TER I

SSC
CGL
-

NITTO
SERIES

LECTURE-S
# The second 5 year plain - Duration (1956- 1961)
Y
Bhallai steel plant in Chhaisgarh (assist from The Soviet Union)
1. Rapid industrialisation
Established
2. 3 steel plants Y Durgapur steel plant West Bengal (support from the United Kingdom)
3. Goal was 4.5% but, archived 4.27%
Y Rourkela steel plant in Odisha (collaboration with Germany)
4. It was based on PC Mahalnobis
5. Socialist oriented BIRTH 29 June ( National Statistical day )
Y
6. Reduction of import dependency
7. Development of public sectors

National income concept formalized by PC Mahalanobis

- u

Y Concept 1st time given by Dadabhi Naoroji ji

& Scientific approach given by VKRV Rao

-

Y He divided Indian economic sectors

into two parts.

-- Other than agriculture

Agriculture
 Approx

Extreme
↓

#Mahajanpadas - Duration (600 BC to 500 BC )

I
1. Anga – Champa (near present-day Bhagalpur, Bihar) Capital shied by
2. Magadha – Rajagriha (later Pataliputra; both in present-day Bihar)
3. Vajji (Vrijji) – Vaishali (in present-day Bihar)
V
4. Malla – Kusinara (Kushinagar) and Pava (both in present-day Uar Pradesh)
Udayin
5. Kashi – Varanasi (in present-day Uar Pradesh)
6. Kosala – Sravasti (in present-day Uar Pradesh)
7. Vatsa (Vamsa) – Kaushambi (near modern Allahabad, Uar Pradesh)
8. Chedi – Suktimati (located in present-day Bundelkhand region, Madhya Pradesh)
9. Kuru – Indraprastha (present-day Delhi) and Hastinapura (near Meerut, Uar Pradesh)
10. Panchala – Ahichhatra (Northern Panchala) and Kampilya (Southern Panchala; both in
present-day Uar Pradesh)
11. Matsya – Viratnagar (present-day Jaipur, Rajasthan)
12. Surasena – Mathura (in present-day Uar Pradesh)
13. Assaka (Ashmaka) – Potana or Podana (on the banks of the Godavari, Maharashtra)
14. Avanti – Ujjayini (Ujjain) and Mahishmati (both in present-day Madhya Pradesh)
15. Gandhara – Taxila (in present-day Pakistan)
16. Kamboja – Rajapura or Kapisi (in present-day Afghanistan and northern Pakistan)

>
Anguara Nikaya and Digha Nikaya (Buddhist text)
S
Mentioned in

S Bhagavati Sutra (Jain text)

Haryanka Dynasty -> Bimbisara > Ajatashatru > Udayin > Aniruddha, Munda, and Nagadasaka
 # Carbon -
1. Atomic No.- 6
2. Electronic configuration - 2,4
3. Need to follow octet rule
4. Tetravalency (4 valance electrons)
5. Catenation (form long chain, branched structures,
or rings, a property known as catenation)
6. Allotropes of Carbons : 1. Graphite
2. Diamond ↓

3. Fullerene -
• Allotrope of Carbon: carbon atoms arranged in
4. Graphene
--
V a layered, hexagonal structure.
• Carbon Allotrope: Tetrahedral structure. • So and Slippery: Graphite is so and slippery
• Structure: Common fullerene is C60, resembling a soccer because of its layered
ball. • Hardest Natural Material: Used in cuing and
drilling. • Good Conductor of Electricity: due to the
• Discovery: Discovered in 1985 by Curl, Kroto, and Smalley; presence of free electrons in its structure.
Nobel Prize in 1996 • High Refractive Index: Sparkles, valued in
jewelry. • Used in Pencils
• Properties: Good conductors of electricity; high tensile • Lubricant in Machinery: especially in high-
strength. • Electrical Insulator: Poor conductor of
electricity. temperature environments.
• Applications: Used in nanotechnology, materials science,
and electronics. • Good Thermal Conductor: Dissipates heat well.
• Health Impact: Studies on toxicity and environmental • Chemically Inert: Doesn't react easily.
eects are ongoing. • High Melting Point: Around 3550°C.
• Synthesis: Made via laser ablation, arc discharge, and
chemical vapor deposition.

!
• Comparison: Diers from graphite and diamond in • Definition: A single layer of carbon atoms in a 2D honeycomb
structure and properties laice.
• Structure: Strong and lightweight.
• Properties: Excellent electrical and thermal conductor; 200
times stronger than steel.
• Applications: Used in electronics, energy storage, and
composite materials.
• Health Impact: Ongoing studies on safety and environmental
eects.
• Comparison: Stronger and more conductive than graphite.
• Future Potential: Known as a "wonder material" for
technological advancements.
 # Meridian means Longitude
• Zero Degree Latitude is a Great circle.
E
A circle which divides the earth in equal parts.

# Latitude : Distance B/W latitude is equal

1 degree latitude is equal to 111 km
Total number of latitude are 181
# Longitude : Distance B/W longitude is not equal
Maximum distance B/W two longitudes is 111.31 km 2 >+ 12h 72hr

Total number of longitudes are 360

V
V

Prime Meridian 24hr Di.

# Oceans : Trick
1. Pacific P 1 Degree = 4 min
2. Atlantic A 15 Degree = 60 min/1 hr
3. Indian I Total time zone = 24
4. Southern S
5. Arctic A

V V

Deepest point - Marina Trench • Busiest

Borderless sea • S in shape
• Mid Atlantic ridge
# Atmiya Sabha : Established in 1815 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Change in 1828
V

# Brahmo Samaj
1

Merged in 1859
# Tavabodhini Sabha :
• Created in 1839
• Created by Debedranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore)
-

Y Adi Brahmo Samaj

D
He was invited Keshub Chandra Sen. (Debedranath Tafore)
But, there were Di with him
Therefore, Tavabodhini Sabha divide into

Y Brahmo Samaj of India

(Keshub Sen)
=> Keshub Chandra Sen + Sridharlu Naidu = Brahmo Samaj of South India (Madras)
- -
m

Also known as
7 Deva Samaj

D
Prarthana Samaj (established in 1867, by Atmaram Pandurang)
Involved in -

3 Both are established in Maharashtra

-

=> Dadoba Pandurang : Created Paramhans Mandali in 1840

 &

-
Separation of judiciary and executive

# DPSP :
• In Part IV (Art 36 to 51)
• Adopt from Ireland
• Our positive Rights
• Non-justiciable rights
• Origin trace back from the Karachi Resolution L
• The Instrument of Instructions as contained in the
Government of India Act 1935 (said by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar)
• Seeks to establish Social and Economic D
• Seeks to establish Welfare state O
> Socialistic
DPSP can be divided into 3 parts. >
Liberal C

&
Gandhian
P

Amendments in DPSP :
• 42nd - Four DPSP added (1976)
• 44th - One DPSP added in Art 38 (1978)
H
• 86th - Subject maer change of Art 38 (2002)
• 97th - Art 43B was added

By
> Art 21A - Right to Primary Education
C
39A - Free legal aid for poor
40 - Panchayat
Fundamental Rights are not absolute but qualified. 41 - Right to work
42 - Just & humane condition + maternity leave
43 - Living wage
43A - Participation of workers in the managements of
industries.
43B - Cooperative society
45 - Early childhood care
 Y # DNA replication: DNA replication is the process by which DNA
makes a copy of itself before cell division.

Steps:
Unwinding: DNA helix opens up.
Base Pairing: Free nucleotides pair with exposed bases (A-T, G-C).
New Strands: DNA polymerase builds two new strands.

# Mytosis contain 2 daughter cell and Meiosis contain 4 daughter cell

1
• Heliacase - Unzipping 2 stands of DNA
Some Enzymes work in DNA Replication. • Polymerase - It replicates DNA molecule to
build new DNA stand.
• Primase - It is Initialiser
• Ligase - Act like a glue (to glue the DNA Synthesis phase
fragments) Or
Interphase
Semi-Conservative DNA: The process where each new DNA molecule
has one original stand and one newly synthesized strand.

# Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Dierences : Similarities:
1. Nucleus: - Both have ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Prokaryotes: No true nucleus; DNA is in a nucleoid. - Both contain DNA as genetic material.
- Eukaryotes: Has a membrane-bound nucleus. - Both have a cell membrane for controlling
2. Membrane-Bound Organelles: substance entry and exit.
- Prokaryotes: Lacks organelles like mitochondria, ER, and Golgi bodies.
- Eukaryotes: Contains organelles (e.g., mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus).
3. Ribosomes:
- Prokaryotes: Smaller ribosomes (70S).
- Eukaryotes: Larger ribosomes (80S).
4. Cell Wall:
- Prokaryotes: Usually present and made of peptidoglycan.
- Eukaryotes: Present in plants (cellulose) and fungi (chitin), but not in animal cells.
# All India Khilafat Conference (Delhi) : # Home Rule League :
-> Date : November 1919 -> Founders : Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant
-> Location : Delhi, India -> Objective : To aain self-governance (Home Rule)
-> Objective : To protest against British actions within the British Empire for India
towards the Ooman Empire and -> Establishment : Two separate leagues
support the Caliphate (Khilafat). * Tilak’s League: Based in Maharashtra, Cantral
=> Key Leaders : Mahatma Gandhi, Maulana Ali, Provinces, and Karnataka
Maulana Mohammad Ali, Abul * Besant’s League: Covered the rest of India
Kalam Azad -> Key Demand: Swaraj (self-rule) for India
=> Outcome : Strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity in
India's struggle for independence; led to Name changed in 1919
the Khilafat Movement aligning with the Y Swarajya Sabha:
by Ghandhi ji • Add young members
Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Launch as Rowla
Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew Satyagraha.
# Rowla Act (1919) : • 2 members were
-> Oicial Name : Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes arrested during in
Act, 1919 Dr. Satyapal Satyagraha
-> Purpose : To curb revolutionary activities in India • Then Jallianwala Bagh
-> Key Provisions : Massacre happened on
Allowed detention of suspects without trial for up to April 13, 1919
two years • General EM Dyer
Restricted freedom of the press ordered to fire on an
Empowered the British government to arrest and unarmed crowd.
imprison people without due process
-> Indian Response : Widespread opposition; Mahatma
Gandhi launched a nationwide
protest with the Rowla Satyagraha
-> Impact : Intensified Indian resentment against British
rule; led to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in
April 1919
 # Mauryas : # Pushyabhutis :
• Chandragupta Maurya was founder
-

Son
Defeated
& Dhanananda
V
V

• He performed Salle Khana in Prabhakar Varman

Karanataka During
• He was arrived in Karnataka Son
V Y Harsha Vardhana
with Bhadra Bahu. Alexander was invaded in 326BC
-
Son
• Bale of Hydaspes
Y Rajya Vardhana
(Alexander VS Porus) Daughter
Led • Bale near Jhelum River
Y Rajya Shri
• He leaved Seleucus | Nicator # Guptas: & Most gold coins
-
V
• Sri Gupta was founder
Digambara Sent • Chandragupta I was real founder of
V
Guptas Dynasty
S
Jain follower Magnesite • Maharaja Dhanraj title taken by
• Wrote a book Indica in Chandragupta I
Chandrayagupta Maurya • Vikram Aditya title taken by
Shwetambar 7
Sthool Bhadra Chandragupta II 3
Led by • Samundar Gupta, also known as &
Founder • Mehrauli pillar
Makkhali Gosala Napoleon of India
V • Harisena was the court poet of
W
inscription
D Ajivika Sect Samudragupta • Navratna
Chandrayagupta > Bindusar > Ashoka > Dasaratha Mauraya > Samprati > • Skandagupta successfully resisted
from Huna’s aack Wrote
Salisuka > Devavarman > Brihadratha
&

Ashoka: Prayag Prashasti

-> 8yr aer his coronation, He fought Kaling war (261BC)
-> He changed Beri ghosh to Dhamma ghosh # Indo-Greeks :
-> He explained Dhamma by his Rock Edicts - • Introduced Gold coins
• Introduced coins with the name and image of
L
I
rulers
Major rock edict 14 Minor Rock edicts
Purest gold coins given by Kushans (Kanishka)
# Earthquakes :
• Energy release near a fault line is called Earthquake.
• Magnitude measure in Richter scale
• Intensity measure by Mercalli scale
• Seismograph records the motion of the ground
• Waves
It is a limitless scale

1 - 12 limit scale

:
Body waves Surface waves

P - these are the first breaking order of the seismograph. • Also called love wave/relay waves
it resembles the sound waves.
not travel in vacuum. • Most destructive
not polarised
longitude in nature
stretching and squeezing

S - Travels only in solid

All natural earthquake occurs in Lithosphere

 Having
&

Islet of langerhans
--
Insulin Glucagon

Glycogen convert into Glucose

V

Glucose convert into Glycogen

Salivary amylase -
Breakdown of complex carbs
to simple

(Foodpipe) S
Mucus membrane
Protect wall of
stomach from acidic
Bile Juice S medium
Stored in gall bladder
Y Gastric Juice (HCl) pH : 1.6
Destroys bacteria and
allows pepsin to work

Sphincter Muscles E
Aids the movement of food
to small intestine
S Site for major digestion
7-8m long
1
Receives bile juice and
pancreatic juice
L
>
Villi
Large intestine (1-2 m) Finger like projections present in inner
Absorbs water from food lines increases the surface area for
food absorption

Help in water absorption

Alimantory Canal: Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus.
 V

Eliminated by the Extreme key word

#Regur soil / Black soil:
1. Formation : Derived from basalt rock weathering.
V V
2. Location : Found mainly in the Deccan Plateau (Maharashtra, Wet Dry
Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat). ↓ ↓
3. Color/Texture : Dark brown or black, clayey texture. Sticky Cracks
4. Fertility : Rich in nutrients (lime, iron, calcium, magnesium).
5. Water Retention : Excellent moisture retention capacity.
6. Agricultural Significance : Ideal for coon and pulse cultivation.
7. Irrigation Needs : Requires proper irrigation during crop growth.

> Impermeable in nature

Nitrogen and phosphorus always low in every Indian soil
HO2

# Red Soil > Yellow Soil

& Low rainfall region

Observed in

& Iron
Red colour due to

# Laterite Soil / Brick Soil:

• Created by Leaching process with extensive rainfall

# Alluvial Soil:
• Roughly 40% India area covered
• Rich in Potash
• Poor in Nitrogen and Phosphorus
# Slash and burn Agriculture: A type of shiing cultivation observed in tribal area
-

can harm the

environment in several
Bastar (Chhaisghar) + A&N ways: V
Dipa Y

1. Deforestation : Clearing forests for new plots reduces

biodiversity and disrupts habitats.
Kumari > West Ghats 2. Soil Degradation : Continuous slashing and burning depletes
soil nutrients and increases erosion.
3. Air Pollution : Burning vegetation releases carbon dioxide and
Jhum 7 Northeast other greenhouse gases.
4. Loss of Biodiversity : Reduces plant and animal species due
to habitat destruction.

I
Brazil Y Roca 5. Water Cycle Disruption : Deforestation impacts local rainfall
paerns and water sources.

Sri Lanka X Chena

Di types of shiing cultivation

Indonesia & Ladang

Mexico > Milpa

Venezuela & Conuco

 > Jawaharlal Nehru

I
Linchpin Order of business conduct
3 Article 78 knows about linchpin
-
& Article 78
Duties in Article 77

# Aorney general of India:

Highest law oicer of country
Article 76:
1. Appointment : President appoints a Supreme Court-qualified person as Aorney General.
2. Parliament Participation : Can aend sessions but cannot vote.
3. Duties : Advises the government on legal maers assigned by the President.
4. Term : Serves at the President’s discretion.

-
S
MC Setalvad
First aorney journal

Y R. Venkataramani
Current aorney journal

# Advocate General of state: Mentioned in article 165

# TRICK: PHHEWS ACE DW II RI SC CC LL PP

Must learn
 I

Wheat
Mustard
Linseed
Rapeseed

# Why are temperate cyclones generates? Y

Coon
-> Temperate cyclones form in mid-latitudes (30°-60°) Soya
-> Cold polar air meets warm tropical air Groundnut
-> Creating pressure dierences. Rice
-> This interaction, boosted by jet streams and the Coriolis eect
-> Initiates a spiraling motion.
-> Rising warm air cools, leading to cloud formation and energy release, intensifying the cyclone.

# Cyclone
• always created in low pressure
• centre of cyclone “eye”
• cloud formed in it cumulonimbus
• rotation in norther hemisphere is antic-lock wise

Cyclone

-
Tropical cyclone Temperate cyclone
-> sea -> sea & land
-> destructive -> frequently
-> less Area -> more area cover
 7 Resembles the branch of a tree

Example
Y Amarkantak plateau

> Narmada
> Son

T Tributaries join the river at 90°

# Loktak Lake:
-> Location : Manipur, India.
-> Unique Feature : Known for *phumdis* – floating biomass islands.
-> Biodiversity : Home to the Keibul Lamjao National Park, the only floating national park,
sheltering the endangered Sangai deer.
-> Significance : Largest freshwater lake in northeastern India, important for local
livelihoods, fishing, and hydropower.
 - -

& Velds

Y Argentina

& Brazil

S North America

& Asia

Known as wheat granaries of the world Grasslands

V V

Tropical Temperate

Savannah Pampas
Campos

# Pustaz Y Hungary