ESSAY QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. Write About Bhore’s Theory (Or) Write The Bhore’s Postulates And Limitations

Bohr’s Atomic Theory: this theory was proposed by Neils Bhore and this theory was
explained on the basis of Rutherford’s and Plank’s Quantum theory.

Postulates:

1. The protons and neutrons are located in a small nucleus at the center of the atom.
Due to the presence of protons, the nucleus is positively charged.
2. The electrons revolve rapidly around the nucleus in fixed circular paths called
energy levels or shells or orbits. The 'energy levels' or 'shells' or 'orbits' are
represented in two ways: either by the numbers n= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 or by letters
K, L, M, N, O and P. The energy levels are counted from center to outwards.
3. Each energy level is associated with a fixed amount of energy i.e called stationary
energy levels or cell. The shell nearest to the nucleus has minimum energy and the
shell farthest from the nucleus has maximum energy.
4. As the orbit number increases, the size and energy of the orbits increases. The
difference in energy between adjacent orbits decreases.
E2 – E1 > E3 – E2 > E4 – E3 > E5 – E4.
5. When electron jumps from higher energy level to lower energy level the energy is
emitted, if electron jumps from lower energy level to higher energy level the energy
is absorbed.
The energy differences between two successive energy level is h√
E2 ~ E1 = h√

6. The angular momentum of an electron is quantized .the angular momentum is an

integral multiple ofn with h/2𝜋
mvr = nh/2𝝅
m = mass of electron, v = velocity of electron, r = radius of orbit, n = 1, 2, 3 ….. ,
h = planks constant (6.625 x 10 -34 j)

Limitations:

1. Bohrs model explain the spectrum of hydrogen atom and same ions (
He+,Li++,Be+++…….) containing electron, but it could not explain the ions containing
more than one electron.
2. It could not explain fine structure of the spectrum.
3. It could not explain Zeeman and Stark effects.
4. It could not explain quantization of angular momentum.
5. It could not explain formation of chemical bonds by atoms.
2. Write About Quantum Numbers Or Write The Significances Of Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers:

The numbers are used for completely characterizing the electron in an atom are called
quantum numbers.

Four quantum numbers are required for completely characterizing the electron in an atom those
are

1. Principal quantum number (n)

2. Azimuthal quantum number (l)
3. Magnetic quantum number (m)
4. Spin quantum number (s)

1. Principal quantum number (n):

a) Principal quantum number was introduced by Neils Bohr and is denoted by n

b) Principal quantum number tells size and energy of the orbit. Where n values are
increased, then size of the orbit and energy of the electron in an orbit also increased.
c) Where n= 1, 2, 3, 4… name of the orbits are K , L , M , N……….
d) The maximum no of orbitals in an orbit are n2
e) the maximum no of electrons in an orbit are 2n2

2. Azimuthal quantum number (l):

a) It was proposed by Somerfield.

b) It is denoted by small (l).
c) It gives no. of subshells or no. of sub orbits in a shell. Which are equal to principal
quantum number value.
d) That is if n = 1 then l = 0 (s - sub orbit),n = 2 then l = 1 ( s, p – sub orbits),n = 3 then l
= 2 (s ,p ,d – sub orbits)
e) n values for l is starts from 0,1,2,3,4……n-1 i.e (l = n-1)

3. Magnetic quantum number (m):

a) it was proposed by Landay

b) it is denoted by (m)
c) it indicates orientation of the orbitals
d) it indicates the number of orbital in sub shell or sub orbit
e) Orbitals present in same orbit or shell have same m value and have same energy .these
are called degenerate orbitals.
f) m values are depends on orientation in space. For given l values m can have values
from -l,0,+l (m = (2l+1)
g) the no of orbitals present in sub shell or sub orbit is 2l+1
h) the no of electrons present in sub shell or sub orbit is 2(2l+1)
4. Spin quantum number (s):

a) this quantum number was proposed by Ulenbeck and Goudsmit .

b) it is denoted by s
c) it indicates the spin of electrons
d) the spin of electrons may be clock wise direction ↑ (upward) and anti-clock wise
direction ↓ (downward)
e) the maximum no of electrons in orbital is 2 i.e. one is upward another is downward.

3. Explained Aubaus ,Hunds And Paulis Principles

1. Aufbaus principal: electrons enter into lower energetic orbitals before enter into
higher energetic orbital.
(or)
Electrons are filled progressively in the increasing order of their energies.

This principal has two conditions:

1) electron enter minimum n+l value orbital(having minimum energy)

2) if n+l value same for two orbitals, then electron enter minimum n value(having
minimum energy)

In this n = principal quantum number, l = azimuthal quantum number

Ex: for condition 1 we have to compare two orbital 4s and 3d

Write n+l values for 4s 3d (nl – model)

LHS n = 4 l = 0 will get (s- orbital) 4+0 3+2 RHS n = 3 l = 2 will get (d-
orbital)

4 5

Energy comparison 4s < 3d electron enter lowest energy orbital hence it enter into 4s

Ex: for condition 2 we have to compare two orbital 4s and 3p

Write n+l values for 4s 3p (nl – model)

LHS n = 4, l = 0 will get (s- orbital) 4+0 3+1 RHS n = 3, l = 1 will get (p-
orbital)

4 4

n+l value is same for two orbitals .from condition 2 electron enter in minimum n value hence
minimum n value is 3p ,so that electron enter into 3p orbital ( n=4 (4s) , n=3 (3p) )

The relative energies of orbital are 1s2<2s2<2p6<3s2<3p6<4s2<3d10….

 2. Hunds principal: whenever degenerate orbitals are available for electrons, each orbital
filled by single electron (i.e no degenerate orbital having empty after nitrogen atom)
after that pairing takes place.

(all orbital having same energy is called degenerate orbital) 3p orbital splits 3px 3py 3pz
all three orbital have same energy due to same n value i.e n = 3 these are called
degenerate orbital.
I. According to this rule half-filled and completely filled degenerate orbitals of atom
stable.

Ex: N (At.no = 7) electron configuration is ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22p3

All 2p degenerate orbitals are filled by single electron
2 2 4
O (At.no = 8) electron configuration is ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s 2s 2p
From above two we can observed N have half-filled and O have
more than half filled but not full filled hence nitrogen is stable than oxygen.

Electron configuration of Cr (at.no 24) 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 (half-filled d-orbital

stable)
Cu (at.no 29) 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 (completely filled d-
orbital stable)

3. Pauli’s principal: two electrons in an atom can’t have same value for four quantum
number. i.e. the two electrons in an atom differ in at least one quantum number.

*According to this principal the maximum no of electrons in an orbital is 2

Ex: carbon electron configuration 1s22s22p2

Write four quantum number values for 2p2 ↑ ↑ (nlx) electrons

l = 1 i.e. m values are (2px 1 2py 1 2pz 0 ) -1, 0, +1

Quantum numbers are n l m s

↑ 2 1 -1 +1/2

↑ 2 1 0 +1/2
In four quantum numbers magnetic quantum number values are different
4. Explained Arrhenius Acid and Bases Theory and Limitations

**Arrhenius theory: it tells the substance acid or base when it is dissolved (dissociated) in
aqueous solution (water) which gives ions.

 Acids: substances which are dissociated in aqueous solution to give ions (H+) are called
acids.
HCl ----------> H+ + Cl-
H2SO4, CH3COOH, HBr, HClO4

 Bases: substances which dissociated in aqueous solution to give hydroxyl ions (OH -)
are called bases.
NaOH ----------> Na+ + OH-
KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2,

 Neutralization: the reaction between acid and base to form salt and water is called
neutralization .during neutralization H+ and OH- combines to form water
HCl + NaOH ----------> NaCl + H2O

*Limitations:

 This theory explains the nature of compounds in aqueous solutions only.

Ex: HCl is acid in water but not in benzene.
 It could not explain the nature of acid which does not give H + ions in aqueous solution.
Ex:CO2 ,SO2, SO3, they don’t have H+ Ions
 It could not explain the nature of base which does not give OH - ions in aqueous
solution.
Ex:CaO , MgO , NH3 they don’t have OH- Ions
 It could not explain the neutralization reaction between acidic oxides and basic oxides.
Ex: CaO + CO2 ----------> CaCO3
 It could not explain the how H+ ion formed H3O+

5. Explained brown stead Acid and Bases Theory and Limitations

Bronsted – Lowry Theory (Proton Theory): this theory explained based on proton H+ and
also overcome the defects of the Arrhenius theory.

Acid: a substance which can donate proton to other substance is called acid or proton donor is
called acid.

Ex:HCl,H2SO4,*H2O,HNO3,CH3COOH,H3PO4
Base: a substance which can accept a proton from other substance is called base or proton
acceptor is called base.

Ex:NH3, *H2O, HCO3- , Cl-,SO42-

* H2O (ampho tric nature i.e it behaves either acid or base relative to other compound)

Neutralization: transfer of proton from acid to base is called neutralization.

All neutralization reaction are reversible and involve two acid – base pair.

HCl + H2O ------------> H3O+ + Cl-

Acid Base hydronium ion

Merits:

 it is more generalized than Arrhenius theory

 this theory explains acidic and basic nature of compounds in aqueous and non-aqueous
solution
Limitations:

1. it explains the compound in protonic solvents only whether it is acid or base

2. it could not explain the acids without having proton(H+)
ex: SO2, CO2,
3. it could not explain the neutralization reaction b/w without having protonic oxides
ex: CaO + CO2 -----------> CaCO3
4. it could not explain the acidic nature of electron deficient molecule
ex: AlCl3, BF3

6. Explained Lewis Acid –Base Theory And Limitations

Lewis acid-base theory:

This theory was explained based on valency theory (based on lone pair electron)

Acid: a substance that can accept an electron pair to from co-ordinate covalent bond is called
Lewis acid.

or

Electron pair acceptor is called Lewis acid.

Ex: H+, BF3, AlCI3, ZnCl2, FeCl3 etc.

Base: a substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form co-ordinate covalent bond with
acid is called base

Or
Donation of a pair of electron is called Lewis base

Ex: NH3,H2O,CN-,OH-

Neutralization: formation co-ordinate covalent bond between acid and base is called
neutralization.

Ex: -1. Formation of ammonia -boron trifluoride

H3N: + BF3 -------------> H3N BF3

2. Formation of ammonium ion

H3N: + H+--------------> NH4+

3. Formation hydronium ion

H2O: + H+ -----------------> H3O+

*all cations are electro deficient

*all anion are electron rich.

7. What is electrolysis? Explain electrolysis of fused sodium chloride with neat

diagram. Electrolysis: The process of decomposition of electrolyte by passing electricity
throughmolten state or fused state or in aqueous solution is called electrolysis

Electrolysis of molten (or) fused (or) Aq NaCl:

 When electricity is passed through molten NaCl ,the molten sodium chloride is
decomposed into ions Na+ and Cl-
 The ions move towards oppositely charged electrodes.
 At cathode sodium ion Na+ gains electrons to form Na at cathode that is called
reduction.
 At anode chloride Cl- ion lose of electrons to form chloride Cl2 at anode. That is
called oxidation.
 The following reactions are take place during the electrolysis:

Decomposition of NaCl :

NaCl ---------> Na+ + Cl-

Reaction at cathode: at cathode reduction takes place or electro nation

2Na+ + 2e- ---------> 2Na

Reaction at anode: at anode oxidation takes place or de-electro nation

Cl- ---------> Cl2 + 2e-

Net reaction:
2Na+ +2 Cl- ---------> 2Na + Cl2

8. State and explain faraday’s laws of electrolysis.

Faradays first law: During the electrolysis the weight (W)of the substance deposited at
electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity(Q) passed through
electrolyte.

According first law we have to write

WαQ
W = eQ
W = eit (Q = it) ---------> 1
Here
W = weight of the substance
Q = quantity of electricity
e = electrochemical equivalent
From 1 we have to write like e = w/q (or) e = w/it
Units for ’’ e” gram/coulomb or gram.ampear -1 sec-1

Faradays second law: whenever the same quantity of electricity is passed through
different electrolytes connected in series ,the weight (w) of substances formed at
electrodes are directly proportional to their equivalent weight or chemical equivalent (E).
 We considered ZnSO4 as first compound we have to like

W1 = weight of Zn

E1 = equivalent weight of Zn

W1 α E1 -------------> 1

We considered CuSO4 as second compound we have to like

W2 = weight of Cu

E2 = eauivalent weight of Cu

W1 α E1 -------------> 2

From 1 and 2 we have to write

𝑾𝟏 𝑬𝟏
𝑾𝟐
= 𝑬𝟐

9. Define galvanic cell or denial cell .explain the construction of galvanic cell with
an example.
Galvanic cell or denial cell: a device which converts chemical energy into
electricalenergy by spontaneous oxidation and reduction reaction is called galvanic
cell.
Or
A cell convert’s chemical energy into electrical energy by redox reaction is called
galvanic cell.
Denial cell or galvanic cell : Zn/Zn2+ // Cu2+/Cu

Procedure:
  Zn anode rod is dipped into the ZnSO4 solution it act as anodic half-cell ,at anode
oxidation take place
 Cu cathode rod is dipped into the CuSO4 solution, it act as cathodic half-cell, at
cathode reduction take place
 Two half cells are connected by salt bridge. it contains KCl and KNO 3 OR KCl
and NH4NO3
 Salt bridge: inverted U-shape tube connected with two half-cell is called salt
bridge
o To prevent mixing of two solutions
o To prevent accumulation of charges
o To made electrical contact between electrolytes.
Working: the following reaction is takes place

,At anode oxidation takes place

Zn ---------> Zn2+ + 2e-

At cathode reduction takes place

Cu2+ + 2e- ---------> Cu

Net reaction takes place: Zn + Cu2+ ---------> Zn2+ + Cu

(Or)

Zn/Zn2+ // Cu2+/Cu (denial cell or galvanic cell )

10. 4. The differences between electrolytic cell and electrochemical cell (galvanic
cell)

Electrolytic cell Electro chemical cell (galvanic cell)

1.it converts electrical energy into 1.it converts chemical energy into
chemical energy electrical energy
2.it requires electrical source like battery 2.it acts as source of electricity

3.salt bridge is not required 3.salt bridge is required

4.one electrolyte is used 4.two electrolytes are used

5.two electrodes are dipped into the same 5..two electrodes are dipped into the
electrolyte solution different electrolyte solution

6.anode is represented by positive (+ve) 6.anode is represented by negative(-ve)

and cathode is represented by negative and cathode is represented by positive
(-ve) (+ve)

7.electric current flow from anode to 7.electric current flow from cathode to
cathode anode
 11.Electro chemical series and its significances
A series of metals are arranged in the increasing order of their reduction
potentials (or) decreasing order of their oxidation potentials are called electro
chemical series.

Significances or applications:
1. The reactivity of metal is increased from top to bottom
2. The metal placed above the hydrogen in the series under goes corrosion easily
3. The reducing ability of metals are decreased from top to bottom
4. The oxidizing ability of metals are increased from top to bottom

5. The metals placed above in the series displaced lower metal from their salts
Zn + CuSO4 --------> ZnSO4 + Cu

6. The metal placed above the hydrogen in the series liberates hydrogen gas
from acids

Zn + 2HCl -------> ZnCl2 + H2 ↑

12. Define corrosion. Write the factors influence the rate of corrosion
Corrosion: slow and gradually disintegration of metals by the action of environment is called
corrosion.

Ex: rusting of iron, tarnishing of silver, formation of green layer on the surface of copper,

Factors influence the rate of corrosion:

1. Position of the metal in the electro chemical series

Upper metals are easily corroded
2. Purity of metal
Pure metals are less corroded
3. Impure metals
Impure metals are highly corroded
4. Impurities in the environment increases the rate of corrosion
5. Humidity of air is increased the rate of corrosion
6. PH < 7 increases the rate of corrosion
7. Temperature increases the rate of corrosion
8. Oxygen concentration
Less oxygen concentration increases the rate of corrosion
9. Reactivity of various parts of metal
Anodic part is easily corroded
13. Define rust. Write the rust equation or mechanism and factors influence

the rate of rust

Rusting of iron:

When a piece of iron is placed in environment for a long time it gets coated with reddish
brown substance is called rust .the phenomenon is called rusting.

Hydrated ferric oxide is called rust -Fe2O3.XH2O

Factors influence the rate of rusting or condition for rusting:

1. Impurities in the environment increases the rate of rusting

2. Humidity of air increased the rate of rusting
3. PH < 7 increases the rate of rusting
4. Temperature increases the rate of rusting
5. Less Oxygen concentration is also increases the rate of rusting

Mechanism of rusting of iron:

Rusting is a electrochemical process, when iron is exposed to atmosphere it gets coated

with rust and undergoes rusting.

The following steps required for rusting:

At anode: at anode oxidation takes places

2Fe ---------> 2Fe3+ + 6e-

At cathode: reduction takes place

3
3 H2O + 2 O2+6e- --------->2Fe (OH)3

Net reaction:

2Fe (OH)3 ---------> Fe2O3.XH2O + (3-X) H2O

14. Explained the different types of corrosion cells

Formation of different types of cells:

There are three types cells :

1. Composition cell (or) galvanic cell

2. Stress cell
3. Concentration cell

Composition cells (or) galvanic cells:

 The cells formed between two different metals when there contact with each other in
corrosion medium are called composition cells

1. Ex: when Zn and Cu are electrical connected in electrolytes, Zn behaves as anode and
undergoes corrosion due to Zn is upper in the electrochemical series.
2. Ex: steel pipe connected to copper ,steel pipe behave as anode and undergoes corrosion

Stress cells:

Cells formed between stressed and unstressed areas of same metal due to difference in
energy levels are called stress cells.

1. Ex: in nail the more stressed area are end part and head part those are acted as anode and
undergoes corrosion the middle part act as cathode

2. Ex: In a bend pipes the bend portion is stressed area act as anode and undergoes corrosion

Concentration cells:

Cells formed due to difference in the concentration of electrolyte (as oxygen) around the
surface of the metal is called concentration cell.

1. Ex: When Zn mental is immersed in sodium chloride solution the immersed part is
undergoes corrosion due to less oxygen concentration

2. Ex: Iron undergoes corrosion below the water drop due to less oxygen concentration
15. Explained the cathode protection of corrosion or a) sacrificial anode

method b) impressed voltage method

Cathode coatings:

a) Sacrificial anode method

b) Impressed voltage method

a) Sacrificial anode method: the metal (base metal) to be protected from corrosion, is connected
to more active metal in electro chemical series .the more active metal is act as anode and base
metal is act as cathode .the anode metal undergoes corrosion in order to protect base metal and it
is called sacrificial anode method

1. Ex: the buried iron pipes are protected from corrosion by connecting with more active
metals like Zn,Mg,Al.the more active metals act as anode and undergoes corrosion that is
called scarification.

2. Ex: the process of coating of Zn over iron is called galvanization .the Zn prevents Fe
corrosion by act as scarification.

b) Impressed voltage method: in this method current opposite to corrosion current is applied
from a source like battery using graphite anode this current is called impressed voltage .if voltage
is converted to anode metal to cathode and protects the base metal from corrosion .this is called
impressed voltage method.

This method is useful for large structure for a long time operation .it is applicable for open water
wells, coolers, water tanks, conditioners
16.What is the difference between additional polymer and condensational polymers?

Additional Polymers Condensational Polymers

1. Two or more monomers combine together 1. Two or more monomers combine together to
toform a large molecular weight molecule form a large molecular weight molecule with
without elimination of simple molecule is elimination of simple molecules like
called additional polymer. (H2O,HCl,) is called condensational polymer.
2. Unsaturated compounds are participated 2. Functional group compounds are participated
inthis polymer inthis polymer
3. It is called chain growth polymers 3. It is called step growth polymer
4. It was shape linear 4. It is in cross linked shape
5. It is called low density polymer 5. It is also called high density polymers
6. The number of monomer equal to 6. The large molecular weight molecule
large molecular units ,monomeric units are less than participated
Preparation Of Additional Polymers: monomeric units
Preparation Of Condensational
Polythene :it is prepared from ethylene Polymers:
byadditional polymerization Nylone-66: it is prepared from adapic acid
and hexamethelene diamine
n(CH2 = CH2 ) --------- >(-CH2 - CH2-)n bycondensational polymerization :
ethylene polythene
HOOC – (CH2)4- COOH + HHN – (CH2)6 – NHH--
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC): It is prepared ->
from vinylchloride by additional Adapic acid hexamethelene diamine
polymerization.
-OC – (CH2)4- CONH – (CH2)6 – NH-
n(CH2 = CH ) --------> (-CH2 - CH -)n Nylone -66
Cl Cl Bekalite:it is prepared from phenol and formaldehyde
inpresence of acid or base by condensational
vinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride polymerization:
Teflon (PTFE): it is prepared from
tetraflouro ethylene (TFE) by additional
polymerization.

n(CF2 = CF2 ) --------> (-CF2 - CF2 -)n

tetraflouro ethylene polyvinyle chloride

Poly Styrene: it is prepared from

styrene byadditional polymerization.
Urea Formaldehyde Resin : in presence of base at 50 C Urea
n(CH2 = CH ) --------> (-CH –CH-)n reacted with formaldehyde to form urea formaldehyde resin

C6H6 C6H6 HNH-CO-HNH + HCHO + HNH-CO-HNH --------->

Styrene polystyrene Urea (Formaldehyde) Urea

-NH-CO-NH-(CONH)-CO-NH- Urea
formaldehyde resin
17.What are the difference between thermo plastics (thermo softening
plastics)and thermo setting plastics (thermo hardening plastics?)

Thermo plasticsOr Thermo setting plasticsOr

Thermo softening plastics Thermo setting plastics

1. Plastics which are softened on heating 1. Plastics which are hardened on heating
and hardened on coolingare called and cannot be softened iscalled
thermoplastics. thermosetting plastics

2. Plasticity is reversible 2. Plasticity is irreversible

3. These are formed by addition 3. These are formed by

polymerization condensational polymerization

4. These are linear in shape 4. These are crossed link in shape

5. Polymers have low molecular 5. Polymers have high molecular

weight weight

6. These are soluble in organic 6. These are insoluble in organic

solvents solvents

7. Adjacent chains are held by weak 7. Adjacent chains are held by

vanderwaal forces strong chemical forces

8. These are recycled from waste 8. These are not recycled fromwaste
(recycling possible )

9. Examples are Polythene,

pvc, Teflon, 9. Examples are
polystyrene etc... Nylon-66, bakalite, polyuretheneetc...
18. What is vulcanization rubber? Write its preparation and write its
applications Vulcanization:

the process of heating of raw rubber with sulphur at 373k-415k to increase

thestrength of rubber is called vulcanization.

The rate of vulcanization depends on

1. Amount of sulphur
2. Temperature
3. Duration of vulcanization

The strength of rubber depends on percentage of adding sulphur 0.15 -35%

percentages increasesthe strength of rubber whereas increased in sulphur
percentage
In Natural rubber double bonds connected with sulphur between adjacent polymeric chains

CH3 CH3

CH2-CH=C-CH2 -CH2-CH-C-CH2-

S S 373K-415K S S

CH2-CH=C-CH2 - CH2-CH-C-CH2-

CH3 CH3

Applications:
1. It is water repellent
2. It is less reactive with chemicals
3. It is highly strengthened
4. High tensile strength

Uses:
1. It is used in conveyor belts
2. It is used in tires
3. It is used in kids toys
4. It is used in shock absorbs
19 .Define air pollution .write causes and effects and control methods of air
pollution
Air pollution:the excessive concentration of unwanted substances present in Air and
adversely effects human beings, plants animals and other materials is called Air pollution.

Causes of air pollution:

Natural causes

(a) Forest fires release large amounts of smoke, CO, CO2, SO2 etc...
(b) Vulcanic eruptions release gases like H2S, SO2, CO
Man made causes or artificial causes

(a) Population growth

(b) Burning of fossil fuels
(c) Transportation services
(d) Industrialization
(e) Deforestation
(f) Agricultural practices
Control methods of air pollution:

(a) Reforestation
(b) Zoning industries
(c) Use of alternative fuel
(d) Reduction of contaminants from the source
(e) Control over use of pesticides and insecticides
(f) Mass awareness

20. General effects of Air pollution

Acid rain:the presence of small amount of acid in rain water is called acid rain.

Causes for acid rain: acid rain formed due to presence of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
released by
 combustion of fossil fuels,
 emissions from industries,
 power stations,
 automobile exhaust.
*H2SO4and HNO3come down with rain water as acid rain i.e. pH< 5.6

Effects of acid rain:

Effect on animals:
  acid rain decreases nutrients in water and decreases pHvalues. Hence most of the aquatic
animal can not survive
Effect on plants:

 acid rain damages the bark, levees of the trees and root hairs of many plants
 acid rain decreases leaf pigments like chlorophyll and decrease rate of photosynthesis.
Effects on materials:

 acid rain decreases soil fertility

 metallic surface easily corrodes due to acid rain
 it damages buildings
 Taj Mahal becomes yellow due to acid rain. this is called stone leprosy

Green hose effect or global warming: The process of heating of earth atmosphere due to presence of
some gases like CO2, CH4, O3 NO2, CFC in atmosphere is called greenhouse effect or global warming

Causes for global warming:

 Deforestation which increases CO2 in atmosphere.

 Burning of fossil fuels
 Use of CFC
 Methane (CH4)

Consequences or effects of greenhouse effect:

 Melting of ice caps in polar region and rise in sea level. this leads to submerging of low-
lying area like Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia.
 It causes climatic changes.
 It reduces surface water and effects agriculture.
 It causes sudden cyclones, transmission of diseases.

Prevention of global warming:

 Reforestation
 Over burning of fossil fuels
 Limited use of chlorofluoro carbons (CFC, s)

Ozone layer depletion: the decrease in concentration of Ozone present in stratosphere due to some
chemicals is called depletion of Ozone layer.

Causes for ozone depletion:

 Use chlorofluoro carbons (CFC)

 Nitricoxide released from jet planes
 Chlorine gas
 Methane gas
 Burning of coal

Effects: UV-rays are coming to the earth due to depletion of ozone layer and causes
  Skin diseases like skin cancer
 Cataract (eye diseases)
 It decreases photosynthesis in plants
 It increases the atmospheric temperature.

Prevention: Ozone depletion is prevented by reduction of use of chlorofluoro carbons

21 .Define water pollution .write causes and effects and control methods of
water pollution

Water pollution:

The presence of unwanted substance in water bodies which affects physical, chemical
and biological properties of water and thereby decreasing use of water in domestic purpose and
in industries id called water pollution.

Causes of water pollution:

 Faulty drainage system

 Agricultural practices
 Biological pollution
 Unhygienic practices
 Oil pollution
 Industrial effluents discharged into water

Effects of water pollution:

 Water born diseases like cholera, diarrhoea and jaundice etc.

 Effects of metals in water like mercury in water minimata disease etc.
 Effects on aquatic life (animals and plants)
 Polluted water increases corrosion
 Effects on agriculture(polluted water decreases the soil fertility)

Control methods of water pollution:

 Good drainage system

 Treatment of industrial effluents
 Control over unhygienic practices
 Volume reduction
 Stabilisation of eco-system
 Use of modern techniques