PHN-315

L5
• We have seen, 𝒏 = 𝒇 ⍵ & 𝜿 = 𝒇(⍵)

• The dependence on ⍵ is significant especially when ⍵ ≈ ⍵𝟎. This can also be appreciated by
making plots. (This you will need to do soon through an assignment problem)

• Lets now also see the dependence of susceptibility on frequency in the next slides

• There are some derivative steps and every one should try.

2
 ′
𝑁𝑒 2 ⍵02 − ⍵2 𝑁𝑒 2 Υ⍵
𝑛 = 𝑛 − 𝑖κ = 1 + −𝑖
2𝑚ɛ0[ ⍵02 − ⍵2 2 + Υ 2 ⍵2 ] 2𝑚ɛ0[ ⍵02 − ⍵2 2 + Υ 2 ⍵2 ]
To examine dispersion at frequencies near resonance, substitute ⍵ ≈ ⍵𝟎 ,
′
𝑁𝑒 2 ⍵0 − ⍵ ⍵0 + ⍵ 𝑁𝑒 2 Υ⍵
𝑛 =1+ −𝑖
2𝑚ɛ0[ ⍵0 − ⍵ 2 ⍵0 + ⍵ 2 + Υ 2 ⍵2 ] 2𝑚ɛ0 [ ⍵0 − ⍵ 2 ⍵0 + ⍵ 2 + Υ 2 ⍵2 ]

′
𝑁𝑒 2 ⍵0 − ⍵ 2⍵0 𝑁𝑒 2 Υ⍵0
𝑛 =1+ −𝑖
Υ Υ
2𝑚ɛ04⍵02 ⍵0 − ⍵ 2 +( )^2 2𝑚ɛ04⍵02 ⍵0 − ⍵ 2 +( )^2
2 2
Υ
𝑁𝑒 2 ⍵0 − ⍵ 𝑁𝑒 2
𝑛′ = 1 + −𝑖 2
2 2
2 Υ 2 Υ
4𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ⍵0 − ⍵ + 4𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ⍵0 − ⍵ +
2 2
𝜰
𝑵𝒆𝟐 ⍵𝟎−⍵ 𝑵𝒆𝟐
′ 𝟐
𝒏 = 𝒏 − 𝒊𝜿 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 −𝒊 𝟐 …(9)
𝟒𝒎ɛ𝟎⍵𝟎 ⍵𝟎−⍵ 𝟐+ 𝜰 𝟒𝒎ɛ𝟎⍵𝟎 ⍵𝟎−⍵ 𝟐+ 𝜰
𝟐 𝟐

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• When χ <<1,
1
𝑛′ = 1 + χ
2
′
2(𝑛 − 1) = χ

2 𝑛′ − 1 = χ′ − iχ′′
• Substitute the value of 𝑛′ from equ. (9) in above equ.,
Υ
2
𝑁𝑒 ⍵0 − ⍵ 𝑁𝑒 2
′ ′′
χ − iχ = −𝑖 2
2 2
Υ Υ
2𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ⍵0 − ⍵ 2 + 2𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ⍵0 − ⍵ 2 +
2 2

𝑁𝑒 2 ⍵0 − ⍵
χ′ = 2
2 Υ
2𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ⍵0 − ⍵ +
2
As ⍵ = 2πν,
𝑁𝑒 2 2πν0 − 2πν
χ′ = 2
Υ
2𝑚ɛ0⍵0 2πν0 − 2πν 2 +
2

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 𝑁𝑒 2 (2π) ν0 − ν
χ′ = 2
2 Υ 1
2𝑚ɛ0 2π ⍵0 ν0 − ν 2 + ×
2 2π

𝑁𝑒 2 ν0 − ν
χ′ = 2
2 1 Υ
4π𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ν0 − ν + ×
2 2π

𝑁𝑒 2 ν0 − ν
χ′ = 2
∆ν
4π𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ν0 − ν 2 +
2
∆𝛎 𝚼
Where = is FWHM bandwidth(in units of Hz) for Lorentzian shape profile.
𝟐𝛑
Υ
𝑁𝑒 2
χ′′ = 2
2 Υ 2
2𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ⍵0 − ⍵ +
2
∆ν
𝑁𝑒 2
χ′′ = 2
2
∆ν
4π𝑚ɛ0⍵0 ν0 − ν 2 +
2
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Dispersion and Complex Refractive Index

 Take the values

𝑁 = 2.69 × 1025 𝑚−3
𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶
𝑚 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
𝛾 = 1.519 × 1015 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
κ
Make a plot of n and κ as n-1
a function of normalized
frequency in your
programing language of
choice .

Marks : 10 Marks

Last Date for submission :

See the assignment 1 in
MS Team ⍵0 − ⍵
𝛾

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• Note that extinction coefficient is maximum at ⍵0 = ⍵

• The shape of κ is Lorentzian.

κ
n-1
• The index of refraction increases as ⍵ approaches ⍵0. This behavior is
called normal dispersion.

⍵0 − ⍵
• In close vicinity of resonance frequency, there is a small region where the 𝛾
slope is negative. This is called anomalous dispersion.

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 Complex Refractive Index of Electron Gas (Metals)
• Any metal can have free electron that don’t oscillate around atoms and can freely move under the
influence of an applied electric field.

• In this case, for free electrons, there is no restoring force.

• Equ. of motion,
𝑚𝑑 2 𝑋 𝑑𝑋 2 𝑋 = −𝑒𝐸
+ 𝑚Υ + 𝑚⍵ 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

is still valid provided ⍵0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚⍵02 𝑋 = 0,

𝑚𝑑 2 𝑋 𝑑𝑋
2
+ 𝑚Υ = −𝑒𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

• The solution of equ. (1) as we got in previous topic,

𝑁𝑒 2
n2 = 1 + χ = 1 +
𝑚ɛ0 ⍵02 − ⍵2 + 𝑖Υ⍵
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 Complex Refractive Index of Electron Gas (Metals)

Thus solution of equ. (2),

𝑁𝑒 2
n2 = 1 + χ = 1 +
𝑚ɛ0 02 − ⍵2 + 𝑖Υ⍵

𝑁𝑒 2
n2 = 1 + χ = 1 −
𝑚ɛ0 ⍵2 −𝑖Υ⍵

• Above equ. is a good approximation to actual value of complex refractive index, provided the
contribution from deeply bonded electrons is neglected.

• When Υ ≪ ⍵
𝑁𝑒 2
n2 = 1 + χ = 1 −
𝑚ɛ0 ⍵2
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 Complex Refractive Index of Electron Gas (Metals)

⍵ 2
𝑝
n2 = 1 + χ = 1 − 2
⍵
𝑁𝑒 2
where⍵𝑝2 = is plasma ( angular) frequency.
𝑚ɛ0

• For higher frequencies, ⍵ > ⍵𝑝 refractive index is real.

• For lower frequencies, ⍵ < ⍵𝑝 refractive index is purely imaginary.

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