Karen Morrison and Nick Hamshaw Cambridge IGCSE® Mathematics Core and Extended Coursebook Second editionee eee heard You should already be familiar with most of the concepts in this chapter: This chapter will help you to revise the concepts and check that you remember them, Different types of numbers Make sure you knov the correct mathematical words forthe types of numbers in the table. Natural number | Any whole number from 1 to infinity, sometimes | 12,3, 4,5 called ‘counting numbers'0is ntincluded. Odd number | A whole numberthatcannotbe divided exactly | 13.5.7, by2. Even number | Awhole number that can be divided exactly by2. | 2.4.6, 8, Integer Any of the negative and positive whole numbers, | ...=3,=2,=1, 0,12, including zero 5 Prime number | Awhole number greaterthan Lwhich has only | 2.3.5, 7, I, ou two factors: the number itself and 1. You wil learn about the difference numbers in chapter 9. multiplied by itsel SSeS the form of gor asa decimal using the decimal | 95, 0.2, 0.08, 1.7 ae ee Exercise 1.1 1 Hereisa set ofnumbers: (4,1, 0,,0175,3, 4 6 11, 16, 19, 25) > Listthe numbers from this set that are: Showentmayases 3 ceminmier bowie oe ‘tems that are often placed inside eal 7 “ = 44 the nest four odd numbers ater 107 1b four consecutive even numbers between 2008 and 2030, ¢ allodd numbers between 993 and 1007 the is five square numbers fe four decimal fractions that are smaller than 0.5 four vulgar fractions thatare greater than butsmaller than 3 3 Satewhether the flowing willbe odd a even: 4 he sum of tw odd numbers Be um of two even numbers cae an cae inte ‘€ the sum ofan odd and an even number Siyrctemisoutsmenrg the squareof anodd number i vey spc ath lve, fe he square of aneven number { anoad number mulled by an even number. femamber fata ‘sun isthe Unit 1: Numberirlrmation acetal Fa ty cae vat you ae being asked todo {ie tk and hon best fo present your arenes. Exercise >i peste thin or equ to 2 therfore the sane rat of ‘Remember thatthe ference" 12 beeen to numbers the recut fa subeacton. The order he ‘Sibvacion matiers 12 1 Reviewing number concepts Applying your skills 4 “There are many other typesof numbers. Find out what these numbersare and give an ‘example ofeach. fa Perfect numbers. 1b Palindromic numbers. «Narcissistic numbers (In other words, numbers that love themselves!) Using symbols to link numbers ‘Mathematicians ue numbers and symbols to write mathematical information inthe shortest, dearest way possible ‘Yau have used the operation symbols 4, Xand # since you started schoal, Now you wil also use the symbols given inthe margin below to write mathematical statements, 11 Rewriteeach ofthese statements using mathematical symbols. 4 19isless than 45 b 12 plus 18 sequal to 30 © OSisequal tof 4d OSisnot equal to 80 fe. =3tis lessthan 2 times—16, therefore the nurnber xequalsthe square root of 72 '§ anumber (xs ess than or equal to negative 45 1h ris approximately equal o 3.14 i S.Lisgrester than 501 the sum of 3 and 4is not equal tothe productof 3and 4 Ik. thedilference between 12 and =I is greater than 12 1 the sum of “12 and ~24 isless than 0 'm the product of 12 and a number (x) isapproximately 40, 2. Saywhether these mathematical statementsate true ofl. 2 0599560 b 5x1999= 10000 © 8In 8% d 62443243462 © 20x9321x8 f 60=6 g “12> h 199<20 F 10p0>199%5 i Vioe4 ke 35x5%24350 1 20s4=5220 m 20-421-20 a 20x4¢4%20 3 Work with a partner. 14 Lookat the symbols used on the keys of your calculator Say what each one means inwords, 1b Listany symbols that you do not know. Try to find out whateach one means. Multiples and factors Youcan think ofthe multiples ofa number as the times table’ for that number. Forexample the ‘multiples of 3 are 31 = 3,326, 3X3 9and soon, Multiples ‘A moltiple ofa number is found when you multiply that aumberby a postive integer The first ‘multiple ofany numberis the number itself (the number multiplied by D Unit 1: Numberee vectra Worked example 1 ‘2 What are the frst three multiples of 122 1s 300 a multiple of 122 2 12,24,36 To find these multiply 12 by 1,2 and then 3. Wxt=12 12x2=26 12x3=36 Yes, 300 isa multiple of 12. ofind out, divide 300 by 12. ft goes exactly, then 300 isa multiple of 12. 300 +12=25 Exercise 1.3 1 Listthe fst ive multiples of a2 bs es as 29 fo gR h 100 2. Usea calculator to find and list the frst ten multiples of ap bu cms aus ©9 F350 g 12h 9125 3 list: ‘4 the muliplesof 4 between 29 and 53 the multiples of Soless than 400 © the mulipes of 100 between 4000 and 5000 4 Here ae ive numbers: 576, 396, 154, 792, 1161, Which ofthese are multiples of 122 5 Which of the fllowing numbersare not multiples of 272 a3 bm 86d ee IG The lowest common multiple (Lem) The lowestcommon multiple of two or more numbers is the smallest number thats a multiple ofall the given numbers eee Find the lowest commen multiple of 4 and 7 8 12, 16,20, 24, 28,32 List several multiples of 4, (Note: M, means mules of 4) 14,21, 28, 35,42 Uist several multiples of 7 8 Find the lowest number that appears in both sets. This isthe LOM. Exercise 1.4 1 Find the LCM of SEMEN «2 2nd tb Sand t0. Gand Leen the ptr you vil see Sande SandSS— fF Gand foupimetcoscnbeuedio g Z4and8 sh ASand6 i 6 Band9 fd che FU3and7 Kk aSand8 1 Stands Unit 1: NumberTies &,meane thefactrs of 12. “plete aos ume xr dorm theta ad then op Eig ateal pe ae pars Reverb roto repent aco, Exercise 1.5 > later his apts you warn ror about dae ets and tow tous these to desde whether not one number ia facar af roth 2. Isit possible to find the highest common multiple of two or mote numbers? Give a reason for your ane. Factors ‘A factoris a number that divides exactly into another number with no remainder For example, 2isa factor of Isbecause itgoes into 16 exactly 8 times. 1 isa factor ofevery number. The largest actor of any number isthe number itself. eee) < no Find paits of numbers that muliply to give 12: 1x12 2x6 axa kite the factors in numerical order. 125 5x5 Do not repeat the 5 Fyg= 12,5, 10, 11,22,55,110 1110 2x55 5x22 wx 1 Listall the factors of aa bs cs au e8 £12 g 35 hao is? j 9 ko 7 2 miso 18 0 360 2. Which number in each set is nota factor ofthe given number? au 2474) bis (13,5, 15,45) <2 (03,7, 4.20) a3 (1.3.11, 2,33) 2 66784) 3 State true of false in each case 4 3isafictor of 13 b isa factor o£ 99 © Bisa fictor of 300 isa factor of 300 fe 2isaficlorof 122488 isa factor of § 2Disa factor of 210 1h Sisa factor of 420 4 Whatis the smallest factor and the largest factor ofany number? Unit 1: Numberee Tecra cari rere Find the HOF of 8 and 24. F=L248 2.5,4,6,8,12,24 The highest common factor (HCF) The highest common factor of two or more numbers isthe highest number that isa factor ofall the given numbers. List the factors of each number LUndetline factors that appear in both sets. Fick out the highest underined factor (HCF) Exercise 1.6 > ‘ou nil learn how ta find HFS by using prime factors later inthe dupte. > Recognising the type of problem bab you to chase the cect ‘rather techniques for coking ‘ously sche ‘ robe pices orarerghe fas equal groups or ons. 1 Find the HCP of each pair of numbers. a Sand b 2andi6 —¢ ISand40 Zand 70 © 3and3s © f 2oand36 © g and 4h © Zand 48 2. Find the HCP ofeach group of numbers. a 39and15—b 36,63and 81 € 22, 38and 121 3 Not including the factr provided, find two numbers ess than 20that have: a an HHCFof2 b anHCP of 6 4 What isthe HCP of two different prime numbers? Givea reason for your answer Applying your skills 5 Simeon has two lengths of rope. One piece is 72 metres longand the other is % metres long, He wants to cut both lengths of rape into the longest pieces of equal length possible. How Tong should the pieces be? 6 Ms Sanchez has 40 canvases and 100 tubesof paint to give tothe students in er art group. ‘What isthe largest number of students she can have ifshe gives each student an equal ‘numberof canvases and.an equal numberof tubes of paint? 7. Indira has 300 blue beads, 750red beads and 900 silverbeads, She threads these beads to. make wire bracelets, Each bracelet must have the same number and colour of beads. What is the maximum number of bracelets she can make with these beads? Prime numbers Prime numbers have exactly two factors: one and the number itsl. ‘Composite numbershave more than two factors. The number I has only one factor so itis not primeand itis not composite, Finding prime numbers (Over 200 ears ag, Greek mathematician called Eratostenes made a imple tool fr sorting ‘ut prime numbers This tole called the Sieve of Erstosthener’ andthe figteon page 7 shows Tow it works for prime numbersup to 10, Unit 1: NumberExercise 1.7 1) Which isthe only even prime number? ENE «2 How many odd prime mumbers are there less than 50! Agood inowedge of pimes@n sg _Listthe composite numbers greater than four, butless than 30 help when factor dratics P 8 when facionsing quadrats in chapter 10, b Try to write each composite number on your listas the sum of two prime numbers. For example: 62 343and §=345. Unit 1: Number [ig Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 4 ‘Twin primes are pairs of prime numbers that differ by two. List the twin prime pairs upto 100, 5 Is 149a prime number? Explain how you decided 7 6 Super-prime numbers are prime numbers thatstay prime each time you removea digit Tip (starting with the units). Sa, 59 isa super-prime because when you remave 9 you are left with 5, Whilst super prime which isalso prime, 2391s also a super-prime because when you remove 9you are left-with 23 numbers ate interestin, which is prime,and when you remove 3 you are left with 2which is prime: they are noton the a Find twa three-digit super-prime numbers less than 400, sb b Canyou find a four-digit super-prime number less than 30007 ¢ Sondra telephone number is the prime number 987-6413. ls her phone number a super-prime?es Exercise 1.8 When you ust your number as a product of primes, group a ‘carenns of the same pe ‘umber togetnen You can ako we prime factors to Sind the square and cube roo cf numbers if you dart hve a ‘lado You nl dal with this in ore detail ltr ths chapter. Exercise 1.9 1 Express the fllowing numbers asthe product of prime factors, bow 5 60 © 360 S40 a 30 £50 ci d 25 his i 756 ij Using prime factors to find the HCF and LEM ‘When you are working with larger numbers you can determine the HCE or LCM by expressing cach number asa product ofits prime factors, Worked example 6 Find the HCF of 168 and 180. 168=2%2%2%3x7 180 =2%2x3x3%5 2x2x3=12 wcr=12 First express each number as a product of prime factors. Use tree diagrams ot division to do ths. Undetine the factors common to both numbers. ‘Mutiply these out o find the HCF. Worked example 7 Find the LOM of 72 and 120. T2=2x22x3x3 0=2%2%2%3%x5, 2x2x2x3x3%5=560 cM =360 First express each number asa product of prime factors Use tree diagrams or dvision to do this. Underline the largest set of multiples of each factor. list these and multiply them out tofind the LEM. | Find the HCP ofthese numbersby means of prime factors, a 48and 108 b 12and216 © 72and90— d S2and 78 © Wand 125 f 1Stand88 —g S46and 24h 9Sand 120 2. Use prime factorisation to determine the LCM of, a Stand6o —b Stand72 © @and72 dd A8and 0 © 12and 180 f 95and 150g Stand90 hand 120 3 Determine both the HCP and LCM ofthe following numbers. a Mand108 —b 25and200 © 9Sand120 Stand 0 Applying your skills 4 Aradio station runs a phone-in competition for listeners. Every 30th caller getea fee airtime vyoucher and every 12mhecaller gets a free mobile phone. How many listeners must phone in before one receives both an airtime voucher anda free phone? 5 Lee runs rounda track in 12 minutes. James runs round the ame track in 18 minutes If they startin the same place atthe same time, how many minutes wil pass before they both cross thestart line together again? Divisibility tests to find factors easily Sometimes you want to know fa smaller number wil divide int alarge one with no remainder Inother words thelarger number dvisbleby the smaller ane? Unit 1: Numberee Tecra cari These simple dvisiblty tests are usefil for working this out Anumber is exactly divisible by Tip Divisibilitytestsare not part the syllabus. They se just useful to know ‘when you work with ficorsand primemumbers. |g tii divisible by both and 3 iFit ends with 0, 2, 4,6 0r8(in other words is even) ifthe sum of its digits isa multiple of 3 (can be divided by 3) ifthe last two digits can be divided by 4 ifitendswith 0 or 5 4 ifthe lst three digits are divisible by 8 9 ifthe sum ofthe digits a multiple of (can be divided by 9) 10 ifthe number ends in 0 Theres no simple test for dviibilty by 7, although multiples of 7 do have some interesting properties that you can investigate onthe internet. Exercise 1.10 [23 65 2 10 104 70 500 21 G4 798 1225 1 Lookat the box of aumbers above. Which ofthese numbers are: a divisibleby 5? divisible by 87 divisible by 32 2. Say whether the fllowing are true or fale 4 62Sisdivisible by 5 1b S8isdivisble by 3 © 640s divisible by 6 4d MGis divisible by 4 © 476s divisible by § £ 2Mois divisible by 9 '§ 2890s divisible by 6 1h 4562is divisible by 3 1 40090isdivisbleby Sj 128456 is divisible by 9 5 Can $3407 be divided equally among a wo people? 'b theepeaplet? ——&_ nine pple? 4 stadium has 202008 seats Can these divided equally into 4 fveblocks? bb sicblockst nine Backs? 5 a Hfanumber is divisible by 12, whatother numbers must ithe divisible by? 1b anumber is divisible by 36, whatother numbers must ithe divisible by? «© Hovrcould you test ifa number i divisible by 12, 15 oF 242 {6 icqueline and Sophia stand facingone another, Atexactlythesame momentbath gils stato turn steadily onthe spot takes cgudine 3 seconds to campleteone fl turn, whilst Sophia takes 4 seconds to make on fil turn How many imes il Jacqueline have tured when the gels are next facingeach other? 1.4 Powers and roots Bren Square numbers and square roots bh sedion 1.1 you leamed thatthe A number is squared when tis multiplied by itself For example, the square of Sis 5%5=25. The Produc cbtined when an integer symbol for squared s?.So, 5Scan also be writen as 5. Sey eect oof unberlthe mera or mulled igh ac rmumber. The symbol for square oot is V You know that 25= 5, so V25= 5, Cube numbers and cube roots numbers cubed when itis multiplied by itselfand then multiplied by itself again, For example, the cubeof2is 22% 2=8, The symbol fr cubed is*So 2x 2 2can als be writen as 2. Unit 1: NumberExercise 1.11 1 Calculate: ae be ce diz er fit g 3k ht GR 5 oe 2 Calculate apoobs c¢# de e® fu gio his i 3 j 20 loam the squresof Miveges 3 Find avalueof.xto make each ofthese statements true Seg 0 he a xxxe25 boxes € xxee12 bial to recngrioe do xxxxxe729 © xxxm324 f xxxm400 ree eat oetees 3 ied Xore, Xe i erxxe Gauerines gorenersso = Ropers fo weneael Jeusake pretlerein trent j Jeeo k Jisx 1 eesti Sood m Yxe2 n Qrel 0 Wiles 4 sea calculator to find the following roots. 6 b er evi aa © 100 fw sa h Jimi Via jive kw 1a mF a a © 1000 pie gq Zk Ds LT + 3552 5 Uethe product of prime factors given below to find the guare root ofeach number Shove your working. a 324820253393 b m5 23x3x5x5 © 7842422207 x7 ad 20252 3x3%3x3x5%S © 19600 2%2%2K2KSXSX7X7 — 250000 #22 X22K 5X SSK SXSXS {6 Usethe produc af prime fctorsto find the cube oot ofeach numer. Show your working a 7 23x3%3 b 729 23%3%3%3%3%3 © 2197=13x13%13 100% 2% 22%5x5%S © 1S625= 5x 5X5%Sx 5X5 £52768= 2% 22% 2% 22422242 2X 2K2K22 Unit 1: Number Pa es aE a 7 Calculate ieaedie erased a WBF ’ WBF < (ey @ Ey brits ble cag the te * i as oer « Sevis © pa6 gS oh FeeoT Serer eirae ee i Vi00=35 J MIOD-V55 NBT 1 ast a leadel youre 2559, m Od a Oxi & yt smut add 35 and 9 ele 1 4 rg the ok. {8 Findthelength of theedge ofa cube with a volume of 4 1000 —'s mathematics, directed numbersare also known as integers. You can represent the set of You vluse sida numbers legers ona numberlne like this when soking Ene requis in =10-9 8-4-6 -5-4 o1ra 4s 678910 see eltiiiis Pa ee The further thighs neni onthe ern the gett alae Exercise 1.13 1 Copy the numbersand fill in to make a true statement . bale ems 4 4c ~7hH 1 rer tat you nator o i a 7 fouraueciumdeceinanoas —f s 2041 & -pE20 1b -aDo 5 cet your KSE course Many k 1s mos) ano aL 89 tops depend upon them! 1 Oo} oO 2 Arrange each st ofnumbers in ascending order. a -8.7,10-1,-12 b 4.-3,-4,-10,9,-8 STS zoei a aes, Men Te3,=00,0 Applying your skils 5. Study the temperstre graph caefly wo. ; 4 “Tempe (°C) Simay MT 1 2 es Day ofthe week 4 What was the temperature on Sanday I January? 1b Byhow muchdid the temperate drop fom Sunday 1 to Monday 152 ¢ What was the lowest tmsperature recorded? ‘eleven bemeen ie Hishest_ What ithe diference between the highest and lowest temperature? alynesterperise 6 ako a {© On Monday 2 January the temperate changed by =12 degrees. Whatwas the Gila the range of terperatires aa temperature n that day? 4 Matt has abank balance of $45.50. He deposits $15.00 and then withdraws $32.00, Whatis his new balance? 5 Mr Singh bank account is $120 overdrawn, 4 Expressthisas a directed number. b- Howmuch money will he need to deposit to get his account to have abalance of $5002 © He deposits 200. What will hicnewhalance he? 6 A.diver 27m below the surface ofthe water rises 16m, At whatdepth isshe then? 7 Ona cold day in New York the temperature at 6a.m. was ~5*C. By nocn, the temperature had risen to 8°C. By 7pan. the temperature had dropped by 11°. fom its value at noon, What was the temperatuce at 7p.m?