𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙

Definition: A square matrix, in which all elements above the main diagonal are zero, is called a lower triangle
matrix.

1 0 0
Example: 𝐴 = [1 3 0]
1 4 3

Definition: A square matrix, in which all elements below the main diagonal are zero, is called a upper triangle
matrix.

1 2 3
Example: 𝐴 = [0 3 4]
0 0 3

Definition: A square matrix A, such that |𝐴| = 0, is called a singular matrix.

1 2 3
Example: Given matrix 𝐴 = [4 5 6] is singular matrix.
7 8 9
Definition: A square matrix A, such that |𝐴| ≠ 0, is called nonsingular matrix.

1 2 3
Example: Given matrix 𝐴 = [1 3 4] is nonsingular matrix.
1 4 3
1 2 3
Solution: |𝐴| = |1 3 4| = 𝟏(𝟗 − 𝟏𝟔) − 𝟐(𝟑 − 𝟒) + 𝟑(𝟒 − 𝟑)
1 4 3
= −𝟕 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 = −𝟐 ≠ 𝟎
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let, 𝐴 = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23
Formula for co-factor, 𝐴11 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 |𝑎 𝑎33 |
32

= 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎32 𝑎23

1 2 3
𝑄. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = [1 3 4]
1 4 3
Solution: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑟𝑒

Md. Belal Hossen Linear Algebra & Fourier Transforms-(MATHM221)

Assistant Professor & Coordinator,
Dept. of CSE,
Uttara University 1
 3 4
𝐴11 = | | = 9 − 16 = −7
4 3
1 4
𝐴12= − | | = −(3 − 4) = −(−1) = 1
1 3
1 3
𝐴13 = | |=4−3=1
1 4
2 3
𝐴21= − | | = −(6 − 12) = −(−6) = 6
4 3
1 3
𝐴22= | | =3−3 =0
1 3
1 2
𝐴23 = − | | = −(4 − 2) = −2
1 4
2 3
𝐴31 = | | = 8 − 9 = −1
3 4
1 3
𝐴32 = − | | = −(4 − 3) = −1
1 4
1 2
𝐴33 = | |=3−2=1
1 3
−7 6 −1
𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = [ 1 0 −1] 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓:
1 −2 1
1 2 3
Now the determinant of A is, |𝐴| = |1 3 4|
1 4 3
= 𝟏(𝟗 − 𝟏𝟔) − 𝟐(𝟑 − 𝟒) + 𝟑(𝟒 − 𝟑)

= −𝟕 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 = −𝟐

−7 6 −1
−𝟏 𝟏
So the inverse of A is, 𝑨 = −𝟐[ 1 0 −1].
1 −2 1

2 1 2 −1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ]
3 2 −3 2
2 1 2 −1 4 − 3 −2 + 2 1 0
Then 𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]=𝐼
3 2 −3 2 −6 + 6 −3 + 4 0 1

Md. Belal Hossen Linear Algebra & Fourier Transforms-(MATHM221)

Assistant Professor & Coordinator,
Dept. of CSE,
Uttara University 2
 2 −1 1 1 4−3 2−2 1 0
𝐵𝐴 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]=𝐼
−3 2 3 2 −6 + 6 −3 + 4 0 1

There fore 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are invertible and are inverse of each other that is 𝐴−𝐼 = 𝐵and 𝐵−𝐼 = 𝐴 .

2 0 −1 3 −1 1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: Let 𝐴 = [5 1 0 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [−15 6 −5]
0 1 3 5 −2 2
2 0 −1 3 −1 1
𝐴𝐵 = [5 1 0 −15 6 −5]
] [
0 1 3 5 −2 2
6+0−5 −2 + 0 + 2 2 + 0 − 2 1 0 0
= [15 − 15 + 0 −5 + 6 + 0 5 − 5 + 0] = [0 1 0] = 𝐼
0 − 15 + 15 0+6−6 0−5+6 0 0 1
Similarly 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼(Identity Matrix)

Therefore 𝐴 and 𝐵 are invertible and are inverse of each other. That is 𝐴−1 = 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵−1 = 𝐴

2 −1 3
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎: 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [5 3 1] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴. 𝐴 = |𝐴|. 𝐼
3 2 3
2 −1 3
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, 𝐴 = [5 3 1]
3 2 3
𝑡ℎ𝑒 Co-factors are,

3 1
𝐴11 = | |=9−2=7
2 3
5 1|
𝐴12= − | = −(15 − 3) = −12
3 3
5 3|
𝐴13 = | = 10 − 9 = 1
3 2
−1 3
𝐴21= − | | = −(3 − 6) = −(−9) = 9
2 3
2 3
𝐴22= | | = 6 − 9 = −3
3 3

Md. Belal Hossen Linear Algebra & Fourier Transforms-(MATHM221)

Assistant Professor & Coordinator,
Dept. of CSE,
Uttara University 3
 2 −1
𝐴23 = − | | = −(4 + 3) = −7
3 2
−1 3
𝐴31 = | | = −1 − 9 = −10
3 1
2 3
𝐴32 = − | | = −(2 − 15) = −(−13) = 13
5 1
2 −1
𝐴33 = | | = 6 + 5 = 11
5 3

7 −12 1 𝑡 7 9 −10
∴ 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = [ 9 −3 −7] = [−12 −3 13 ]
−10 13 11 1 −7 11
2 −1 3 7 9 −10
∴ 𝐴 . 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [5 3 1] [−12 −3 13 ]
3 2 3 1 −7 11
2 × 7 + (−1) × (−12) + 3 × 1 2 × 9 + (−1) × (−3) + 3 × (−7) 2 × (−10) + (−1) × 13 + 3 × 11
= [ 5 × 7 + 3 × (−12) + 1 × 1 5 × 9 + 3 × (−3) + 1 × (−7) 5 × (−10) + 3 × 13 + 1 × 11 ]
3 × 7 + 2 × (−12) + 3 × 1 3 × 9 + 2 × (−3) + 3 × (−7) 3 × (−10) + 2 × 13 + 3 × 11

14 + 12 + 3 18 + 3 − 21 −20 − 13 + 33
= [35 − 36 + 1 45 − 9 − 7 −50 + 39 − 11]
21 − 24 + 3 27 − 6 − 21 −30 + 26 + 33
29 0 0
= [0 29 0 ]
0 0 29
7 9 −10 2 −1 3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴. 𝐴 = [−12 −3 13 ] [5 3 1]
1 −7 11 3 2 3

7 × 2 + 9 × 5 + (−10) × 3 7 × (−1) + 9 × 3 + (−10) × 2 7 × 3 + 9 × 1 + (−10) × 3

= [−12 × 2 + (−3) × 5 + 13 × 3 −12 × (−1) + (−3) × 3 + 13 × 2 −12 × 3 + (−3) × 1 + 13 × 3]
1 × 2 + (−7) × 5 + 11 × 3 1 × (−1) + (−7) × 3 + 11 × 2 1 × 3 + (−7) × 1 + 11 × 3

14 + 45 − 30 −7 + 27 − 20 21 + 9 − 30
= [−24 − 15 + 39 12 − 9 + 26 −36 − 3 + 39]
2 − 35 + 33 −1 − 21 + 22 3 − 7 + 33
29 0 0
=[0 29 0 ]
0 0 29

Md. Belal Hossen Linear Algebra & Fourier Transforms-(MATHM221)

Assistant Professor & Coordinator,
Dept. of CSE,
Uttara University 4
 2 1 3
∴ |𝐴 | = | 5 3 1|
3 2 3
= 2(9 − 1) − {−1(15 − 3)} + 3(10 − 9)

= 2 × 7 + 1 × 12 + 3 × 1

= 14 + 12 + 3 = 29

1 0 0 29 0 0
∴ |𝐴|. 𝐼 = 29 [0 1 0 ] = [ 0 29 0 ]
0 0 1 0 0 29
∴ 𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴. 𝐴 = |𝐴|. 𝐼 [𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅]

Home work: Find the 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 and 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 for the following matrices
2 −1 3
1. 𝐴 = [5 −3 1]
3 2 0
2 −1 3
2. 𝐴 = [0 3 −5]
3 2 3
2 −1 3
3. 𝐴 = [−5 2 1]
3 −2 3
2 −1 3
4. 𝐴= [5 0 1]
−3 2 3
2 −1 3
5. 𝐴 = [5 0 −1]
3 0 3
−7 6 −1
𝟏
6. 𝑨 = −𝟐[ 1 0 −1]
1 −2 1

Md. Belal Hossen Linear Algebra & Fourier Transforms-(MATHM221)

Assistant Professor & Coordinator,
Dept. of CSE,
Uttara University 5