotton trousers are expensive.
Scissors are made of steel.
My shoes are biting my toes.
Be careful the tongs are hot.