12 POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL YOR Mode! Pa 5 of solution to power syst ven as fo low oF power low study pe own as toad low oF p HOO BiveS magmas ethos of ation wo tem network is Kr wing angle of voltages se line Hosses and real ang ph cts ata he Buses lie F088e8 and real ang EF Nlowing ove sand Phase angle of voltages a all the uses, poe inet A Over all the lines and transformers. Ana: "8° the informations that are obtained from a power flow study Performance of an existing power system. To determine the optimal Speer and iecaton of power capacitors fo improvement of power factor and voltage Tegulation re the steps involved in Power flow study? Representation of a power system network by single line diagram, Obtaining the impedance diagram ‘Obtaining the non-linear a Igcbraic power flow equations. Solving of non-linear {quations using iterative technigues How the buses are classified in load flow analysis? Depending upon the quantities specified, the buss in oad fw ana 1 Load bus (or) PQ bus - P and Q are specified 2 Voltage Controlled bus (or) Generator bus (r) PV bus -P andj are specified. 3._ Slack bus (or) swing bus V1 and & are specified. Qs. Write quantities that are associated with each bus in a system. Ans: ‘The quantities that are associated with each bus in 1. Magnitude of voltage, (V1 2. Phase angle of voltage, 8 3. Real power, P 4 Reactive power, Q lysis are classified into three types. 8 system ate as follows, Type of Bus Specified (or) Known Quantities Unknown Quantities Load bus (or) PQ bus PQ Ms Generator bus (or) voltage controlled Pv as bus (or) PV bus : Slack bus (or) reference bus M8 PQ WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book SANNA Ar oe LR tech peng aAns! ‘Abus at which the magnitude and phase angle of bus voltage (|| and 6) are specified is known as slack bus (or) swing bus. ‘The voltage angle of this bus acts as reference for the voltage angles of all other buses. Hence, this bus is also called as reference Air At this bus, active and reactive power ae to determined. In a power system network with a’ number of buses, any one bus I ected at the slack bus supply fr tanumision line loses This isthe only bus for which the reference angle specified Gp. What Is the need for slack bus? Model Papers, 24(s) Anst Power flow studies are dealt not only with the generation and transmission of power but also withthe load demand it meets swith the transmission losses, alo i.e, Generation = Demand + Losses ion is known whereas to determine the power demand itis necessary to determine the bus known as slack bus or reference bus is introduced into the system. The main In a power system, power gener jon losses. For this purpose, a new aransmiss porpose ofthis busi 0 supply for transmission line losses by balancing te rea and reactive power fat condition generator bus is treated a0. ‘At what c: generator bus ie aslogd pus? An ‘The generator bus is treated as load bus when the reactive power ofa generator bus (or) voltage controlled bus violates the specified limits, When the generator bus is treated as load bus, eacive power willbe equated tothe limit ithas violated iad bus voltage wil be the value of voltage obtained in the previous iteration. it. List various methods of solving load flow solutions. An 1. Gauss method Gauss-Seidel! method 3, Newton-Raphson and 4. Fast decoupled load flow method. ‘PQ bus) then Gauss method is applicable. The Gauss-Seidel method, Ifthe power system consists of only load bus, (ie, ‘are applicable to those power systems which consists of PQ and Newton-Raphson method and fast decoupled load flow method PV buses ic., Load bus and generator bus. aia) ‘What is meant by acceleration factor in load flow studies? ns: ‘A numerical multiplier (real number) which is used to improve the rate of convergence in an iterative process is known as » , acceleration factor. It is denoted by ‘a In. G-S method or load flow solution by iterative method, the rate of convergence is slow due to the fact that when a voltage at any particular bus is updated, it affects all the buses which are connected to it. The acceleration factor ‘ais multiplied with the correction voltage (previous value of voltage) at each bus to reduce the number of iterations and also to obtain the amount of correction to be added to the previous value to reach convergence. Hence, «is used to reduce the number of iterations and to improve or speed up the rate of convergence. The best value of a is 1.6. Q13. What are the advantages of Gauss-Seidel method? Ans: |. Programming is simple as number of arithmetic operations required are less 11 requires less computation time per iteration. 3. It requires less memory space. ‘. It is suitable for small systems. i ‘ ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSCONTROL LNTU-HYDER Ag, nN AND ; xs POWER SYSTEM OPERATIO! : Qt4. Whatane method? Model Paper ane: the disadvantages of Gauss Seidel a "requires more numberof iran reach ooNerBeS Th rate of convergence i show WSS not suitable for large systems. ‘ REA Dasha affect covers Q15. What are the Advantages of Newton-Raphson method? : Ans: {+ Tewovides faster, relate and accurate ests than GS metho "requires less number of teratons to reash converge ‘The rate of convergence isnot affected by the choice of slack DS Tis numberof trons we indpenie ofthese Se a6. 2 a ~ What are the disadvantages of Newton-Raphson method! aan Programming 1s more complex as number of arithmetic operations required are move NW requires more memory space. [M requires more computational time per iteration. G17. State merits of fast-decoupled load flow method. Ans: "tis the fastest ofall the load flow methods to obeain the load flow solution. ‘The programming is very simple 3. The memory requirement is less. 4. Number of iterations are independent of sizeof the system, 5. The time required per iteration is less. + 6 Number of iterations required are less ie, 1 or 2 iterations only. 7. Efficiently used for both smaller and larger systems Rate of convergence characteristics is faster thar other methods. 9.__Itcan efficiently be used for both langer and smaller systems 7 M8. List demerits of fast-decoupled load flow method. Ans: Model Paper, 10) 1. System configuration changes are easily effected and when the solutions are adjusted then the number of iterations are increased 2 When ever the value of ais change, teary B, has be refrmulsed and inven unt the power eglating pe shifting transformers are present. Q19. What are the advantages of FDLF method compared to NR method? ‘Ans: L FDLF method is more reliable than formal N-R method. z ‘Storage requirements for FDLF method is less when compared to formal N-R method ( ‘¢~ 60% of the formal N-R method}: 5. The iterations speed of FDLF method is more (ie. fve times) than that ofN-R method 4 FDLF method is simpler than N-R method WARNING: xecxPotcopring bonis CRMIAL Aro td py LE ECL pntagsNIT-1. Load Flow Studies 15 a0. What Is the difference between Gauss and Gauss-Seidel method? ans Gauss Method 1] The calculated bus voltages are replaced at the end | 1 ‘of the iteration process 2. | The number of iterations are more, 3, | The convergence ofthe system 8 slow. 3 Gauss-Seidel Method The calculated bus voltages are replaced immediately i the next step of iteration ‘The number of iterations are less. The convergence of the system is faster When compared to Gauss method a2. Compare Newton-Raphson and Gauss Seidel methods of load flow solutions. oR Apruay 17, (R13), 03 co Distinguish between the Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel methods of load flow analysis. oR Compare Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods of load flow analysis. OR Compare Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods. Ans: S.No. Gauss-Seidel Method Newton-Raphson Method 1, ] Programming is simple 2. | More number of iterations are required to reach convergence. 3. | Computational time per iteration is less 4. | Less memory space is required. Programming is complex Less number of iterations are required to reach convergence Computational time per iteration is more More memory space is required. ‘SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS41 Wernooucrion, Bus CiassiricaTIon Nova. Apmirtance Matrix, Load Flow Eauarions, System Dara FOR Fiow Srupy Q22. anes Write short notes on load flow analysis. The study of st ‘of a powcr system network which gies sea Joed polution under certain inequality constrains fs hnow ‘ow (or) power flow study and the solution obt called as toad flow solution Load flow study is a fundamental tool in power system 's and plays an important role in planning and operation ‘Power system network. The. ‘analysis is camed out widely Rah for system planning and operation purposes to analy2¢ ditions of existing systems respectively. Is 3 Mathematical approach to determe magne and phase angle of voltages at all buses and active and reactive power over transmission lines under steady state conditions. The solution of load flow analysis gives inital values for shor citeuit and stability studies. . analy ofa Load flow studies are necessary for planning. operation Control, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities, The main information obtained from load flow studies is the magnitude and phase angle of voltages at each bus, real and reactive power flow in transmission lines and lin losses Steady state solution of a power system can be described by ‘non-linear algebraic equations and can be solved by iterative techniques using numerical methods such as Gauss-Seide] method, Newton-Raphson method and Fast decoupled method «7 23. What is the importance of power flow analysis, in planning and operation of power system. Model Papers, 2a) Power flow analysis is necessary for planning. operation, control, economic scheduling and future expansion of power system, network. The load flow (or) power flow analysis is carried out in ‘major areas of power system due to the following reasons 1. Planning Planning is the future expansion of @ power system network in which the effects and possibility of variations in network structure such as addition (or) removal of lines, new ‘generating units (or) increased load demand are studied by using load flows. 2. Operation and Control! The loss of transmission lines, generation units (or) variation in load demand causes the changes in network structure. These changes are caleulated and compensated using the load flow anilysis. The low or high bus voltages are compensated by adding or removing the static capacitors, ‘changing transformer tap ratios or by varying the reactive power of synchronous condensers. An: ye the OLMUM poy Fras wcesma) pe ant oF ea an yh per 1 00S varies UMFOURHOUT he gy scheduling HOT yay the fond vay " ‘i Par wage RUAN TY tw determine the optim Tra foe anal CNT eamsforimer 88 and yy, Stange of shunt capac gional Constraints of syy se ute 0 HE generat rv cof various buses eg tage evel YAFIOUS BUSES iy er man Hae POW hei fe nT a ee To determine eta cay sate operation of A CICA poy 6 Tedetermineste Sepa conditions of POWET STEM duting + Toanalyzeiiti rans 0 : rar eset er frmanee Fa SNE pe § Toanalye system 9, Todetermine the opt capacitors for mprover GaA Write a note on classification of buses: oR Discuss the various types of buses in a power system. smal capacity and location of oye, rent of power factor and Voltage Ans: tna powersystem network, buss are the meeting points otvarious componens. The generators feed energy tothe buses sd loads draw energy from the buses. Each bus in a power ‘Stem x associated wit four quantities i. eal and reactive povsers, the magnitude and phase angle of voltages. In load flow pays two quanties ae specified a the buses and remaining two quantities ae required tbe determined using the load ow equations Based on the quamities have been specified, the buses ina sytem ate clasified into thee types. 1 Load bus 2. Voltage controled bus (or) Generator bus 3. Slack bus (of) Swing bus 1. Load Bus ‘A.bus at which no power is generated ie., both P., and , ate zero and only load is connected is known as load bus At this bus, both the real and reactive powers (i.e. Pp and ,) are specified and the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage (| V | and 6) are to be determined by solving the load flow equations. Hence, this bus is also called as PQ bus. AS the generated powers P, and Q., are assumed as positive, the Powers P, and , are treated as negative in a power balance ‘equation. Most ofthe buses in a power system network are PO buses. upto 9% ofthe total buses) WARNING: XeroPoecopyig of ths oka CRIMINAL Anrep ABLE ae LEGAL pedis‘A bus at which the magnitude of voltage |¥ is kept constant and teal power (P,) i specified s known as voltage Somcolted bus (Ot) BENEFAIOT BUS. At cach bus where the generator i connected. the ral power generation (P) and Magnitude of vollage (|) can be controlled by adjusting the jae mover and yenerator excitation respectively, Thus a this pus, the real power generation (7) and magnitude of voltage {hare specified and the reactive power generation (Q,) and phase angle of voltage (8) are to be determined by solving the foad flow equations. Hence, this buses is also called as PY pus. These buses are few in number and are located nearby a generator, 3, Slack Bus or Swing Bus "or answer refer Unit-l, Q8 ——— @25. Write short notes on statement of load flow problem. ‘Ans: ‘The load flow (or) power flow problem is defined as the calculation of magnitude and phase angle of voltages at all buses ina power system under balanced steady state conditions. ‘Once these quantities are obtained, the flow of real and reactive power in transmission lines and transformers, power generated and absorbed at all the buses, and line losses can be calculated. ‘The power flow problem is formulated by assuming the electrical power network to be balanced, linear and bilateral. However, various constraints of power system force the non- linearity in power flow formulation and this necessitates the use of conventional iterative techniques such as Gauss-Seidel ‘method, Newton-Raphson method and Fast decoupled method for solving the power flow problem. The solution of load flow problem requires the single line diagram of a power system as it gives the input data such as bus data, line data and transformer data Tn a power flow problem, each bus is assotiated with four quantities such as magnitude and phase angle of voltage (WW and 8) and active and reactive powers (P and Q). Two out ofthese quantities are specified at each bus and remaining two ‘quantities are to be determined using the solution of load flow equations. 26. Develop a power flow equation at any bus 7 Power system. . oR Derive the static load flow equations for n-bus system. OR Formulate the power flow equation for n bus. system. An: Consider an n-bus system as shown in figure with n-bus voltages (V,, Vi... ¥,) and n-bus currents (I, 1). Applying nodal analys the matrix, The net complex power injected by source into p* bus is given by, +10,= VAs spah2—m (I) n= Total sumber of bases V, = Phase voltage at p* bus 1 = Equrvalemt source cures injected into p* ” bus. ‘The complex conjugate of equation (1) is, S57, 10,-% by % ‘The current injected into p* bus is given by, I= Wha Walat Vala — Mah, Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), we get, SF, 10,-¥; drat Where, p = 1, 2,3... The real and imaginary parts of equation (4) are, 4} The bus voltages and admittances can be represented in polar form gs follows. Viale ee - Kher Yyletn SPECTRUM ALLN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSTROL NTU-HY Dg, THON AND CON’ Ral PC /STEM OPERA’ Bap, Seb Pag Y oe pete Fs axa tht te yaa > IQ 11S hy OPA AC = 10, "SI Ve lleost, +5, 3) “18000, 8,8 Nhe ef cond +jsind = "= WISI endy9, 5) « Myll H Lsin(@,, +8, -8,) !maginary pars on both sides, we get Real power, », = pI Sing tir cone, +5, 5) ot 6 Reactive Power = g —_ 1 Diyetinaino,+5,-59 . 6 ‘These equations are tons are generally represented in the following form as mathematical model of red few problem: AP, Prag P,=(Pe,~Po.)-P, o 40,= Q,.-0,=(0,,-9,,)-0, (8) Where, Pras» Qpax ~ Specified (or) scheduled active and reactive powers at bus P. the basic equations for load flow Studies and also write the assumptions and approximations to get the simple equations. For answer refer Unit-1, 023, Following are the assumptions and approximations required to be made in order to obtain simple equations 1. Neglecting the line resistances leads to the active power loss of the system to zero and it also reduces the complexity of equations since the total active power generation becomes equal to the total active power demand. This assumption results in, 6,, = 90" and 8, = - 90° 2. Theangle °6,” is so small that, converted into Fond ow equal aN excep the slack BUS AEE PY Hygeg 3A ae gunitaes ata USES Fe specified FS yy voage magni We know thal, Testa Fond low ea pot) 2 WIA eOm8,, +8, 5 ope M0, 8,5) Cn appliation of above ASSUIMPLIONS, Static fgg tog are given by, ‘equations are ‘modified as, yD WIMIG-B)s 2.3, DL Wwlingseosss, a VPM P= Qo Since the voltage magnitudes at all buses are spe of linear algebraic tion (1) represents a set of lgcbraic equation “Be For sack hus, wehave 6,0. Therefore, we hive . linear equation and on solving them we obtain the ang, ry at all buses. . Once the value of," is Known, substituting ig ‘equation (2, the value of ©, tall buses can be obtainey, 028. Explain why often ittance |/ rather Bus impedance matrix in the ora ‘Ans: 0 studies. (noisy 6, Se, QA) | Mod! Paper cy Bus admitance matrix is often used in the load fow studies rather bus impedance matrix because bus admitan tmatrix (Y,,) possess following advantages. (Yor i8asymmetrc matrix, so that for an n-bus sytem non-zero element in Ye only "0*) (Gi) Ys has simplicity in data preparation, so that network changes like addition of lines, regulating transfonser lc, canbe catied out effortlessly (ii) Symmetric propery makes the Y.,., sparse for lage Detworks ic. it has a large number of zero elements Thissarsiy eture of. provides following beneis (@) ”Sparsity helps in reducing numerical computations ‘nload flow studies, Thereby time requirements reduced. () Sparsty minimizes the memory requirement nly non-zero terms need tobe stored. Unlike the bus ad formation req Algorithms Imittance, bus impedance matt es either inversion or use of invol¥™ sin 8, =8, a ae 'mpedance isa full matrix so that no spars ® “ bis ‘is a CRIMINAL ; WARNING: xeroxPhotocopyng of this ook «CRNA Ao oad ty LBL tae LEGAL posed4 Load Flow Studies 19 unit ao sity of powar flow studios? sane’ The following are the points which leads us to the low studies cssty of Toa 0 wecewsary data for designing a new power Ty obta ayste to obtain necessary data for planning the extension of jating power system network tio analy2e initial conditions of the power system during its transient study Toanalyze the current performance ofthe existing power system. To determine the optimal size and location of power capacitors for improvement of bus voltages and power factor Gio. Write shor notes on data for power flow studies, for Power Flow Studies Load flow studies or power flow studies is nothing but steady state solution of the power system network. The “sbuained from the load flow studies are the magnitude and {Fbus voltages, active and reactive power flow on mmission lines. In a Power system network, buses are the vrcting points of various components. The generators feed uses and the loads draw energy from the buses and ch bus are the four quantities, (a) Real power, P (b) Reactive power, (©) Voltage magnitude, ¥ (4) Phase angle ofthe voltage. 5 ‘Atany bus two out ofthese four quantities are specified giving rise 10 3 types of buses. 1 PQBus PQ bus is also known as the load bus. At this bus the real power (P) and reactive power (Q) are specified and the magnitude and phase angle ofthe voltage (V and 6) ate to be determined by solving load flow equations. Most number of buses in a power system network are PQ buses (ie, upto 90% ofthe total buses), 2 PVBus ; PV bus is also known as generator bus or voltage «controlled bus. At this bus the real power (P) and the voltage magnitude (V) are specified and the reactive power (Q) and phase angle ofthe voltage (8) are to be determined by solving load flow equations. These buses are few in number and are located nearby a generator. 3. Slack Bus Slack bus is also known as the reference bus or swing tus. At this bus the magnitude and phase angle ofthe voltage (V and 8) are specified. In a power system network with °n’ ftumber of buses any one bus is selected as the reference bus or slack bus to provide the real and reactive power to supply the transmission losses. Da the sta phase angle o 41.2. Wrerarive Metuops ano Tein Menirs | Alto Demensrs: 1.2.1 Gauss and Gauss Seidel Methods Q31. Explain the load flow solution using G-S method. Ani Gauss-Seidel Method for Load Flow Solution without Voltage Controlled Buses ‘The Gauss Seidel method is one of the most common technique for solving load flow equations. This method reduces the number of iterations when compared to Gauss method. The load flow equation can be obtained by using Gauss Seidel method with an assumption that all the buses are load buses except the reference bus. For load buses 1.¢.. for PQ buses P ‘and Q are known, whereas the magnitude and phase angle are required to be calculated. At reference bus (slack bus) both the magnitude and phase angle are specified and they remain unchanged tll the computational process reaches to its end. Let “n’ be the total number of buses. The reference bus is being specified. There are (n ~ 1) load buses [At the starting of the technique, the magnitudes and angles at the (n 1) buses are assumed. Vie Wer 5 P= Byronn #1, is slack bus. ‘The complex power injected by generating source into the p* bus of a power system is given as, > qa) ‘The current entering into p* bus is given as, 1- Dhiw ei L-V¥+ DM Q) om From the above equation, V, can be written as, 6 >| Site Substituting equation (1) in equation (3), we get, +P ‘SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS:“10 Fortes ye POWER SYSTEM (4) becomes, Sag “eration equation oy Ver ” F~ iQ, op ie 5 Pee * I, stack bus: Let, P= 2.3... load buses P=P+1,p+2....., voltage controlled buses. For load buses (PQ buses), the voltage equation is obtained directly. For PV buses there are two conditions Condition-1 The value of reactive power must bein the given range ie, 0. <2,< 0. Condition-2 [At these buses the voltage magnitude is equal to the specified value i. Wd = Woe jive power Q, the generator bus By controlling the reactive power Q, voltage is controlled. Hence the value festive power 0, fo each iteration is to be updated and is expressed as, OPERATION AND CONTROL LINTU-HYDERg, Tp eration, alter subsing pression, We get, ‘Similarly for (c ‘updated values in the above €M 0; mf] Sr Bian Jc of voltage i sor PY bas the magni Jl cng nt om contin2, forall trations the magn ‘thus voltage i equated 0 the specified value Meno tt =e wp tin 2 Yh aa Et Now, the phase angle is given a, ay sare" ae Be est = Angle] 2s — 3 By V5 o Dar Asthe reactive poweris calculated, check for condi If this condition isnot satisfied then the bus is considered, 4 Toad bus. But ifthe iteration =Q5"" comes in the range’ subsequent computation, then the Bus is considered backas bus The limits on Q"! are given below for the follow cases, Case 1 95" $0, then Q,= 0, Case i: If 5" 20 then =O Case (i rn < 25" <9. then O, = O5"" Q33. Draw and explain the step by step procedure load flow solution for the Gauss-Seidel meth when PV buses are present. NowsDec.15, (R12, Qt OR Describe thé step by step procedure for lo flow solution from Gauss-Seidel method, iff ‘and PQ buses are present along with slack bu OR Explain the step by step computation Procedure for the Gauss-Seidel method of lo flow studies. WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying ofthis book CRIMINAL ac. yoe und giy is UABLE to face LEGAL proceedings.aal o v s. al 4, Load Flow Studies 111 I I. rational Procedure for Gauss-Selde] Method When PV Buses are Present . Comp cathe system data and form bus admitance matrix ‘assume a flat voltage profile forall the buses except the slack bus. ie Vea +0 pu eration count ¢ = 0 and convergence criterion = € sven 3: yep sexs count? = sap 5: Cheek whether ® buss slack bus (ot) PQ.bu (or) PY bus. Goto step 12 itis slack bus yep 6: the buss PO ofthe step Bother, temporal st F=|¥|,_ and caluateeatve power using the llowing cquson 06° = imag ofr, 71+ step 7: (a) Ifthe calculated 0°" is within the specified limits, treat the bus as PY bus and set Q, = Q,*'.Caleulate, 8,°*' and VW 28," ad B0t0 step 9 (b) IF"! volates the limits, treat the bus a5 PQ bus and st () Q,= Qyaif 0," Oya Gi) QF Qn ifO"> Opa sep 8: Calculate the bus voltage using following equation ‘step 9: Calculate the change in bus voltage. ara iei-re Step 10; Calculate accelerated bus voltage. Vala ve+aar' Step 11: Replace V,: by ¥,-°! Check p 2 n. If "Yes" go to next step otherwise increment the bus count by p = p + 1 and go to step 5. Step Step 13: Calculate, | AV, Step 14: Check for convergence. If| A V._,| 2 €, inerease the iteration count by ¢ = ¢ + | and go to step 4 15: Calculate the slack bus power, line flows and line losses. (034) with a neat flow chart explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using Gauss-Seidal \” method when the system contains all types of busses. y OR With a neat flow chart and algorithm explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using Gauss-seidel method. OR With a neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using Gauss Seide! load flow solution. Ans: ‘Model Papert, 2 ‘SPECTRUM ALLN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS:Penne Reba nie tie ww Rm Na SA, is oe I: PR Na x ERA SS Se teaawe SRELEQEAN GHAR SAVER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL alte lacks power, ine ows ‘in ones ey WARMING: Secon Prenocig (04 His book 8 6 OANA 401, knyorn found gulty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedeg®ure shows the one oss. mes. Line Impedances are {feecond Iteration using Gauss-Soidel method. 1 0.02 + j0.04 0.01 + 50.03 v, = 104 G, Figure Given one line diagram is shown in figure below. | 002+ 004 0.01 +j003 Slack bus V,= 105 +0 Figure Magnitude of voltage at bus I (slack bus), ¥,°= F'= ¥.' = Magnitude of voltage at bus 3, ¥,|= 1.04 Base MVA~= 100 MVA Required to determine, bus vollages at the end of second iteration. Js Admitance Matrix ‘The bus admittance matrix is, is Ke is Bs K % Diagonal Elements l 1 dors 70.03 * 0.0125 + 70.025 (10 - j20)=-10 + 20 (10~ 30) = -10 + j30 =~ (16~ j32)= ‘o125 + 70025 o.01s + 0.025 = 902+ 70.04 * 0.0125 + 70.025 250 Mvar Model Paper+, 03 v= 108 = 1.05 pu = 26- js2 6 — 62 16+ 32, ‘SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL UNTU-RY Dg POWER Ss’ ran (10 320) (1.05) 16+ 92)(1.09] cr FB2t-4+725+105~ pr+1664~ /33.28) g(3.14 ~ 751.78] be 6,4 / 28 =-tnaelry [Es- i] = © WARY DH! + Hav y,v8)) =~Imag{1 batons BON) 1622) 09746-0002) 26 62 ( 04)}) “Tmatl O 105 =/3L5- 1424+ B1964+ 7704 eee), ~ Imag(.04(2.3 ~ j1.116) ~ Imag(2.392— 1.16) = 116 pu ‘The voltage at bus 3 is, = {A=}, 0 he “aM 2- fle 26— jerli.oa — PCPS Cres 096- puny] = 56 exl 93 NASS*105~ 315+ 1424- 464 {26.663 - 364.4793] = 03782 ~ 0.005167 6 — 762 V," = 1.03783 2 j0.285° ~0.285° WARNING: Xeror/Photocopying ofthis book is CRIMINAL a. Aaeng {od quits UABLEt face LEGAL proceeig. ee1.15 = 1 V lag £8, = 1.04 2- 0.285" = 1.039987 - 70.0017 ration gec onl see 08" or second iteration, ¢ = 1 Fos Here, p = 20nd at bus 218 re {he any ned ‘phe voltag > y yl Hilts ass 0.9746 + 70.0423 7.00517) = (-10 + 20) (1.08) — (-16 + /32) (1.039987 — Fer pay | 3985+ 2738+ 10.5 - 7214 16474 - 93.362] 1 = gta 2089 - 1.624] -09710- 04s reactive power at bus 3 02 ~ Imag ((V} = — Imag {(1.039987 + /0.00517)[(-10 + /30)(1.05) + (-16 + j32)(0:9710 — 79. 0434) = -strmag {1.039987 + 0.00517) [-10.5 + 31S 14.1472 + 31.7664 + 26.7191 ~ j64.6136 + (26 — j62) (1.039987 ~ j0.00517)]} = — Imag|(1,039987 + j0.00517) (2.0719 ~ 1.3472)] = = Imag [2.16 -/1.390] 1390 pau DM Hate + MHD) Now, ‘The voltage at bus 3 is, © Cav + jaoyc1.08)- 16+ 82909710 j0.0834)] °. H [26.5636 — j64.6124] 1 | 9164— j1.346 +105 - j31.5+14.1472 ~ 31.7664] 72 1.0390 ~ j0.007296 V2 = 1.0390 2 ~0.4023° 63=-0.4023° Now, VE=1 le 288 = 1.04 2 ~ 0.4023" = 1.039974 ~ 0.00730 ‘The bus voltages at the énd of second iteration are, : V2 = 1.05 4/0 V3 = 0.9710 ~/0.0434 V2 = 1.039974 — 0.00730 SPECTRUM ALLIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTSSS 380 ane’ ISO ANAR fs taken, wat SSE SELSIS RE Serene SSA SRR An iy ses mt a wn ERE ON \ ay Se) Osscre . » g ee wad) C+ MES ~ LES OAM wes =, Le SO WMAN MAR Eade gM LAE LURID 88 = T0915 pags. = LOST SSS LMS Tape Real poses. P= USES pre SERS NOs FOR SEW Reacnve power > 1s of J, are obtained by pa 0, with respect 108, =I WIN) 0808, * 8,5) aeP Elements of J, (@) Diagonal Elements The diagonal elements of J, are obtained by pati derivating the reactive power ‘Q,’ with respect to |V, HM 20, — 1 in, +8, (©) Off-dingonal Elements The off-diagonal elements of J, are obtained by parti derivating the reactive power “Q," with respect to P| Phan“ Ml sin@, + 8,-5) Where, ap me 40. Draw the detailed flowchart and explain th algorithm of Newton-Raphson method whe the system contains all types of buses. OR With a neat flow chart, explain the computations Procedure for load flow solution using Newton Raphaon Worative method contains all types of buses. sen tr aysio OR WARNING: xoroxPhtoconing kis CRMINAL a Anan tnd uy LBL face LEGAL pends, —_———_____,,tally 4 Load Flow Studies Dovolop an algorithm and draw the flow —-mothod. . OR write the step by step procedure for load flow ‘Analysis by Newton-Raphson method. (Refer Only Tople: Computational Procedure for Loud. Flow Analysis Using Newton-Raphson Iterative Method) st oo tational Procedure for Lond Flow Analysts Using Newton-Raphson Iterative Method sep Hz Read the system data and form bus admittance matrix step 2: Assume a flat vollage profile for all buses except the slack bus ie VO 1 +70 piu for P= 1, 2,3, ..07. ‘ # Slack bus step 3: Set convergence criterion = ¢ and iteration count c = 0 step 4: Set bus count p= | check for slack bus. Go to step 10 i tis slack bus, otherwise goto nex step. (i) Calculate P, and Q using the following equations. P, Wy LMI ® e058 +8, -8,) Q/=- FLD ll % sin, +8, 8) “ (i) Calculate AP“ =P. ~P Step 7: Check for PY bus (or) PQ bus. IFitis PY bus go to next step otherwise goto step 9. Step 8: Check Q-limit (Se, Day HO, < Opn (i) SetQ°- 0) ifO> 0, (iii) Set" = 951, = 60 cou SO" * {10s > 3.630 i=in 0.9328 90889 Yay + Sh Shy |v] Py Bs |coet@ee 81-8) EE aes 21S + S885) HOB M99, [952846 1s eae 9 + OF + NSSF] = [URINE + 108 DoaeAT ~ 4.420 “UPS R, |sim@,, +88) of PY +5t-s et? Ys |sin@) = =[093284 «1» a0 an (OO + OF + 5 SSS] = [OBS 108» IMSNGT+ 1 SIT+ SASSY + (Q932847 * 40 Sink 90°] |sin(®,s . =-3.1779 PLP! =4~3.6639-03361 PoP) =-$~(-4.429)=-0571 ~ Q} = -4-(-3.1779)=-as21 ap! |! as: alr ao} j}alr3] airy Wey | sum(O,, +3)~ 85) +| V3) VF | Ys | sim(Byy + 84-8), ~ {0.05 = 1 = 40 sin90° + O° ~ 1.5527") + [1.05 = 0.93284 » 20 sim(90* 5.8556" 1.55279] =61.41 [VEAL P} ULM isin, +8584 = [1.05 = 0.93284 = 20 sin ) 5.8556" - 1.5527°)] =-19.426 aP3 1 Fy 7 LS IL Ms Le0s(8,s *3)~8)) ©" = 1.05 » 20 cos(90° ~ 5.8556° 1.5527") . =2.7077 apy pty 1 gt Sat” WL PSILFEILBalsin(@sy 65 —8)) = (0.93284 + 1.05 * 20 sin(90° + 1.5527° +5.8556°)) = 19.426 1 a = [VEIL ME | By Lim Os, +3} 85) 41 7511 2 I] Bo sins. +85 ~8}) i = [0.93284 » | = 20 sin(90° + 0 + $:8586°)] + (0.93284 = 1.08 «20 sin (90° + 1.5527 + 5.85569) =37.9855 + WARNING: Xerox/Photocopying of this book is a CRIMINAL act. Anyone found guy is LIABLE o ace LEGAL proceadings,