Gaseous State

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GASESOUS STATE
If the thermal energy is much
greater than the forces of
attaraction then we have matter
in gaseous state.
JEE-Syllabus
Avogadro’s law: equation of state for an ideal gas; kinetic theory of gases; root mean
square velocity and its relation with temperature : average velocity ; Gay Lussac’s law.
Characterstics of gases
Expansibility : Gases have limitless expansibility. They expand to fill the entire vessel they are placed
in and take the shape and volume of the vessel.
Compressibility : Gases are easily compressed by application of pressure to a movable piston fitted
in the container since the molecules are very far from each other.
Diffusibility: Gases can diffuse rapidly through each other to form a homogeneous mixture.
The fundamental measurements of gases are : Volume , Pressure and temperature.
Volume :The volume of a gas is the space that it occupies. It is expressed in litres or ml or m 3 or cm 3.
Pressure :Gases exert pressure on the walls of the container in all directions by collision of mol-
ecules. It is defined as the force per unit area and is uniform in all the directions. It is measured in
N/m2 or mm Hg or atm or torr.
Temperature : It is measured in terms of hotness or coldness. The measurement is based on the

expansion of certain material with increasing temperature (mostly it is mercury). It is measured in
celsius scale or absolute scale or kelvin scale.Standard Conditionss (STP) :for gases, STP
conditions are 273 K (0 C) and 1atm pressure . A gas at this temperature & pressure is said to be
o
at S.T. P
Gas Laws
The volume of a given sample of gas depends on the temperature and pressure applied to it. Any
change in temperature or pressure will affect the volume of the gas.These relationships, which
describe the general behaviour gases , are called gas laws. When a gas obeys these laws, it is
said to be ideal or perfect gas. These laws are applicable only to gases which do not undergo a
change in chemical complexity, when the temperature or pressure is varied . A non - ideal gas, for
e. g NO2, undergoes dimerization to N2O4 at increasing pressure or decreasing temperatures.
Bolyle’s Law : In 1660 Robert Boyle found out experimentally the change in volume of a given
sample of gas with pressure at room temperature . According to him ; at constant temperature
,the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. The Boyle’s law may be
expressed mathematically as
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V  1 / p(T, n are constant)
or , V = k x 1/p
Charles Law : In 1787 Jacques Charles investigated the effect of change of temperature on the
volume of a fixed amount of gas, at constant pressure.He established a generalisation which is called
Charles’ law. It states that : at constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature or absolute temperature.
Charles’ law may be expressed mathematically as :

V  T(p, n are constant)
V1 V2
or V= K’T, where k’ is a constant of V/T = constant or T  T
1 2
Combined gas Law : Boyle’s law and Charles’ law can be combined into a single relationship
called the combined Gas law.
Boyl’es law V  1 / p(T, n are constant)
Charles’ law V  T(p, n are constant)
Therefore , VT / P ( n constant )
The combined law states that for a fixed mass of gas,the volume is directly proportional to kelvin
temperature and inversely proprotional to the pressure.
If K be the proportionally constant.
P1V1 P2 V 2
V = KT/P or PV /T = constant 
T1 T2
Gay - Lussac’s Law : In 1802 Joseph Gay- Lussac as a result of his experiments established a
general relation between the pressure and temperature of a gas. This is Gay-Lussac’s law and it
states that :
At constant volume, the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportion to the kelvin
temperature or absolute temperature .The law may be expressed mathematically as
P  T
or P  KT
or P / T  c o n s ta n t
P1 P2
or 
T1 T2
Avagadro’s law : Let us take a ballon containing a certain mass of gas. If we add to it more mass
of gas, holding the temperature (T) and pressure (P) constant , the volume of gas (V) will increase.It
was found experimentally that the amount of gas in moles is proportional to the volume .That is ,
Vn

or V = An
Where A is a constant of proportionality or
V/n = cosntant
Thus, for equal volumes of the two gases at fixed T and P , number of moles is also equal , This is
the basic of Avagadro’s law which states that :
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of
moles or molecules.
It has been observed that 1 mole of gas at a temperature of 273 K and pressure of 1 atmosphere
(STP or NTP ) occupies 22. 4 Litres.This is called the moalr volume of gas .
Ideal Gas Equation : We have studies three simple gas laws :
Boyle’s law V  1/ P( T, n constant )
Charles’ law V  1 /T ( n, P constant )
Avagadro’s law V  n ( P, T constant )
These three laws can be combined as V  n T/P
This is called the Universal Gas Law. It is also called Ideal Gas law. It states that :
The volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas and
temperature and , inversly proportional to the pressure.
V=RnT/P
Where R is the constant of proportionality called the Unviersal Gas Constant.
In has the values : 8.314 / mol K
: 0.0821 atm L /mol K
: 2 Cal/ mol K
Different forms of gas Equation :
1. PV = nRT
2. P M0 = dRT ( D = g/ V)
3. PV = (g/Mo)RT
Dalton’s law : John Dalton visualised that in a mixture of gases, each component of gas exerted a
pressure as if it were alone in the container. The individiual pressure of each gas in the mixture
is defined as its partial pressure. It states that : the total pressure of a mixture of non- reacting gases

is equal to the sum of the partial pressure ofthe individual gases present.
Mathematically the law can be expressed as
P =P1 + P2 + P3 ...... (V and T are constant)
where P1 , P2 and P3 are partial pressures of the three gases 1, 2 and 3 ; and so on
Dalton’s Law of partial pressure follows by application of the ideal gas equation PV =nRT
separately to each gas of the mixture . Thus we can write the partial pressures P1 , P2 and P3 of
the three gases as :
P1 = n1 (RT/V ) , P2 = n2 (RT/V)
P3 = n3 (RT/V)
Where n1, n2 and n3 are moels of gases 1, 2 and 3. The total pressure ,Pt, of the mixture is
Pt = (n 1 + n2 + n3 ) RTV
n1 n2
P1 = n  n Pt ; P2 = n  n Pt
1 2 1 2
P1 = X1. Pt and P2 = X2 .Pt
Partial pressure of gas = its mole fraction x Total pressure
Partial pressure of gas

% of gas in mixture = x 100
Total Pr essure
PDry Gas = P Moist Gas
- Pwater Vapour = Pobserved - Aqueous Tension
Graham’s law : When two gases are placed in contant, they mix spontaneously .This is due to the
movement of molecules of gases by random motion of the molecules and is called Diffusion .
Thomas Graham observed that molecules with smaller masses diffused faster than heavy
molecules. In 1829 Graham formulated what is known as Graham’s Law of Diffusion. It states that :
under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, the rates of diffusion of different
gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molecular masses or densities.
Mathematically the law can be expressed as
r1 M2 d2
 
r2 M1 d1
Where r1 and r2 are the rates of diffusion of gases1and 2 while M1 and M2 are their molecular
masses.
When a gas escapes through - pin-hole into a region of low pressure or vacuum, the process is
called Effusion. The rate of effusion of gas also depends on the molecular of the gas, Mathemati-
cally.
E1 M2

E2 M1

Exercise 1
1. 5g of ethane is confined in a bulb of one litre capaicty. The bulb is so weak that it will
burst if the pressure exceeds 10 atm. At what temperature will the pressure of the gas
reach the bursting value ?
2 A gas cylinder containing cooking gas can withstand a pressure of 14.0 atm. The pres
-sure gauge of the cylinder indicates 12 atm. at 27oC . Due to sudden fire in the
building , its temperature starts rising .At what temperature will the cylinder explode ?
Illustration 1 : A flask of 2 dm 3 capacity contains O2 at 101.325 kPa and 300 K.The gas
pressure is reduced to 0.1 Pa. Assuming ideal behaviour ,answer the
following .
i) What will be the volume of the gas which is left behind ?

ii) What amount of O2 and the corresponding number of molecules
are left behind in the flask ?
iii) If now 2g of N2 is introduced , what will be the pressure of the
flask ?
Solution: Given that

V1 = 2dm3 Pt = 101. 325 k Pa
P2 = 0.1 Pa T= 300 K
We have the following results .
i) The volume of O2 left behind will be the same , i. e 2 dm3
iii) The amount of O2 left behind is given by
V1 104 kpax2dm3
n2  P2  3 1 1
 8.019x108 mol
RT (8.31kpa dm k mol )(300k )
iii) 2g of N2 = 1/14 mol

Total amount of gases in flask, 1/14 mole + 8. 125 x 10-8 mol  1/14
mol. Thus, the pressure of the flask is given by
F
G 1 I
Jxc8.315kpa dm k h
nRT H14 mol K
3 1
mol1x300K
P   89.08KPa.
V (2dm3 )
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
1. A gas consists of extremely small discrete particles called molecules dispersed

throughout the container. The actual volume of the molecules is negligible compared to
the total volume of the gas.
2. Gas molecules are in constant random motion will high velocities.
3. The gas molecules move freely, independent of each other.
4. There is no loss of kinetic energy of a molecule during a collision. All collisions are perfectly

elastic.
5. The pressure of a gas is caused by hits, recorded by molecules on the walls of the con
tainer.
6. The average kinetic energy of molecules depend on ( directly proportional to) absolute
temperature (kelvin temperature ). A gas which confirms to the assumptions of the kinetic
theory of gases is called an ideal gas.
It can be mathematically proved that for a gas PV = 1/3 mnu2
Where P = pressure of the gas

V = Volume of the gas
n = no. of molecules of the gas
u = root mean square velocity of the molecules
This is called the kinetic gas equation. If N is the number of molecules in a given mass of gas.
PV = 1/3 m Nu2 = 2/3 N x 1/2 m u2 = 2/3 N x e
Where is the average kinetic energy of a single molecule.
PV = 2/3 Ne = 2/ 3 E
or PV = 2/ 3 E
3
 K. E  RT
2
3R
Average K.E  T
2N
3 R
KT , K  = Boltzmann’s constant
2 N
 Average K .E.  Absolute temperature
Where E is the total kinetic energy of all the N molecules.
Different Kinds of Velocities
In our study of kinetic theory we come across there different kinds of molecular velocities .
1. Average velocity ( Vav)
2. Root Mean Sqare Velocity (Vrms)
3. Most Probable velocity (Vmp)
Average Velocity
Let there be n molecues of a gas having individual velocities V1 , V2, V3..... Vn.The ordinary aver-
age velocity is the arithmetic mean of the various velocities of the molecules.
V1  V2  V3 ..... Vn
Vav 
n

It has been established by Maxwell that
8RT
Vav 
M
Where M = Molecular mass.
Root Mean Square Velocity
If V1, V2, V3, ............... Vn are the velocities of n molecules in a gas the mean of the squares of all
the velocities is V2
V12  V22  V32 ..... Vn2

V2 
n
V12  V22  V32 ..... Vn2

Vrms 
n
V is the thus the Root mean square velocity .It is denoted by Vrms . It can be seen that
PV = 1/3 mnu2
u2 = 3 PV/ mn
For one mole of gas PV = RT
u2 = 3RT/ M
3RT 3PV 3P
U  
M M d
Most Probable Velocity
Most probable velocity is possessed by the largest number of molecules in a gas. According
to the calculations made by Maxwell, the most probable velocity , Vmp, is givem by the expres-
sion
2RT
Vmp 
M
Relation between average velocity ,RMS velocity and most probable velocity
We know that the average velocity , Vav, is given by the expression.
8RT
Vav 
M
3RT
and Vrms 
M

Vav 8RT M 8
 x   0.9213
Vrms M 3RT 3
The expression for the most probable velocity, Vmp is
2RT 3RT
Vmp  and Vrms 
M M
Vmp 2RT M 2
 x   0.8165
Vrms M 3RT 3
Exercise 2
1. Calculate total energy of one mole of an ideal monoatomic gas at 27 oC ?
2. Calculate Vrms of O2 at 273 K and 1 x 105 Pa pressure . The density of O2 under these
conditions is 1.42 Kg/m 3 ?
Illustration 2 : Calculate Vrms ,Vav, Vmp for N2 at 15oC
Solution : T = 288 K
8x8.314 x288
Vav   466.76m / sec
. x10 3
28x314
Vav
Vrms   506.64m / sec
0.9213
Vmp  Vrms x0.8165  413.67m / sec
Therefore it can be seen that
Vrms > Vav > Vmp
Vander Waal’s Equation
Vander Waals ( 1873 ) pointed two erroneous postulates of the kinetic theory :
1. The molecules in a gas are point masses and possess no volume .
2. There are no intermolecular attractions in a gas. Therefore the ideal gas equation PV = nRT
cannot be applied for real gases.
Volume Correction
The actual volume of a real gas isthe ideal volume minus the voluem occupied by gas mol-
ecules. If b is the effective volume of molecules per mole of the gas, the volume in the ideal gas
equation is corrected as (V - b).For n moles the corected volume is (V - nb ), b is termed as the
excluded volume which is a constant and characteristic for each gas.
Pressure Correction
A molecule in the interior of a gas is attracted by other molecules on all sides .These attractive
forces cancel out. But a molecule about to strike the wall of the vessel is attracted by molecules
on one side only. Hence it experiences an inward pull .Therefore, it strikes the wall with reduced

velocity and the actual pressure of the gas, P, will be less than the ideal pressure.If the actual
pressure P, is less than P ideal by a quantity p, we have
P = Pideal - P
Pideal = P + p
the value of p has been calculated as an2/V2 where n is the number of moles of gas, Sustituting
the values of corrected pressure and volume in the ideal gas equation.
PV = nRT , we have
FP  an I(V  nb)  nRT
2
G
H V J K2
Where a and b are called vander Waals constants
Illustration 3 : Calculate the pressure exerted by 1 mole of methane (CH 4 ) in a 250

ml container at 300 K using van der Waal’s equation. What pressure
will be predicted by ideal gas equation.
a = 2.253 L 2 atm. mol-2 b = 0.04281 mol-1 R = 0.0821 L atom mol-1 K
L
M
P
an 2 O
PV  nb  nRT
Solution :
M
N V 2
P
Q
Dividing by (V-nb) and solving for P
nRT n2a
P 
( V  nb) V 2
Substituting n =1, R =0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 V = 0.25 L,T = 300 K and the
values of a and b , we have
1x0.0821x300 12 x2.253
P   82.8atm
0.25  (1x0.0428) (0.25)2
the ideal gas equation ,
nRT 1x0.0821x300
P   98.5atm
V 0.25
Definitions
Critical Temperature : Tc is the maximum temperature at which a gas can be liquefied, i. e., the
temperature above which a liquid cannot exist .
8a
Tc 
27 Rb
Critical Pressure : Pc is the minimum pressure required to cause liquefaction at the temperature
(Tc)

a
Pc 
27b 2
Critical Volume : Vc is the volume occupied by one mole of gas at critical temperature T c
and critical pressure Pc.
Vc = 3b
Gas Analysis or Eudiometry
The relationship amongs gases, when they react with one another, is governed by two laws,
namely Gay- Lussac law of Gases and Avogardo’s law Gaseous reactions for investigation
purposes are studied in a closed graduated tube open at one end and the other closed
end of which is provided with platinum terminals for the passage of electricity through the
mixture of gases. Such a tube is known as Eudiometer tube and hence the name Eudiometry
also used for Gas analysis.
During Gas analysis ,the Eudiometer tube filled with mercury is inverted over a through con-
taining mercury. A known volume of the gas or gaseous mixture to be studied is next intro-
duced , which displaced an equivalent amount of mercury, Now a known excess of oxygen
is introduced and is electrically sparked, whereby the combustible material gets oxidised. The
volumes of carbon dioxide , water vapour or other gasesous products of combustion are next
determined by absorbing them in suitable reagents . For example , the volume of CO 2 is
determined by absorption in KOH solution and that of excess of oxygen in an alkaline solution
of pryogallol. Water vapour produced during the reaction can be determined by noting
contraction in volume caused due to cooling , as by cooling the steam formed during combus-
tion forms liquid (water ) which occupies a negligible volume as compared to the volumes of
the gases formed during combustion have already been determined . From the data thus
collected a number of useful conclusions reagarding reactions amongst gases can be drawn.
The subject of Eudiometry is divided under the following heads:
a) Volume - Volume relationship amongst Gases or simple Gaseous reactions.
b) Composition of Gaseous mixtures.
c) Molecular formulae of Gases.
d) Molecular formulae of Gaseous Hydrocarbons.

Exercise 3
1 50 ml of a mixture of NH3 and H2 was completely decomposed by sparking into

nitrogen and hydrogen . 40 ml of oxygen was then added and the mixture was
sparked again. After cooling to the room temperature the mixture was shaken
with alkaline pyrogallol and a contraction of 6ml. was observed .Calculate the % of
NH3 in the original mixture.
2 When a certain quantity of oxygen was ozonised in suitable apparatus, the volume
decreases by 4ml.On addition of turpentine oil, the volume decreases further by
8ml . Find the formula of ozone , assuming all measurements are made at same
temperature and pressure.

Other important terms
1. Berthelot’s equation for real gases
Fp  n a I bV  b g nRT
2
G
H TV J K 2
Where a and b are Berthlot’s constant (different from Vander Waals constant) and are
characterstics of gas.
2. Dieterici’s Equation
p exp b
m na / V RT gqb
V  nb g
 nRT
Where a and b are Dieterici’s constant (different from Vander Waals constant) and are
characterstics of gas.
3. Virial Equation : All the equations of state can be expressed approximatly in one
common form , called the virial equation of state which has the following form for 1
mol of the gas.
P Vm 1 1 1
Z 1 B  C 2  D 3  ............
RT Vm V m V m
Where B, C,D, ... are temperature dependent constants known as second third fourth
etc. virial coefficients.
4. Barometeric distribution law : It deals with the vareiation of pressure with height
produced as a result of the variation of the gravitational field.
p  p 0 exp b
 Mgh / RT g
Where p is pressure at height h and Po is pressure at h = 0 , M = Mol. wt. of gas
5. Alternate forms of Barometeric distribution law :
i) In terms of Density of Gas
   0 exp b
 Mgh / RT g
ii) In terms of no. of particles per unit volume
N  N 0 exp  b
Mgh / RT g
6. Collision Cross section : A moving molecule will collide with other molecules whose
centers comes within a distance of  (Radius of a molecule) from its center.The
collision cross section will be.
Collision Cross section = 2
7. No. of Collisions :
1 2 0 2
Z   v av g .N
2
Where N0 = no. of molecules per unit volume
Z = total no. of bimolecular collisions per unit volume per unit time.

8. Mean free path () :It is the average distance travelled by a molecule between two
successive collisions.
v avg . 1
  
Z 2  2 N 0
Exercise 4
1. Which of the following will consider to be ideal or real ?

a) 0.25 ml CO2 at 1200 K exerting a pressure of 24. 63 atm in 1 L flask .
b) 6g of gasesous propanol in 100 ml flask exerts a pressure of 2.4956 X 10 6
pascal at 300 K
c) 1 mol CO2 at 300 K occupies volume 22.4 L at 1 atm.
2. For O2 gas, the van der Waals constant b is 0.03182 L mol-1 , Calculate the
diameter of O2 molecules.
3. Using the van der Waals equation , calculate the pressure exerted by 10.0
mol CO2 in a 2.00 L vessesl at 47oC
(a = 3. 59 L2 atm /mol2 ; b = 0.0427 L mol-1)

Repeat the calculation using deal gas equation. Compare the results with
experiment value of 82 atm.

Answer to Exercise
Exercise 1
1 T = 730. 8 K
2 350 K
Exercise 2
3 3
1. K. E of one mole of gas = RT  x2 x300  900 calories
2 2
3P 3x105
2 Vrms   = 459.63 m/s
d .
142
Exercise3
1. NH3 = 72 %
2  Molecular formula of ozone is O3
Exercise 4 :
PV
1. If Z   1 then ideal otherwise real.
nRT
(a) , (b) ideal ; (c) real
2. 2. 94 x 108 cm
3. 77 mm ( real gas behaviour )

131 atm (ideal gas behaviour )
The van der Waals equation gives a result much closer tothe experi
mental value.

Solved Problems
Subjective
Problem 1: 24 ml of water gas containing only hydrogen and carbon monoxide in equal
proportions s by volume, are exploded with 80 ml. of air, 20 % by volume of
which is oxygen . If all gaseous volumes are measured at room temperature
and pressure , calculate the composition by volume of the resulting gaseous
mixture.
Solution : Combustion equations :

i) 2H2 + O2  2H2O
2 vols. 1 vol. Zero (liquid )
ii) 2CO + O2  2CO2

2 vols. 1 vol. 2vols
From the equations, it is clear that 12 ml. of H2 present in 24 ml . of water gas will
react with 6ml .of oxygen to produce negligible volume of liquid water at room
temperature and 12 ml of CO present in the water gas will react will 6 ml of O 2 to
produce12 ml of CO2.
Thus, the total volume of oxygen used = 6 + 6 = 12 ml
Volume of O2 present in 80 ml. of air containing 20 % oxygen
80x20
  16ml
100
Hence, the volume of gases at the end of the reaction will be :
Oxygen unused = 16 - 12 =4ml .
Nitrogen unused = 80 - 16 = 64 ml.
and carbon dioxide produced =12 ml
[ Note : Volume of steam produced in equation (i) above will be the same as the volume of H2 used,
but when it is condensed at room temperature to water, the volume occupied by it is negligible . ]
Problem 2 : A mixture of H2 and Acetylene (C2H2) was collected in a Eudiometer tube.Then 60

ml. of Oxygen were also introduced . The resulting mixture of all the gases was
exploded. On Cooling it was found to have undergone a contraction of 30 ml.
On introducing Caustic potash solution a further contraction of 32 ml occured
and 13 ml. Of Oxygen alone were left behind.Calculate the percentage compo
-sition of the mixture of Hydrogen and Acetylene.
Solution : Let the mixture contain x ml. of H2 and y ml. of C2H2
a) 2H2 + O2  2H2O
2 vols. 1 vol. 2 vols. (steam )
or x ml. x/2 ml. zero ( liquid )
(cooled to liquid H2O )

b) 2C2H2 + 5O2  4CO2 + 2H2O
2 vols. 5 vols. 4 vols. 2 vols.(steam )
or y ml. 5y/2 ml. 2y ml (zero) ( liquid )
O2 taken = 6 0 ml
CO2 produced = 32 ml.( absorption by KOH )
O2 left = 13 ml.  O2 used = 60 - 13 = 47 ml .
x 5y
Total O2 used according to eqs.    47(given) .... (i)
2 2
and total CO2 produced = 2y = 32 ml. (given ) ..... (ii)
32
From (ii) , y   16ml
2
Substituting the value of y in ( i) , we have
x 5x16
  47
2 2
 x =14 ml
Thus, H2 = 14 ml. and C2H2 = 16 ml
14 x100
Hence , % of H2 =  46.67
30
and % of C2H2 = 100 - 46.67 = 53. 33
Problem 3 : a) 50 ml. of a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride was

exposed to sodium amalgam. The volume decreased to 42.5 ml. If 100 ml of
the same mixture is mixed with 50ml. of gaseous ammonia and then exposed
to water, what will be the final volume ? All the volumes are measured at the
same temperature and pressure.
b) A gas mixture of 3. 0 litres of propane and butane on complete combustion

at 25oC produced 10 litres of CO2. Find out the composition of the gas mixture.
Solution : a) 2Na + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2

2 vols. 1 vol.
(H2 will not react with Na/ Hg ).
In this reaction, the reduction in volume of gases is 1 vol. for 2 vol.of HCl. Actual
reduction in vol. = 50- 42. 5 = 7.5 ml.
Thus, the volume of HCl present in 50 ml. of the mixture = 7.5 x 2 = 15 ml. and
that of H2 = 50 - 15 = 35 ml.
100 ml. of the mixture would contain 15 x 2 = 30 ml.of HCl gas and 70 ml. of H2

NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
1 vol. 1 vol .
30. ml. of HCl will consume 30 ml. of NH3
Residual NH3 = 50 - 30 = 20 ml. which will also dissolve away. Hence, only
residual H2 will be left , consumed.
H2 = 100 - 30 = 70 ml. or Final volume = 70 ml.
b) C3 H8  5O2  3CO2  4H 2 O; C 4H10 13 O 2  4 CO 2  5H2 O

2
Let volume of C3H8 be V litres and that o f C4H10 = (3.0 - V ) litres .
CO2 produced from both = 3V + 4 (3.0 - V ) = 10 ( given ) ,
 V = 2 litres = C3H8
and C4H10 = 1.00 litres .
2
Percentage C3H8 = x100  66.67 and C4H10 = 33. 33 %
3
Problem 4 : 10 ml of ammonia were enclosed in an eudiometer and sujbected to electric

sparks.The spark was continued till there was no further increase in
volume. The volume after sparking measured 20 ml. Now 30 ml.of O 2 were
added and sparking was continued again. The new volume then measured
27. 5 ml .All volumes were measured under identical conditions of tempera
-ture and pressure. V. D. of ammonia is 8.5 . Calculate the molecular formula of
ammonia . Nitrogen and Hydrogen are diatomic.
Solution : Since Ammonia on sparking will decompose to form Nitrogen and Hydrogen only, the
volume of 20 ml. after sparking consists of a mixture of Nitrogen and Hydrogen
.Let the volume of Hydrogen be x ml. therefore, the volume of Nitrogen will be
( 20- x ) ml. When mixed with 30 ml of oxygen and exploded, the hydrogen of the
mixture reacted with oxygen and a contraction of (30 + 20- 27. 5 ) = 22. 5 ml took
place. According to the equation.
2H2 + O2  2H2O
2 vols. 1 vol. zero vol. (after cooling )
or x ml. x/2 ml.
x
Thus, contraction in volume  x   22.5
2
 X = 15
Thus, 10 ml, of ammonia , on decomposition , produced 15 ml. of hydrogen and

20- 15 = 5 ml of Nitrogen, or 2 vols. of Ammonia on decomposition, produced 3 vols.
of Hydrogen and 1 vol.of Nitrogen.
By Avogadro’s hypothesis :
2 molecules of ammonia on decomposition produce 3 molecules or 6 atoms of
hydrogen and 1 molecule or 2 atoms of nitrogen.
Thus the formula of ammonia should be NH3

V. D of ammonia = 8. 5
 Mol. wt. of ammonia = 8.5 x 2 = 17
Mol. wt. is also in accordance with the formula of ammonia - NH3
Problem 5 : 20 ml. of a mixture of methane and a gaseous compound of Acetylene series

were mixed with 100 ml. of oxygen and exploded .The volume of the prod
-ucts after cooling to original room temperature and pressure, was 80
ml, and on treatment with potash solution a further contraction of 40 ml.
was observed .Calculate
(a) the molecular formula of the Hydrocarbon,
(b) the percentage composition of the mixture.
Solution : the general combustion equation is :
F
G n  1I
CnH2n2  n 
H 2 JKO  nCO  (n  1)H O
2 2 2
F3n  1IO  nCO  (n  1)H O

G J
or CnH2n2
H2 K 2 2 2
Let the volume of CnH2n-2 be x ml.
 The volume of CH4 = (20 - x) ml.
Combustion equation for CH4 :
CH4 + 2O2  CO 2 + 2H2O

(20- x) ml 2(20-x ) ml. (20-x ) ml
F
3n  1I
G
Also for x ml. of the acetylene hydrocarbon x H2 JKml of O will be used and nx
2
ml. of CO2 will be produced .
Actual amount of O2 used = 100 - 40 = 60 ml
Actual amount of O2 used = 80 - 40 = 40 ml
Thus, CO2 produced = ( 20 - x ) + nx = 40 (given )
or - x + nx = 20 ... (i )
F
3n  1I
G
and O2 used = 2 (20 - x) + x
H2 JK 60(given)
or 80 - 4x + 3nx - x = 120
or - 5 x + 3nx = 40 ..... (i)
Multiply l by 3 and substracting from II, we have
-2x = - 20 ,  x = 10
Substituting the value of x in l, we ahve
- 10 + 10 n = 20 or n = 3
Hence, the formula of the acetylinic hydrocarbon is C3 H4, (Propyne) and its

10
percentage in the mixture x100  50
=
20
Percentage of CH4 = 100 - 50 = 50
Problem 6 : Calculate the average and total kinetic energies of 0.6 mol of an ideal gas at
0oC.
Solution : We have Average kinetic energy per molecule of the gas

3 3
= KT  (1.38x10 23 JK 1 )( 273K )  5.65x10 21 J
2 2
Average kinetic energy per mole of gas
3 3
 RT  (8.314JK 1mole 1 )(273k )
2 2
= 3.40 5 x 103 J mol-1 = 3. 4 0 5 K J mol-1
Total kinetic energy of 0.6 mol of the gas
= n Eav = ( 0.6 mol ) ( 3.405 KJ mol-1) = 2. 043 K J
Problem 7: The radius of an Xe atom is 1. 3 x 10-8cm. A 100 cm3 container is filled with
Xe at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 273 K .Calcualate the
fraction of the volume that is occupied by Xe atoms.
Solution: W have
(1atm)(100x10 3 dm3 )
n  PV / RT   4.467 x10 3 mol
(0.082 atm dm3 mol 1 )(273K )
Now, the number of Xe atoms is N = N = nNA
= ( 4.467 x 10 -3 mol ) ( 6.023 x 1023 mol-1 ) = 2.69 x 1021
Volume occupied by atoms ={ 4/3 r3 } N
= 4/3 x 3.14 x (1.3 x 10-8 cm)3 (2.69 x1021)
= 2.47 x 10 -2 cm3
Fraction of volume occupied by Xe atoms.
2.47 x10 2
= x100  2.47 x10 2%
100
Problem 8 : A container with a volume of 3.0 L holds N2 (g) and H2O(l) at 29oC.The
pressure is found to be 1 atm. The water is then split into hydrogen and
oxygen by electrolysis , according to the reaction, H2O (I) H2(g) +
1/2 O2(g) .After the reaction is complete, the pressure is 1.86 atm. What
mass of water was present in the container ? The aqueous tension of
water at 29oC is 0.04 atm.
Solution: To start with ,we have , Ptotal  pN2  pH2 O(  ) ... (1 )

After the conversion of H2O into H2 and O2
X + 3/2 pH2
pH2  2 / 3[Ptotal  pN2 ]  2 / 3[Ptotal  Ptotal  pH2 O ]
Substituting the values, we get pH2 = 2/3 [ 1.86 atm - 1. 0 atm + 0.04 atm ] =0.6 atm
Now, amount of H2 in the mixture

PV (0.6atm)(3.0L)
n   0.0727mol
RT (0.082LatmK 1mol 1 )(302K )
From the decomposition of H2O we find that nH2 O  nH2

Hence, amount of H2O originally present in the container = 0.0727 mol
Mass of H2O originally present in the container
= (0.0727 mol)(18 g mol-1) = 1.31 g
Problem 9 : When 2 g of a gaseous substance A is introduced into an initially evacu

-ated flask at 25 oC , the pressure is found to be 1 atm. 3 g of an other
gaseous substance B is then added to it at the same temperature and
pressure. The final pressure is found tobe 1. 5 atm Assuming ideal gas
behaviour , calculate the ratio of the molecular weights of A and B
Solution : Under the same conditions of temperature and volume, the partial pressure of the
gaseous substances will be proportional to their molecular weights .Let the molecular
wts. of A and B be MA MB
No. of moles of A taken = 2 /MA and no. of moles of B taken = 3 /MB
Initial pressure (P1) at 2 / MA is 1 atm.
Final pressure (P2 ) at 2 / MA + 3 / MB is 1.5 atm or
P1 1 2 / MA 2 / MA
   2 2 MAMB
P2 15. 2 / MA  3 / MB 2MB  3M A or  x
MA . MB 3 MA 2MB  3MA
MA MAMB 3 2MB  3MA

or  or 
3 2MB  2MA MA MA xMB
or 3 MB =2 MB + 3 MA or 3 MA = MB i. e .MA :MB :: 1 : 3
Problem 10 : A mixture containing 1. 12 litres of H2 and 1.12 litres of D2 ( deuterium ) at

N.T.P .is taken inside a bulb connected to another bulb by a stop-cock
with a small opening .The second bulb is fully evacuated, the stop- cock is
opened for a certain time and then closed .The first bulb is now found to
contain 0.05 g of H2 Determine the percentage composition by weight of the
gases in the second bulb.
22.4 x0.05
Solution : Volume of H2 left in the first bulb after diffusion  0.56 litres at N.T. P
2
Volume of H2 diffused = 1. 12 - 0.56 = 0.56 litres.
Let the volume of D2 diffused be V2
v1 MD2 o.56 4
According to Graham’s law of diffusion , v  M or v  2
( at.
2 H2 2
mass of D2 being 2 ).
V2 = 0.396 litres at N.T. P )

Wt. of H2 in second bulb =0.05 g, Wt, of D2 in the second bulb )
0.396x4
=  0.07g
22.4
0.05x100
Percentage of H2  4167
. Percentage of D2 = 100 - 41.67 = 58.33
.
012

Objective
Problem 1 : At which of the four conditions, the density of nitrogen will be the largest ?
(A) STP (B) 273 K and 2 atm
(C) 546 K and 1 atm (D) 546 K and 2 atm
PM P
Solution : Density of a gas is given   . Obviously the choice that has greater
RT T
would have greater density .
(B)
Problem 2 : The behaviour of a real gas is usually depcited by plotting compressibility

factor Z versus P at a constant temperature.At high temperature and high
pressure , Z is usually more than one.This fact can be explained by van der
Waals equation when
(A) the constant ‘a’ is negligible and not ‘b’
(B) the constant ‘b’ is negligible and not ‘a’
(C) both constant ‘a’ and ‘b’ are negligible
(D) both the constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ are not negligible
FP  n aI(V  nb)  nRT
2
Solution : G
H VJ K 2
At low pressures , ‘b’ can be ignored as the volume of the gas is very high. At high
temperatures ‘a’ can be ignored as the pressure of the gas is high
 P ( V - b ) = RT
PV - Pb = RT
PV = RT + Pb
PV Pb
 Z  1
RT RT
(A)
Problem 3 : A certain gas diffuses from two different vessels A and B .The vessel A has
a circular orifice while vessel B has a square orifice of length equal
to the the radius of the orifice of vessel A. The ratio of the rates of diffusion
of the gas from vessel A to vessel B, assuming same temperature and
pressure is ;
(A)  (B) 1/
(C) 1 : 1 (D) 2 : 1
Solution : The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the area of orifice.

 d A  r 2
dB  r 2
dA

dB
(A)
Problem 4 : Which of the following statements is not true ?

(A) the ratio of the mean speed to the rms speed is independent of the tem

perature .
(B) the square of the mean speed of the molecules is equal to the square of
rms speed at a certain temperature .
(C) mean kinetic energy of the gas molecules at any given temperature is
independent of the mean speed.
(D) the difference between rms speed and mean speed at any temperature for
different gases diminishes as larger and yet larger molar masses are
considered.
8RT
Solution : i) VAV 
M
3RT
Vrms 
M
Vav 8/
 , independent of temperature
Vrms 3
 True.
8RT 3RT
ii) 
M M
T 3

T' M
T  T'; False
1 1
iii) mean kinetic energy is mv 2 or mv 2 rms . When we change VaV, Vrms
2 2
gets effected
 True.
iv ) True. This is because molecular weight occurs in the denomiantor of the

expression.
 (B)
Problem 5 : The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 140 K to 560 K. If at

140 K the root mean square velocity of the gas molecule is V, at 560 K it
becomes.
(A) 5 V (B) 2V
(C) V/2 (D) V/ 4
Solution : The Vrms at 140 K is V

3Rx140
V 
M
3Rx560 3Rx140x4 3Rx140

At 540 K = V’ =  2  2V
M M M
 (B)
Problem 6 : Under indentical conditions of temperature, the density of a gas X is three

times that of gas Y while molecular mass of gas Y is twice that of X. The
ratio of pressure of X and Y will be
(A) 6 (B) 1/6
(C) 2/3 (D) 3/2
PM RT
Solution :  P 
RT M
 xRT
Px 
M
 xRT
Py 
3
2Mx
 xRT
6Py   6Py  Px
Mx
Px
6
Py
 (A)
Problem 7 : The molecules of a gas A travel four times faster than the molecules of a
gas B at the same temperature .The ratio of molecular w eights MA/MB will
be :
(A) 1/16 (B) 4
(C) 1/4 (D) 16
rA MB M
Solution 4  B  16
rB MA MA
MA 1
 
MB 16
 (A)
Problem 8 : The ratio between the rms velocity of H2 at 50 k and that of O2 at 800 K is
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 1/4
3Rx50
Solution : Vrms ( H2 at 50 K ) 
2 x10 3
3R x 800
Vrms ( O2 at 800 K ) = 
3 x10 3
3 R x 50
Vrms(H2 ) 2 x 10 -3  25x103
 1
Vrms ( O 2 ) 3 R x 800 25x103
32 x 10 -3
 (C)

Problem-9 : X ml of H2 gas effuses through a hole in a container in 5 seconds. The time
taken for the effusion of the same volume of the gas specified below
under identical conditions is :
(A) 10 seconds : He (B) 20 seconds : O 2
(C) 25 seconds : CO (D) 35 seconds : CO2
rH2 4
Solution :   2
rHe 2
 (A) is incorrect
rH2 32
 4
rO 2 2
(B) is correct
rH2 28
  14
rCO 2
(C) is incorrect
rH2 2 1
 
rCO 2 44 12
(D) is incorrect
 (B)
Problem 10 : One mole of N2O4 (g) at 300 K is kept in a closed container under one
atmosphere pressure.It is heated to 600 K when 20% by mass of N 2O4 (g)
decomposes to NO2(g) . The resultant pressure is
(A) 1. 2 atm (B) 2.4 atm
(C) 2 atm (D) 1 atm
Solution : N2O4 2NO2
Initial pressure of N2O4 at 600 K

1
P600K  x600  2atm
300
N2O4 deomposes as follows
N2O4 2NO2
2 ( 1 - ) 2 x 2 x  (given  =0. 2 )
The resultant pressure =2 ( 1 +  ) = 2 ( 1 + 0.2 ) = 2. 4 atm
 (B)

Assignments
Subjective
LEVEL - I
1. Calculate molecular diameter of He from its Vander Waal’s constant b = 24 mole -1
2. Average velocity of CO2 at T1 K and the most probable velocity at T2 K is 9.0 x 104 cm
sec-1 Calculate the values of T1 and T2.
3 RT
3. The kinetic molecular theory attribute an average kinetic energy of to each
2 N
particle. What rms speed would a mist particle of mass 10 -12 g have at room temp
(27oC ) according to kinetic theory of gases. ?
4. A mixture of N2, NO and NO2 gases was analyzed by selective absorption of the oxides
of nitrogen following the decreases in volume of the original mixture. The initial mixture
has a volume of 2. 74 ml. After treatment with water, which absorbed the NO 2, the volume
was 2. 02 ml. A ferrous sulphate solution was then shaken with the residual gases to
absorb the NO, after which the volume was 0.25 ml.(All volumes were measured under
identical P-T conditions ). Neglecting the water vapour, find the composition of the gas
mixture by volume.
5. 56 g of nitrogen are confined to a 5L flask at 37oC. Calculate its pressure (i) assuming N2
as an ideal gas, (ii) using Vander Waals, equation , the coefficients for nitrogen being
a = 4.17 atm L-1 mol-2 and b = 0.037 L mol-1
6. The escape velocity, the velocity required by an object to escape from the gravitational
field of a body, is given by
e  2gr
where r = 6. 37 x 106 m for earth .At what temperature will the rms of an H2 molecule attain
escape velocity ?
7. 0.533 g of a Boron - Hydrogen compound created a pressure of 0.658 atm in a bulb of

407 ml at 100oC .Analysis showed it to be 85.7 % boron. Calculate its molecular formula.
8. Calculate the change in pressure when 1. 04 mole of NO and 20 g O 2 in O2 ina 20 litre

vessel originally at 27 oC react to produce the maximum quantity of NO2 possible according
to the equation . 2NO(g)  O 2 ( g)  2NO 2 (g)
9. Density of dry air ( only N2 & O2 ) is 1. 146 g litre -1 at 740 mm and 300 K . Calculate
composition of air by weight assuming ideal nature.
10. The rate of diffusion of a sample of ozonized oxygen is 0.98 times more than that of
pure oxygen . Find the percentage ( by volume ) of ozone in the ozonised sample . Also
report percentage by weight.
11. Three footballs are filled with N2 H2 and He respectively. If the leaking of the gas occurs with
time from the filling hole then find the ratio of leaking of gases from 3 footballs (in equal time ).
12. 1.588 g N2O4 was kept ina 500 cm3 vessel at 25oC and a total pressure of 760 mm.
Calculate its degree of dissociation . Also calculate the degree of dissociation at a
total pressure of 0.5 atm

LEVEL - II
1. A 1 - L gas bulb contains 1. 03 x 10 23 hydrogen molecules . If these molecules are
confined under a pressure of 1 bar , find (i) the rms velocity and (ii) the temperature . What
is the energy required to double the rms velocity ?
2. The mean kinetic energy of a molecule of 0oC is 5.621 x 10-14 erg .Calculate . Boltzmann’s
constant. If the value of R = 8. 314 x 10 7 erg. then also calculate the no.of molecules
present in one mole of gas.
3. A certain gas occupies 0.418 L at 300 K 740 mm Hg.

i) What is its volume at STP ?
ii) if the same gas weighs 3. 00 g, what is its molecular weight ?
iii) If we increase the weight of the gas to 7.50 g in the same vessel and the temperature
is changed to 280 K, what would be its pressure ? Report the result in 3 significant
figures .
4. A 20. 0 cm3 mixture of CO, CH4 and He gases is exploded by an electric discharge at
room temperature with excess of oxygen .The contraction in volume is found to be 13.0 cm 3.
A further contraction of 14.0 cm3 occurs when the residual gas is treated with KOH solution.
Find out the composition of the gaseous mixture is terms of volume percentage.
5. A mixture of methane, ethene and carbondioxide measuring 10 ml exploded with excess

of air. After explosion there was a contraction of 17 ml and after treatment with KOH
solution, there was a further contraction of volume by 14 ml . What was the composition of
the mixture ? (Volume measurements refer to same P-T conditions )
6. A 0.750 g sample of solid benzoic acid, C7H6O2 was placed in a 0.500 L pressurized
reaction vessel (autoclave ) filled with O2 at 10.0 atm. pressure and 298 K. The combus
-tion products of benzoic acid are only water and CO2 .Find the mole fractions of CO2
and H2O vapour in the resulting gas mixture brought to the initial temperature ? (The
vapour pressure of water at 298 K is 23. 8 torr )
7. The allowed threshold limit for the poisonous gas H2S is 10 mg/m3 .What pressure does
this correspond to at 20oC assuming H2S as an ideal gas ? What is the volume of H2S
required at 600oC & 1 atm pressure to carry out the sulphidation of 2.54 g copper to Cu2S ?
8. An LPG cylinder weighs 14. 8 Kg when empty , when full, it weighs 29. 0 kg and shows a
pressure of 2.5 atm. In the course of use at 27oc , the weight of full cylinder is reduced to
23. 2 Kg. Find out the volume of the gas in cubic metres used up at the normal usage
conditions , and the final pressure inside the cylinder .Assume LPG to be n-butane with
normal B.P at 0oC.
9. One mole of nitrogen gas at 0.8 atm takes 38 s to diffuse through a pinhole ,whereas
one mole of an unknown compound of xenon with fluorine at 1.6 atm takes 57 s to
diffuse through the same hole .Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
10. A mixture of 90 mole % of H2 and 10 mole % D2 at 298 K and a total pressure of 1 atm is
allowed to effuse through a small oriifce of area 0.3 mm2. Calculate the composition
of the initial gas that passes through.

11. On partly ozonisizing 100 ml of oxygen , a decrease of 10 ml in volume resulted . What
volume of ozone had been produced. The resulting gas was treated with an excess of
Kl solution , when the following reaction took place.
O 3  2 Kl  H 2 O 
 2 KOH  I 2  O 2
Calculate , (a) what volume of gas would remain and (b) what weight of iodine would be
liberated assuming the volume to have been measured at NTP ?
12. A car tyre has a volume of 10 litre when inflated . The tyre is inflated to a pressure of 3
atm at 17oC with air. Due to driving the temperature of tyre increases to 47oC
a) what would be the pressure at this temperature ?
b) How many litre of air measured at 47oC and pressure of 1atm should be let out to
restore they tyre to 3 atm at 47oC ?

LEVEL - III
1. The mass of molecule A is twice the mass of molecule B. The rms speed of A is twice
the rms speed of B. If two samples of A and B contain same no.of molecules,what will be
the ratio of P of two samples in separate containers of equal volume ?
2. A bulb of three litre capacity filled with air is heated from 27oC to toC .The air thus expelled
measured 1.45 litre at 17oC . Considering the pressure to be 1 atm.throughout the
experiment and ignoring the expansion of bulb, calculate t.
3. A certain quantity of an organic liquid (mol. wt 85 ) was introduced into an air filled flask of
volume 6.5 litre and sealed at a temperature of 17oC and 760 mm of Hg . The flask was
heated to a temperature of 307oC where liquid is completely vaporized & the pressure is
registered 4.3 atm . Calculate the amount of organic liquid introduced into the flask.
4. The compression factor ( compressibility factor ) for one mole of a Vander Waal’s gas at 0 oC
and 100 atmosphere pressure is found to be 0.5 .Assuming that the volume of a gas
molecule is ngeligible, calculate the Vander Waal’s constant (a)
5. Two gases in adjouning vessels are brought into contact by opening a stop cock between
them. One vessel contains NO at 800 mm, 220 K, and has 0.25 litre volume. The other
vessel of 0.1 litre has O2 600 mm and 220 K . The reaction gives to the formation of solid
N2O4 and is continued till completion.Calculate ;
a) Gas left after reaction and at what Presutre
b) The wt. of N2O4 formed.
6. 2 g of a gas A are introduced into an evacuated flask ketp at 25 oC.The pressure is found
to be 1 atm. . If 3g of another gas B are added to the same flask,the total pressure becomes
1.5 atm ,Assuming ideal gas behaviour,calculate.
a) The ratio of molecular wt. of MA and MB
b) The volume of the vessel if A is O2.
7. One of the best rocket fuels is dimethylhydrazine. When mixed with dinitrogentetroxide ,N2O4
,it reacts according to the equation.
( CH3 ) 2 N2H2 (l)  2N2 O 4 (l)  3N2 ( g)  4H2 O( g)  2CO 2 ( g)
If 2. 5 mol of dimethylhydrazine. reacts completely with N2O4 and if the product gases are
collect at 20oC in a 250 L vessel,what is the pressure in the vessel ?
8. One way of writing the equation of state for real gases is

L
M
B
PV  RT 1 
O
.......P
NV Q
Where B is constant ? Derive an approximate expression for B in terms of the Vander Waals
constants a and b.
9. Assume that air contains 79 % N2 and 21 % O2 by volume .Calculate the density of moist
air at 25oC and1 atm pressure when relative humidity is 60 % .The vapour pressure of
water at 25oC is 23. 78 mm.Relative humidity is given by percentage.
100 x partial pressure of Water
relative humidity =
Vapour pressure of water at that temperature

10. The denstiy of the vapour of a substance at 1 atm pressure and 500 K is 0.36 Kg m -3.The
vapour effuses through a small hole at a rate of 1.33 times faster then oxygen udner the
same condition.
Determine
(i) molecular weight ,
(ii) molar volume,
(iii) compression factor (z) of the vapour
(iv) which forces among the gas molecules are dominating , the attractiv e or the repulsive.?
11. A thin tube of uniform cross-section is sealed at both ends. It lies horizontally. The middle 5
cm containing Hg and the two equal horizontally . The middle 5 cm containing Hg and the
two equal ends containing air at the same pressure Po. When the tube is held at an angle
60o with the vertical , the length of the air column above and below the mercury are 46 and
44.5 respectively . Calculate the pressure P0 in cm of Hg . The temperature of the system
is kept at 30oC.
12. A sample of SF5OF(g) was contained in a glass vessel of one litre at 25oC and a pressure
of 800 mm. A quantity of N2F(g) was added to bring in the pressure to 160 mm. The
reaction using SF5OF(g) and N2F(g) completely produced a variety of products such as
NF3, NO, SiF4 (by reaction with glass ) and SF6 ,SO2F2, SOF4, SF5ONF2 and NO2, The mixture
contained SF5ONF2 40 % mole with respect to reactant SF5OF(g) . Calculate the mass of
SF5ONF2 . Assume atomic weight of F = 20 .

Objective
LEVEL - I
1. In a given sample of gas, molecules move with velocities 20 m/s , 30 m/s and 40m/s .Its
root mean square velocity will be
(A) 21. 1 m/s (B) 31. 1 m/s
(C) 35. 5 m /s (D) 40. 1 m/ s
2. Dalton’s law of partial pressure will not hold good for which of the following mixture.
(A) H2 + O2 + CO2 (B) N2 +HBr +Cl2
(C) Cl2 + HBr + NH3 (D) NH3 + O2 + Cl2
3. At low temp,for one mole of real gas

(A)PV < RT (B( PV > RT
(C)PV = RT (D) PV  RT
4. Which gas has same most probable velocity as carbon monoxide at all temperature ?
(A) N2 (B) NO2
(C) CO2 (D) SO2
5. Under indentical conditon of temp. and pressure one litre of CH4 weighed 1.2 gm while 2
litre of another gaseous hydrocarbon CnH2n-2 weighed 8.1 gm. Value of n will be
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
6. An equimolar mixture of O2 ,N2 and He contained in a closed vessel exerts a pressure

of 900 mm. If half of the total molecules of N2 be removed from the vessel final
pressure will be
(A) 900 mm (B) 750 mm
(C) 450 mm (D) 680 mm
7. 1 litre CO and 1.75 litre CH4 at the same temp and pressure were mixed together. What is
the relation between the masses of two gases in the mixture.
(A) Mco  MCH4 (B) MCH4  Mco
(C) Mco  MCH4 (D) Mco  2MCH4
8. Under indentical experimental condition which of the following pair of gas will be most easy
to separate by diffusion process ?
(A) H2 and D2 (B) U235F6 and U238F6
(C) CO2 and C3H8 (D) O2 and N2
9. Under which of the following conditions the density of a gas will remain unchanged ?
(A) by doubling bothT and P of the gas.
(B) by doubling P and reducing T to half
(C) by doubling T but keeping P constant
(D) by reducing P to half and doubling T.
10. In the equation of state of an ideal gas, PV = nRT, the value of the universal gas constant
would depend only on
(A) the nature of the gas (B) the pressure of the gas
(C) the temperature of the gas (D) the units of measurement

11. At low pressure. the van der Waals equation is reduced to
pVm ap pVm b
(a) Z   1 (b) Z   1 b
RT RT RT RT
pVm a
(c) pVm = RT (D) Z  1
RT RT
PV
12. Consider the equation Z  Which of the following statements is correct ?
RT
(a) When Z . 1, real gases are easier to compress than the ideal gas.
(b) when Z = 1, real gases get compressed easily.
(C) When Z > 1 , real gases are difficult to compress .
(D) When Z = 1 , real gases are difficult to copress.
13. A mixture of C3H8 and CH4 exerts a pressure of 320 mm Hg at temperature TK in aV litre
flaks. On complete combustion, gasesous contains CO 2, only and exerts a pressure of
448 mm Hg under idetical conditions. Hence , mole fraction of C3H8 in the mixture is
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.8
(C) 0.25 (D) 0.75
14. Let the most probable velocity of hydrogen molecules at a temperature 1 oC is Vo. Suppose
all the molecules dissociate into atoms when temperature is raised to ( 2t + 273) oC then
the new rms velocity is
2
(a) V0 (B) 3( 2  273) 1 / Vo
3
(C) 2 / 3Vo (D) 6Vo
15. The vapour pressure of water at 80oC is 355 of Hg. A 100 ml vessel contains water satu
rated with O2 at 80oC ,the total pressure being 760 mm of Hg. The contents of the
vessel wee umped into a 50 ml . vessel at the same temperature . What is the partial
pressure of O2 ?
(A) 1115 mm (B) 810 mm
(C) 405 mm (D) 355mm

LEVEL - II
1. Under same condition of temp. and pressure ,a cycloalkene was found to diffuse 3 3
times lower than hydrogen .Cycloalkene is
(A) Cyclopropene (B) Cyclobutene
(C) Cyclopentene (D) Cyclohexene
2. On increasing temperature , the fraction of total gas molecule which has acquired most
probable velocity will
(A) increase (B) decrease
(C) remains constant (D) cant say without knowing pressure
3. The factor which measure the deviation from ideal behavior of a gas are
(A) collision frequency (B) collision diameter
(C) compressibility factor (D) Vander Waal constant ‘a’
4. At Boyle’s temperature , compressibility factor ’Z’ for a real gas is

(A) Z =1 (B) Z=0
(C) Z > 1 (D) Z < 1
5. An ideal gas molecule is present at 27oC .By how many degree centigrade its temperture
should be raised so that its Vrms , Vmp and Vav all may dobule.
(A) 900oC (B) 108oC
(C) 927 oC (D) 81 oC
6. If 8 g methane be placed in 5 Lt container at 27oC . Its Boyle’s constant will be

(A) 12. 3 litre atm (B) 2.46 atm
(C) 5 litre atm (D) 1.11 atm litre
7. 5.40 gm of an unknown gas at 27oC occupies the same volume as 0.14 gm of hydrogen
at 17oC and same pressure. The molecular weight of unknown gas is
(a) 79.8 (B) 81
(C) 79. 2 (D) 8 3
8. An open vessel contains 200 mg of air at 17oC .What weight percent of air would be
expelled if the vessel is heated to 117oC .
(A) 30 % (B) 27. 87 %
(C) 25. 65 % (D) 27.64 %
9. Under which of the following two conditions percentage increase in volume of a gas will
be more.
i) On increasing temp. from 100oC to 110oC, P is kept constant .
ii) On increasing temp from 100 K to 110 K , keeping pressure constant.
(A) (i) (B) (ii)
(C) both are equal (D) no change in volume will occur
10. Two non reacting gases G1 (of molar mass M1 ) and G2 ( of molar mass M2 ) were
taken in their weight ratio 2 : 3 in a closed container . If the pressure of the gas G 1
was just double of the presssure of the gas G2 in the mixture. Then M1/M2 will be
(A) 4 : 3 (B) 3 : 4
(C) 1 : 3 (D) 3 : 1

11. A bubble of gas relased at the bottom of a lake increased to eight times its original
volume it reaches the surface . Assuming that atmosphere pressure is equivalent tothe
pressure exerted by a column of water 10m high. what is the depth of the lake ?
(A) 90 m (B) 10 m
(C) 70 m (D) 80 m
12. 40. 0 mL of gaseous mixture of CO and C2H2 is mixed with 100. 0 mL of O2 and burnt.
The volume of the gas after the combustion is 10.5 mL . Calculate the composition of
the orginal mixture.
(a) 25 ml of CO and 15 mL of C2H2 (B) 15 ml of CO and 25 mL of C2H2
(C) 10 ml of CO and 30 mL of C2H2 (D) 20 ml of CO and 20 mL of C2H2
13. I, II , III are three isothersm respectively at

T1 and T2 and T3 Temperature will be in
order :
(a) T1 -T2 - T3
(B) T1 < T2 < T3 p
(C) T1 > T2 > T3 I
II
(D) T1 > T2 = T3 III
o V
14. A large cylinder of helium filed at 1000 - pascal had a small thi orifice through which
helium escaped into an evacuated space at the rate of 6.4 mmol/h. How long would it
take for 10 m mol SO2 to leak through a similar orifice if the SO2 were confined at the
same pressure ?
(A) 6.25 h (b) 0.39 h
(C) 4.42 h (D) 1.00h
15. A certain gas diffuses from two different vessels A and B. The vessel A has a circular
orifice while vessel B has a square orifice of length equal to the radius of the orifice
of vessel A. The ratio fothe rates of diffusion of the gas from vessel A to vessel V,
assuming same temperature and pressure is ;
(a)  (B)  
(C0 1 : 1 (D) 2 : 1

Answers
Subjective
LEVEL - I
1. 2.71 Ao 2. T1 = 1682 . 5 k ; T2 = 2143 K
3. 0.35 cm sec-1
4. N2 =0.25 ml ( 9.1 % ) ; NO = 1. 77ml ( 64.6 % ) and NO2 = 0.72 ml ( 26.3 % )
5. (i) 10. 17 atm, (ii) 9.65 atm 6. 1.02 x 104 k
7. B5H9 8. 0.62 atm
9. 72.42 % ; 27. 58 % 10. 8.25 % by vol :; 11. 86 % by wgt.
11. er : r
N2 H 2 : rHe ::1 : 14 : 7 j 12. 8.40 % , it will not dissociate at 0.5 atm
LEVEL - II
1. 0.943 km sec-1 ; 71. 3 ; 458. 88 J
2. k = 1.372 x 10-16 erg molecule-1 K; N = 6.057 x 10 23 3. (i) 0.370 , (ii) 182 , (iii) 0.27
4. CH4 = 20 % ,CO = 50% , He = 30 % ( all by vol.)
5. CH4 = 4.5 mL; C2H4 = 4ml ; CO2 = 1.5 ml
6.  CO 2  0.213, H2O  0.0032 7. 7.1 x 10-6 atm ; 1.43 L
8. P = 2.50 atm ; V = 2.463 m 3 9. XeF6
10. H2 : D2 :: 92. 7 : 7. 3 ( mole % )
11. 20 ml O3, (a) 90 ml , (b) 0.2268 gm
12. (a) 3.31 atm; (b) 3. 1 litre
LEVEL - III
1. PA = 8PB 2. 327oC 3. 26.69 g
4. 1.253 atm L2 mol-2 5. (a) NO ,227. 48 mm (b) 0.40 g
6. (a) 1/3, (b) 1.529 L 7. 1.23 atm 8. B = b - a/RT
9. 1.171 g L-1 10. i) 18.09 ii) 41. 025 L iii) 1.224
11. 75.4 cm of Hg 12. 0.348 g

OBJECTIVE
LEVEL - I
1. B 2. C
3. A 4. A
5. D 6. B
7. B 8. A
9. A 10. D
11. A 12. C
13. A 14. D
15. B
LEVEL- II
1. B 2. B
3. C, D 4. A
5. A 6. A
7. A 8. C
9. B 10. C
11. C 12. A
13. C 13. A
15. A
****

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Rankers - JEE | DLP | Chemistry | www.myrankers.

The fundamental measurements of gases are : Volume , Pressure and temperature.

Temperature : It is measured in terms of hotness or coldness. The measurement is based on the

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Charles’ law may be expressed mathematically as :

Boyl’es law V  1 / p(T, n are constant)

Charles’ law V  T(p, n are constant)

Therefore , VT / P ( n constant )

If K be the proportionally constant.

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Where A is a constant of proportionality or

Ideal Gas Equation : We have studies three simple gas laws :

Boyle’s law V  1/ P( T, n constant )

Charles’ law V  1 /T ( n, P constant )

Avagadro’s law V  n ( P, T constant )

These three laws can be combined as V  n T/P

Where R is the constant of proportionality called the Unviersal Gas Constant.

In has the values : 8.314 / mol K

: 0.0821 atm L /mol K

Different forms of gas Equation :

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Mathematically the law can be expressed as

P =P1 + P2 + P3 ...... (V and T are constant)

P1 = X1. Pt and P2 = X2 .Pt

Partial pressure of gas = its mole fraction x Total pressure

Partial pressure of gas

Mathematically the law can be expressed as

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i) What will be the volume of the gas which is left behind ?

Solution: Given that

iii) 2g of N2 = 1/14 mol

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases

1. A gas consists of extremely small discrete particles called molecules dispersed

2. Gas molecules are in constant random motion will high velocities.

3. The gas molecules move freely, independent of each other.

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It can be mathematically proved that for a gas PV = 1/3 mnu2

Where P = pressure of the gas

PV = 1/3 m Nu2 = 2/3 N x 1/2 m u2 = 2/3 N x e

Where is the average kinetic energy of a single molecule.

Where E is the total kinetic energy of all the N molecules.

Different Kinds of Velocities

1. Average velocity ( Vav)

2. Root Mean Sqare Velocity (Vrms)

3. Most Probable velocity (Vmp)

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Where M = Molecular mass.

Root Mean Square Velocity

V12  V22  V32 ..... Vn2

V12  V22  V32 ..... Vn2

For one mole of gas PV = RT

Most Probable Velocity

We know that the average velocity , Vav, is given by the expression.

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1. Calculate total energy of one mole of an ideal monoatomic gas at 27 oC ?

Illustration 2 : Calculate Vrms ,Vav, Vmp for N2 at 15oC

Vander Waal’s Equation

1. The molecules in a gas are point masses and possess no volume .

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