Practical Workbook

EL-223
Applied Electronics

Name : ________________________

Roll No : _________________________

Year :

Batch : ________________________

Department of Electrical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering&

Technology Shaheed Z.A Bhutto Campus Khairpur Mirs’

1
 Practical Workbook
EL-223

Applied Electronics

Prepared by

Dr. Zeeshan Anjum Memon

Lab Engineer

Revised in
August, 2023

Approved by

DOBE Res: 19.3 Dated: 08/08/2023

Department of Electrical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering

& Technology Shaheed Z.A Bhutto Campus Khairpur Mirs’

2
 Certificate
It is certified that Mr. / Ms.___________________ S/O/D/O_______________
bearing Roll No._____________ of 4 the semester 2nd Year has carried out the
necessary practical work for the subject of APPLIED ELECTRONICS as prescribed
by the Mehran University of Engineering & Technology SZAB Khairpur Mirs’
campus.

Lab Engineer
Dr. Zeeshan Anjum Memon

3
 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SHAHEED Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering

Laboratory Rubrics
ROLL NO SEMESTER BATCH

CODE
SUBJECT TOTAL MARKS

Department of Electrical Engineering has defined all concerned laboratory rubrics for assessment of student’s all labs sessions as below.

Table 1: Lab Performance [10] or [15] Marks Total Marks [50] [50]

Performance Indicator Satisfactory [03] Developing [02] Unsatisfactory [01] Marks on

Attendance No CLO [05] [00]
Obtained 10% 00
Sr. # Points
Skill to perform test Quite able to conduct the entire Able to conduct experiment Able to conduct experiment with a Rubric Based LabEvaluation [10] [15]
1 experiment experiment with negligible help From with a lot of help from the Lab lot of help from the lab Instructor. 20% 30%
the lab instructor. instructor.
All of the data analyzed is very Some of the data analyzed is Most of the data analyzed is Open Ended Lab /
2 Data breakdown of data accurate and precise. Completely inaccurate. inaccurate. No logical and Attached Mini Design Project [05] [05]
and computation logical and systematic calculations systematic calculations Separately 10% 10%
foreach lab
Presents data very clearly using Data presentation is not that Presents data in a very obscure on next page Marks on Test [15] [15]
appropriate graphs / waveforms. clear. manner. 30% 30%
3 Presentation of results Figure captions and units are Graphs/waveforms, figure Graphs/waveforms, figure captions
captions and units are not and units are never included. Marks on Viva voce [15] [15]
always included.
always included 30% 30%
Table 2: Viva Voce [15]Marks Tick Relevant

Sr. # Performance Indicator Exemplary (5 Satisfactory (4-3 Unsatisfactory (2-0Marks) Obtained

Marks) Marks) Marks Criteria Marks Obtained

1 Approachability to Responds well, quick and very accurate Generally responsive and
justify & correctness all the time. accurate most of the times. Non-responsive. Lab Performance
of answer
2 Expression of Knowledge Expressed clearly and accurately by Expressed partially with Difficulty with expression of Open Ended Lab /
using proper terminologies improper terminologies thoughts and lack of Mini Design Project
terminologies

3 No grasp of information.
Deepness of relevant Demonstration of full knowledge At ease with content and Clearly no knowledge of subject Viva Voce
Information of the subject with explanations and able to elaborate and explain matter.
elaboration. to some degree. No questions are answered. No Total Marks
interpretation made.

4
 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SHAHEED Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering
Rubric Based Lab Experiment Assessment
Performance Total Experiments Conducted
Indicator
Based 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Remarks

Skill to
perform test
experiment
[3-1Points]
Data
explorationand
analysis [3-1
Points]
Presentation of
results
[3-1 Points]
Submission of
Lab Report
[01
Points]
Total Points in
each Lab

Points obtained out of 140

Marks out of 10 or 15
Open Satisfactory Exemplary Satisfactory Satisfactory
Relevant & Exemplary Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Total
EndedLab / smart [01] Analysis [02] [01] [01] Unsatisfactory
[02] Marks [00] Marks [00] Marks Marks
Mini selection Marks & Result Marks Marks Conclusion Marks [00] Marks
Design of equipment [02] and Report
Project and tool Marks [01]
[05 Marks] [02Marks] Marks

Approved from Departmental BOS Resolution: 04 Dated: 19-07-2023

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 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SHAHEED Z.A BHUTTO CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIRS'
Department of Electrical Engineering

Lab Equipment Utilization Chart

Experimental Title
Sr.
No.
1 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

2 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

3 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
4 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

5 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

6 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

7 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

8 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

9 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

10 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

11 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

12 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

13 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

14 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

15 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

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 List of Experiments

Obj.
No. Experiment Title CLO PLO Taxonomy
To demonstrate general safety precautions
1 CLO3 4 P-3

To observe the behavior of equipment and their

2 safety CLO3 4 P-3

To analyze the response of light dependent resistor

3 (LDR) CLO3 4 P-3

To investigate and understand inverting operational

4 amplifier CLO3 4 P-3

To investigate phase relationship and

5 voltage gain in non-inverting amplifier CLO3 4 P-3

To analyze voltage follower or buffer circuit

6 CLO3 P-3
4
To demonstrate the working of op-amp as
7 Subtractor. CLO3 4 P-3

To analyze how op-amp operating as integrator

8 CLO3 P-3
4
To analyze the characteristics of photo-couplers
9 CLO3 4 P-3

To demonstrate the working of Hartley Oscillator.

10 CLO3 P-3
4
To demonstrate the working of Colpitts Oscillator.
11 CLO3 P-3
4
To demonstrate the working of 555 Timer IC.
12 CLO3 P-3
4
To analyze the characteristics of temperature
13 CLO3 P-3
controllers. 4
To demonstrate the working of active low pass
14 CLO3 P-3
filters. 4
Open-Ended Lab
15 CLO3 P-3
4

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 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.1
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Objectives:

 To study about safety precautions

Safety Precautions:

 Safety is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.

 Electricity never excuses careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in
handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is
a good servant but a bad master).
 Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltage. (Otherwise, and
such contact may subject you to electrical shock).
 Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally
contact a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will
be protected from electrical shock.
 Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment
happens to be a rotating machine).
 Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When
you move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch
a live point and thereby subject you to electrical shock).
 Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts
of the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock).
 Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you
will be touching the live parts in the circuit)
 Get you circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly
as per the approved circuit diagram.
 Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain the chords use safety plugs
and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
 When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid
such defective leads.
 Do not defeat any Safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
Safety devices protect you and your equipment
 Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up
and approved by the staff member.
 Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you
accidentally touch two points at different potentials with your two hands)
 Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.

8
 In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up,
resistor heating up etc. Switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the
staff member.
 Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.
 After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off
the power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.

Review Questions:

1. What is the importance of safety?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What precautions should be taken in lab while performing practical in applied electronics
lab?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Write any two important safety precautions of equipment.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

9
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.2
EQUIPMENTS AND ITS SAFETY
Objectives:

 To observe the behavior of equipment and their safety

Discussion:

An oscilloscope, often abbreviated as "scope," is a widely used electronic test instrument that
allows you to visualize and analyze electrical signals in the time domain. It provides a graphical
representation of voltage changes over time, which is displayed on a screen as a waveform.
Engineers, technicians, and scientists use oscilloscopes for various applications, including
troubleshooting, testing, and debugging electronic circuits and systems.
Here are some key features and components of an oscilloscope:
 Display Screen: The primary component of an oscilloscope is its display screen, which shows
the waveform being measured. Modern oscilloscopes typically use LCD or LED screens for
high-resolution displays.
 Input Channels: Oscilloscopes come with one or more input channels, each equipped with a
probe. Each channel allows you to connect the oscilloscope to a specific point in a circuit to
measure voltage.
 Time base Control: The time base control allows you to adjust the horizontal scale of the
display, determining how much time is represented horizontally across the screen. This setting
is typically in units like seconds per division (s/div) or milliseconds per division (ms/div).
 Probes: Probes are connected to the input channels and are used to make contact with the circuit
under test. They usually consist of a cable, connector, and a tip that attaches to the circuit.
 Trigger Modes: Oscilloscopes offer various trigger modes, such as edge trigger, pulse trigger,
video trigger, and more, to help you capture specific waveform events.
 Oscilloscopes are essential tool used for diagnosing and characterizing electronic signals,
including waveforms from analog circuits, digital logic etc.

Figure 2.1: Oscilloscope

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Function Generator:

Function generator is an electronic test instrument used in various applications to generate precise
and controllable electrical waveforms. It produces a range of periodic signals, including sine
waves, square waves, triangle waves, and more complex waveforms like arbitrary waveforms.
Function generators are widely used in electronics, telecommunications, research, and education
for various purposes, such as testing and troubleshooting circuits, simulating signal sources, and
conducting experiments, as shown in Figure 2.2.
Here are some key features of a typical function generator.
 Waveform Generation: It produces a variety of waveforms with different shapes. Such as sine
waveform, square waveform, triangle waveform and arbitrary waveform.
 Frequency Range: It can generate signals across a wide range of frequencies, from very low to
very high.
 Amplitude Control: You can adjust the voltage level (amplitude) of the waveforms.
 DC Offset: Some models allow you to add a DC voltage to the waveform.
 Triggering: You can control the start and stop of waveforms using internal or external triggers.

Figure 15.2: Function Generator

Precautions for Safety:

 Do not use in high temperature and high pressure, humidity, strong vibration and strong
magnetic fields and storage.
 Please use in relatively stable environment, and provide good ventilation and cooling
conditions when the fuse blows, please correct the causes of failure.
 Ensure proper grounding.
 Read the warning labels and specifications.
 Ensure proper instrument cooling (air flow).

11
Review Questions:

1. Why Oscilloscope is used?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Why Function generator is used?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Write any two important safety precautions of function generator?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

12
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.3
LIGHT DEPRENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)
Objectives:

 To analyze the response of light dependent resistor (LDR)

Equipment’s and materials required:

 Breadboard
 LDR (light dependent resistor)
 Lux meter
 Multimeter
 Led
 Battery (5V)

Discussion:

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), is a type of electronic component that changes its resistance in
response to changes in light levels. It is also known as a photo resistor. When exposed to light, the
resistance of an LDR decreases, and when it is in the dark, its resistance increases, LDRs are
commonly used in various applications like light sensors, dusk-to-dawn switches and in
photography for controlling exposure settings. These are fundamental component in many
electronic circuits that need to react to changes in ambient light.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 3.1: Circuit Diagram of LDR

13
Connection Diagram and Procedure:

 Connect the positive terminal of LED with first terminal of LDR.

 The negative terminal of LED and second terminal of LDR is connected in positive and
negative terminal of the battery.
The connection diagram of LDR is shown in Fig 3.2.

Figure 3.2: Connection Diagram

Procedure:

 Turn on the power supply.

 Connect the multimeter across the LDR to measure the resistance of LDR on intensity of light.
 Place a Lux meter to measure the intensity of light.
 Observe the brightness of LED and measure the resistance on multimeter, and intensity of light
on Lux meter.
 Cover the LDR with your hand or an object to reduce incoming light in fig 3.3
 Observe changes in brightness of LED and measure the resistance on multimeter, and intensity
of light on Lux meter.

Table 3.1: Relation between light intensity and resistance

Sr no. Light intensity in Lux Resistance (KΩ)

1.
2.
3.
4.

14
Graph:

Response curve between Light intensity and Resistance

Review Questions:

1. What is light dependent resistor?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What is working principle of light dependent resistor?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.4
INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Objectives:

 To investigate and understand the Amplification and Resistor impact.

 The phase shift introduced by an inverting amplifier
 The corresponding voltage gain.
Equipment’s and materials required:

 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) IC (e.g., LM741)
 De Lorenzo [DL3155E19]
 Connecting wires
 Power supply

Discussion:

An inverting amplifier is a fundamental electronic circuit used to amplify an input voltage while
inverting its polarity. It is often designed using operational amplifiers (op-amps) and is widely
used in various electronic applications. In this detailed explanation. It will provide the working
principle of an inverting amplifier, along with references for further study.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 4.1: Inverting Operational Amplifier

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Table:

Frequency (Hz) Input Voltage Output Voltage Gain Phase Shift

(Vin) Voltage (Av)
(V out)
100 5.0 V
500 5.0 V
1k 5.0 V
5k 5.0 V
10k 5.0 V

Review Questions:

1. What is inverting operational amplifier?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. In an inverting amplifier, where is the input voltage applied?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.5
NON INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Objectives:

 To investigate phase relationship and voltage gain.

 To observe the impact of changing resistance on amplification gain.
 To observe the impact of changing frequency on saturation of signal.
Equipment’s and materials required:

 DL3155AL2
 Function generator
 Oscilloscope
 Source
 Connecting probes

Discussion:

Non-inverting amplifier produces an output signal that is in phase with the input signal. The circuit
designed for a non-inverting amplifier consists of a basic op-amp where the input is connected to
a non-inverting terminal. The output obtained from this circuit is a non-inverted one. This is again
feedback towards input but to the inverting terminal via a resistor. An amplifier’s non-inverting
input refers to the pin configuration. The non-inverting input is the terminal marked with a plus
(+) sign, and the inverting input is marked with a minus (-) sign. These can also be referred to as
positive and negative terminals.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 5.1: Non Inverting Op-Amp

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Table:

NON- INVERTING O.A

Ri [W] Rf [W] U0 [V] A measured A calculated

R2 R4
R2 R3
R1 R4
R1 R3

Connection Diagram:

Figure 5.2: Connection Diagram of Non Inverting Amplifier

Review Questions:

1. What is non – inverting amplifier?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

19
2. Write few applications of non – inverting amplifier.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Why negative terminal is connected with ground in non-inverting amplifier?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

20
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.6
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
Objectives:

 To analysis voltage follower or buffer

 To learn about the construction and working of voltage follower.
Equipment’s and materials required:

 DL3155AL2
 Function generator
 Oscilloscope
 Operational amplifier circuit
 Connecting wires

Discussion:

A voltage follower is also known as a buffer amplifier. It is an operational amplifier circuit whose
output voltage always equal to the input voltage hence a voltage follower operational amplifier
does not amplify the input signal and has a voltage gain of 1. A voltage follower is a circuit, where
in the magnitude and the phase of signal remains the same.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 6.1: Voltage Follower

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Connection Diagram:

Figure 6.2: Connection diagram of voltage follower

Result Analysis:

Review Questions:

1. What is the importance of voltage follower?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write few applications of follower circuits.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

22
 LAB ECPERIMENT NO.7
OP-AMP OPERATING AS SUBTRACTOR MODE
Objective:

 To demonstrate the working of op-amp as subtractor.

 To understand the role of feedback resistor in subtractor circuit.
Equipment’s and materials required:

 Time electronic board Model DL 3155M16.

 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires
Discussion:

The Subtractor amplifier amplifies the voltage difference present on its inverting and non-
inverting inputs. Operational amplifier is used for either the “inverting” or the “non-inverting”
input terminal to amplify a signal, one input signal is supplied with voltage and other is connected
to ground.
In Subtractor amplifiers connecting one voltage signal into one input terminal and another voltage
signal into the other input terminal the resultant output voltage will be proportional to the
“Difference” between the two input voltage signals V1 and V2. The output voltage of subtractor
amplifier is given by equation:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (R3) (𝑉2 − 𝑉1) 𝑅1
Then subtractor amplifiers amplify the difference between two voltages making this type of
operational amplifier circuit a Subtractor unlike a summing amplifier which adds or sums together
the input voltages.
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 7.1: Subtractor Configuration

23
Procedure:

 Time module DL3155M16 is used.

 Power supply module DL315AL2 is used.
 Connect the output of function generator to terminal labeled G.
 Supply the signal generator and adjust the output with a square wave signal of V peak to
peak – l KHz
 Now connect the Ch1 and Ch2 of oscilloscope.
 Power up the supply module, function generator and oscilloscope. Set output of function
generator to 50 HZ Sinusoidal.

Table:

V(s)fixed V(variable) V(out) V(calculate)

Review Questions:

1. How many inputs are used in subtractor?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Why Subtractor is used?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

24
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.8
OP-AMP OPERATING AS INTEGRATOR
Objectives:

 To analyze how integrator works.

 Give different types of waves and the role of capacitor
Equipment’s and materials required:

 Multisim simulator (for virtual analysis)

 Multi-meter
 Function generator
 Oscilloscope
 Op amp OR IC 741 as (in place of op-amp)

Discussion:

The operational amplifier integrator is an electronic integration circuit. Based on the operational
amplifier (op-amp), it performs the mathematical operation of integration with respect to time;
that is, its output voltage is proportional to the input voltage integrated over time. Op-amp can be
configured as an integrator using a simple circuit configuration. An integrator produces an output
voltage that is proportional to the integral of the input voltage over time. In mathematical terms
if the input voltage is Vin (t), the output voltage is Vout (t) of the op- amp is given by
∫ 𝑉𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 +𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑅𝐶 0
Where: R is the resister connected in series with the input of op-amp.
C is the capacitor connected between input and the output terminals of the op-amp.
V- Initial is the initial voltage across the capacitor at t=0
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 8.1: Op – amp as integrator

25
The application of this integrator is mainly in waveform generation. It can be used to generate
various waveforms. For instance, by the square wave as an input. You can get the triangular wave
as an output. As shown in the fig 8.2. By feeding a triangular wave in to another integrator you
can generate a sine wave.

Figure 8.2: Waveforms

Procedure:

 Take an IC 741 in place of OP-amp as an integrator.

 Make a ground V=0 on non-inverting side.
 On inverting side connect resistor of 1K ohm and capacitor of 10 F between input and output
of inverting side of OP-amp.
 For wave generation or to give signal to the input side of the IC 741
 Give the two power supplies of 12V, which means it needs both positive and negative voltage
supplies. This allows the OP-amp to handle both positive and negative input signals and
produce an integrated output.
 Using oscilloscope for output results.

Simulation Circuit:

Figure 8.3: Simulation Circuit

26
Output Result:

X axis T

Figure 8.4: Integrator Output Result

Result Analysis:

Review Questions:

1. Why we use two supplies in integrator amplifier using 741 IC?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

27
2. What is role of capacitor in an integrator?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. When we give the triangular wave then which waveform we obtained?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

28
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.9
PHOTOCOUPLER
Objectives:

 To analyze the characteristics of Photo couplers

 Performing the photo-coupler control circuit

Equipment’s and materials required:

 Power supply unit kl-51001

 Isolation transformer kl-58002
 Module kl-53008
 Multi-meter
 Function generator

Discussion:

Photo couplers: Light emitting devices and light sensing devices have major applications in areas
where electrical isolation between the input signal and the output is important. Fig 9.1 shows the
appearance and circuit symbol of a photo coupler, optical isolator or photo transistor coupled pair

Figure 9.1: Photo coupler Circuit and Shape

Description of Experiment Circuit Photo-coupler control circuit:

Transistor Q1 and photo coupler form the photo coupler controller. Transistor Q3 and Q4
and relay form the control circuit. When DC 5V is applied to the base of Q1, the collector
current of Q1 drives the LED of the photo coupler to light and the phototransistor conducts.
The voltage across R3 drives both Q3 and Q4 to conduct. Thus, relay is energized and LED
2 lights. When the base of Q1 is connected to 0V, Q1 is off and phototransistor results in Q3
off and Q4 off. Hence the relay is not energized and LED1 is on.

29
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 9.2: Circuit Diagram of Photo Coupler

Procedure:

 Carefully identifying the input and output sides of photo-coupler.

 The input side is connected to a power supply, ensuring proper polarity and voltage levels.
 Upon powering on, the LED in the photocopier emits infrared light, a phenomenon observed
during this step.
 It is crucial to confirm that there is no direct electrical connection between the input and output
sides, emphasizing the device's purpose of electrical isolation.
 The output side is then connected to an oscilloscope or amplifier to observe the electrical
response generated by the photo detector.
 Variations in the input signal are introduced to demonstrate the modulation of the optical signal

Result Analysis:

30
Review Questions:

1. How a photo coupler works?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What are main components of a photo coupler device?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Write few applications of photo coupler device.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
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31
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.10
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
Objectives:

 To demonstrate the working of Hartley Oscillator.

 To design and set up a Hartley oscillator using BJT and to observe the sinusoidal output
waveform.
Equipment’s and materials required:

 Transistor.
 Capacitors & Inductors
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires
Discussion:

The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in which the oscillation frequency is
determined by a tuned circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, that is, an LC oscillator. The
Hartley oscillator is distinguished by a tank circuit consisting of two series-connected coils (or,
often, a tapped coil) in parallel with a capacitor, with an amplifier between the relatively high
impedance across the entire LC tank and the relatively low voltage/high current point between the
coils. The Hartley oscillator is the dual of the Colpitts oscillator which uses a voltage divider made
of two capacitors rather than two inductors. Although there is no requirement for there to be mutual
coupling between the two coil segments, the circuit is usually implemented using a tapped coil,
with the feedback taken from the tap, as shown here. The optimal tapping point (or ratio of coil
inductances) depends on the amplifying device used, which may be a bipolar junction transistor.
Typically, Hartley oscillator shown in Fig 10.1:

Figure 10.1: Hartley Oscillator

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 10.2: Circuit diagram of Hartley Oscillator

Procedure:

 Configure the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Connect +5V DC Power Supply at their indicated position from external source
 Connect the capacitors of C1=1uf.
 Connect the Inductors of L1= L2=1mh.
 Record the value of output frequency on oscilloscope.
 Calculate the frequency by given equation.

Table 0.1: Shows relation between calculated and measured values of frequency

Calculated Value Measured Value

3.55khz 3.338khz

33
Result Analysis:

Review Questions:

1. What are the applications of Hartley Oscillator?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What type of feedback must be given to Hartley oscillators?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

34
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.11
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
Objectives:

 To demonstrate the working of Colpitts Oscillator.

 To design and set up a Colpitts oscillator using BJT and to observe the sinusoidal output
waveform
Equipment’s and materials required:

 Transistor.
 Multimeter.
 Capacitors & Inductors
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires
Discussion:

The Colpitts Oscillator design uses two Centre-tapped capacitors in series with a parallel inductor
to form its resonance tank circuit producing sinusoidal oscillations The basic configuration of the
Colpitts Oscillator resembles that of the Hartley Oscillator but the difference this time is that the
center tapping of the tank sub-circuit is now made at the junction of a “capacitive voltage divider”
network instead of a tapped autotransformer type inductor as in the Hartley oscillator. The Colpitts
oscillator uses a capacitive voltage divider network as its feedback source. The two capacitors, C1
and C2 are placed across a single common inductor, L as shown. Then C1, C2 and L form the
tuned tank circuit with the condition for oscillations being: XC1 + XC2 = XL, the same as for the
Hartley oscillator circuit. The advantage of this type of capacitive circuit configuration is that with
less self and mutual inductance within the tank circuit, frequency stability of the oscillator is
improved along with a simpler design. The Colpitts Oscillator is shown in 11.1.

Figure 11.1: Colpitts Oscillator

35
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 11.2: Schematic of Colpitts Oscillator

Procedure:

 Configure the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Connect +5V DC Power Supply at their indicated position from external source
 Connect the capacitors of C1=C2= 10nf, C3=150nf, C4= 20nf.
 Connect the capacitors of L1=10mh, L3=1mh.
 Record the value of output frequency on oscilloscope.

Experimental Graph:

Figure 11.3: Output of Colpitts Oscillator

36
Result Analysis:

Review Questions:

1. What are the applications of Colpitts Oscillator?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the advantage of using Colpitts oscillator over other types of oscillators?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

37
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.12
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 555 TIMER OPERATING AS OSCILLATOR
Objectives:

 To demonstrate the working of 555 timer IC.

Equipment’s and materials required:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc i.e. DL 3155AL2.

 Time electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires

Discussion:

The 555 timer consists basically of two comparators, a flip-flop, a discharge transistor, and a
resistive voltage divider, as shown in (Fig.12.1). The flip-flop (bi-stable multi vibrator) is a digital
device. Briefly it is a two-state device whose output can be at either a high voltage level (set, S) or
a low voltage level (reset, R).The state of the output can be changed with proper input signals.

Figure 12.1: Basic 555 internal construction

The resistive voltage divider is used to set the voltage comparator levels. All three resistors are of
equal value: therefore, the upper comparator has a reference of 2/3 VCC, and the lower comparator
has a reference of 1/3 VCC. The comparators` outputs control the state of the flip-flop. When the
triggering voltage goes below 1/3 VCC, the flip-flop sets, and the output jumps to its high level.
The threshold input is normally connected to an external RC timing circuit. When the external
capacitor voltage exceeds 2/3 VCC, the upper comparator resets the flip- flop, which in turn
switches the output back to its low level. When the device output is low, the discharge transistor

38
(Qd,) is turned on and provides a path for rapid discharge of the external timing capacitor. This
basic operation allows the timer to be configured with external components as an oscillator, a one-
shot, or a time-delay element. The operation of the timer 555 as a stable multi vibrator is obtained
by imposing that Us = Ut= Uc (Fig.12.3.); therefore, both the threshold and the trigger voltage
depend on the voltage at the ends of the capacity C external to the 555.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 12.2: Circuit Diagram of 555 Timer IC

Procedure:

 Configure the circuit as per circuit diagram.

 Use R1=1KΩ, R2=2.7KΩ and C1= 0.01uf.
 Connect the power supply Vcc =10v and grounded.
 Connect the oscilloscope at output pins to see the results.

Result:

Figure 12.3: Output Waveform of 555 Timer

39
Result Analysis:

Review Questions:

1. What is 555 time IC?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What function can be achieved by 555 timer IC?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

40
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.13
CHARACTERISTICS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLERS
Objectives:

 To show the types and principle of temperature controllers

Equipment’s and materials required:

 Power supply unit kl-51001

 Isolation transformer kl-58002
 Module kl-53008
 Multimeter
Description of Experiment Circuit:

VR2 and thermistors TM1 and TM2 form a resistive bridge. The VR2 is used to control the bridge
operating in balance. The VR1 is used to control the voltage applied to the bridge. Resistor R1 is
to limit the current flowing in bridge when VR1 at turn low value of resistance. When the output
voltage of the resistive bridge is set to zero, diode D1 and SCR are off so that LED1 lights. If the
resistance of TM1 decreases as the temperature increases, the output voltage of the bridge increase
and reaches 0.6 V to force D1 to conduct. Hence the SCR turns on and energizes the relay on
LED2 lights to indicate temperature over the setting range. To turn off the SCR push SW once.
Similarly, the resistance of TM2 decreases as the temperature increases. The increase of the bridge
output voltage triggers the SCR to conduct. Then LED2 lights to indicate the temperature too high.
Since the output voltage of the bridge is an AC voltage, therefore diode D1 should be used to
protect SCR against a negative pulse applied to the gate.

Circuit Diagram of Experimental Circuit:

The experimental circuit of temperature control device using bridge temperature method is
shown in fig 13.1

Figure 13.1: Circuit Diagram of temperature control device

41
Procedure:

 Select Thermistor Type: Choose the appropriate NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) or
PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) thermistor based on the application's requirements.
 Temperature Sensing Circuit: Create a circuit with the thermistor, a pull-up resistor, and a
voltage source.
 Calibration: Measure the thermistor's resistance at specific temperatures to create a calibration
curve.
 Continuous Monitoring: Continuously measure the thermistor's resistance using an ADC or
temperature measurement circuit.
 Control System: Implement a control system (e.g., microcontroller) to interpret resistance
readings and adjust temperature-controlling devices.
 Set Temperature Set point: Set the target temperature as a reference point for control.
 Feedback Loop: Create a feedback loop to compare measured temperature with the set point
and generate an error signal.
 Control Actuation: Control heating or cooling elements based on the error signal to maintain
the desired temperature.
 PID Control: Consider using a PID control algorithm for precise temperature regulation.
 Continuous Monitoring and Adjustment: Continuously monitor the thermistor's resistance and
make adjustments to maintain the desired temperature within an acceptable rang.

Result Analysis:

Review Questions:

1. How thermistor works?

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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

42
2. Write some applications of thermistors.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

43
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.14
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Objectives:

 To demonstrate and understand the active low pass filter.

 To understand the working of active low pass filter.
Equipment’s and materials required:

 Multisim simulator
 Operational amplifier
 Capacitor
 Resistors
 Oscilloscope
Discussion:

An active low-pass filter is an electronic circuit that allows low-frequency signals to pass through
while attenuating high-frequency signals.
An active low-pass filter, using resistors and capacitors in an op-amp feedback loop, lets low
frequency signals pass while attenuating high frequencies. The filter's configuration sets the cut-
off frequency, beyond which high frequencies are reduced. At low frequencies, most of the signal
is fed back, minimizing attenuation. As input frequency surpasses the cut-off, high frequencies are
shunted to ground. The filtered output contains mainly low-frequency components.
The frequency response of the circuit will be the same as that for the passive RC filter, except that
the amplitude of the output is increased by the pass band gain, AF of the amplifier. For a non-
inverting amplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain for the filter is given as a function of
the feedback resistor (R2) divided by its corresponding input resistor (R1) value and is given as:
DC gain = (1+ R2/R1)
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 14.1: Active Low Pass

44
Frequency Response Curve:

The frequency curve of active low pass filter shown in Fig 14.2.

Figure 14.2: Frequency Curve

Changing the external impedance at the filter input alters the corner frequency. To avoid this, place
the capacitor in parallel with feedback resistor R2, as shown in Fig 14.1 isolating it from the input
while preserving the filter's characteristics.
However, the value of the capacitor will change slightly from being 100nF to 110nF to take
account of the 9k1Ω resistor, but the formula used to calculate the cut-off corner frequency is given
by: Fc = 1/2𝝅R2c
Procedure:

 Take an OP-amp as an active component

 Make passive low pass filter with resistor and capacitor
 Connect the low pass filter with the active component (op-amp) on its non-inverting side
 Give input voltage of 12 v peak-to-peak
 Give feedback with feedback resistor to inverting part of Op-amp and make it ground v=0 at
inverting side
 Connect channel B of oscilloscope with input and channel A with output to see the results and
to analyze input and out waveforms

45
Simulation Circuit:

Figure 14.3: Circuit of active low pass filter

Result:

Figure 14.4: Output of active low pass filter

Result Analysis:

46
Review Questions:

1. What is the purpose of a low-pass filter in electronic circuits?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the main advantage of using an active low-pass filter over a passive one?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. What types of applications are low-pass active filters commonly used in?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

47