UNIT = SOLUTION oF F IRST AND SECOND ORDER NETWORKS SIA GROUP PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS aff Define the following, a () Resistor (i) Inductor (ii) Capacitor. os: Mode! Pert on) fp Resistor Resistor isa pasive element that absorbs energy whenever curent passes though it tis denoted by The symbolic fepesenaton ofa resistor s shown in igure 0) The resistance is measured Ohms R —w——- Figure t) (i Inductor Inductor is a passive element which stores the energy in the form of magnetic field whenever a current 1s passed through it Itis denoted by ‘L’ and its symbolic representation 1s shown in figure (2). The inductance is measured in Henry L Figure (2) (i) Capacitor Cansciny a passive element which tore the energy the orm of este ld whenever a currents passed through Capacitor sa passive cere Junboic representation shown figure (3) The capacitance ts measured in Farads oo 7 JL What are the different ways of defining time constant? PF o, “ (tone sper-itt, (a) ys. They are The time constant can be defined in (wo ways, TDEY Time pm required forthe cunt acquire the steady sae ale, the rate of eof sen ime constant is defined as the th emains the same at / ~ 0. required 10 reach 63.2% ofthe steady stale response yw when the system has Long ean also be defined as the The rate of increase of current Is s10 SiA GROUP QDAns: Time ‘Constant of Series RL Circuit Consider a series RI. circuit as shown in igure S R - Ww © Figure — ae constant t of the series RI circuit is defined as the interval after which current (or) vol 3.2% of its: - . c Itage changes 63.2 or It is also defined as the ratio of inductance L to resis- tance R ‘The mathematically expression for time constant is given a T= J seconds QAM Define time constant of series RC circuit. >"> ‘Ans: Time Constant of Series RC Circuit Consider a series RC circuit as shown in figure ¥en ma Figure Time constant for RC series circuit is defined as the by which the capacitor attains 63.2% of steady state voltage The mathematical expression for the constant. me t= RC seconds In case of RL circuit the time constant is inversely pro. portional to R. But in RC circuit the time constant tis directly proportional to R. Hence by changing the values of R and Cwe ‘can change the time constant Q5. Define the rise time of low pass RC circuit. Ani Model Paper.il, a1(c) ‘The rise time, 1, is defined as the time taken by the output response i.e, output voltage of a low pass RC circuit excited by a step signal to rise from 0.1 to 0.9 of its final steady state value. Q6. Define the time constant of low pass RC circuit. Ans: The time constant of an RC circuit 18 defined as the time taken by the output response 1e , output voltage waveform to reach, 63.2% of the applied step input signal It is denoted by + AL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS [JNTU-HY Depa, 2.2 ELECTRIC: Bay, Ba mammrrate towing 8979, Say) a NY Define the time constant of series ‘RL circuit) 1% Mustpedance 0 (i) Reactanet (ii) Phase difference (iv) Power factor: Ans: Mosel Paes (i) Impedance defined as the ratio of phasor vo) id is denoted by Z. age, (or) Impedance 's phasor current (2) am jon offered by an A.C ¢ total oppositi 7 citeuit fy oe ‘through it is called as impedance, oo. b -La 7 flow of ies Reactance When impedance is written in Cartesian form th ey ) and the imaginary part is reactance (or) “The opposition offered by inductor oF capacitor nana circuit for the flow of current through itis called as reactany =R +X wi is the resistance (R ie. Where, R= Resistive load X= Reactance. Phase Angle Difference The difference between voltage phase angle and curex phase angle is called as phase angle difference. 0 = Ho) 0) Power Factor Power factor is defined as cosine of the angle of ead lag between voltage and current. av Gi ww Model Pap av Steady State Response Steady state response is the response of the ss as time approaches infinity. In other words, the steady sit Fesponse of the system is that t c ‘stem is that part of the time response Temainsaflet vanishing the transient response complete. steady state response of a system will be independent of tite ‘Transient Response re faslent response ofa system isthe respons 's change in input from one state to another. Ht ord the output variation during the time i takes 10 a6b#** inal value is called as transient response respon, SATSPONSE OF system when time is zero. The as Ponse ofa system isa function of time whe there Look for the SIA GROUP Loco Qj on the Trg COVER before you buy _—_g. Solution of Fist and Second Order Networks le: Discuss briefly about initial conditions. pe ditions are tho rns con se conditions that exi 4 mimeistely afer switching operation, eee «et pes ae operated which disturbs the equilibrium ofthe ye assume that, the switch is operated in zero time iG coat pe introduce a notation to distinguish the two sates soe and t= 0.Th “ye use = 0rand 0°. The initial condition wi ct nistory of the circuit and the network nee on tly after Switching operation (= 0°, ae ‘afer switching at ¢= 0°, the new voltages and current sent inthe nets the es ofthe nit cepocior oe the iil inductor currents a va Fir. Define time constant and write its significance Mode! pers, ate) ine Constant ‘The time constant can be defined in two ways. They are, |, Time constant (x) is defined as the time required for the current to acquire the steady state value, if the rate of rise of current remains the same at = Itcan also be defined as the time required to reach 63.2% of the steady state response. ‘The rate of increase of current is slow when the system haslong time constant Significance of Time Constants The value of t plays a significant role in response of the cect If is small, then circuit response is fast and ittakes very 2.3 Time Constant ; 7 “The time constant T of a series R-L circuit is defined as the ratio of inductance L to resistance R. Mathematically, a 10 Time constant, T= = 5 T=2sec =2Aat iz Wihe Inductor of figure has a current |, = 24 te find an expression for I(t) valid for t > O» and its value at t= 200 1S. 2002 50 mH Figure: Simple RL Circuit Given that, Inductor current at ¢= 0, i, = 2A (0)=2A Inductance, L = 50 mH Resistance, R = 200.2 Given circuit is, tpstime to reach it steady state. On other hand ifr is large then 2002 Geet response is slow and it take very large ime to reach its seady state, QH1. AD.C voltage of 20 V i applied in a R-L circuit F = L = 10 H. Find the time con- ure ae So, the inductor current at time ¢= 200 pis is given as, stant. 7 ae i = Hoye + Given that, 20020010 D.C voltage, V i@y=2e Soto” Resistance, R 4 Inductance, L oe - I it 2 = 449.32 « 107A ‘Assuming the given R-L circuit as a series R-L- circu \ssuming the given R o=so8e4 ma *S shown in figure below “ is }- 13. Consider a parallel RLC circuit having an inductance of 10 mH and a capacitance of 100 iF. Determine the resistor values that would lead to overdamped and under damped respon: Ans: Give tha Inductance, L Figure: Capacitance, C ing through the . seeygltb the steady sate ‘current flowing through Resistance, R=? it. MEERING STUDENTS ECTRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENG! z ‘SIA GROUP tL a ee— —E——re * ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS [JNT\ ‘We know th The resonant frequency ofthe circuit i, V1Ox10™ x100x10°° = 1000 radisec , andthe condition for under-damped isc <<, ‘Thus, considering any one, ao, 1 Tae > 1000 1 BRC a5 1 2Cx1000 1 2100101000, Res Rs <5 results in overdamped care and R> 50 result in lunderdamped caseperive the expression for I(t) of a RA. se M att ne switch. Draw the response curve wove circuit when D.C. voltage Is applied to it at t= 0 by closing ) Vs t. Define time constant of R-L circuit. Consider the RL circuit shown in figure 1) Model Papers, 0548) KVL, Ho +RUI=V +fin=k i@ L vo Figure (1) General solution of this differential equation is given as, pe i= tKew™ Since,inductor behaves as an open-circuit at switching, 1@)=0 ae tk mk Therefore, VV aw i= RE v rn i= Rae") ® givenas, Then the voltage across the resistor and inductor is| wy v V0) = WOR = RRL or Vy = Vue) ; cana For enanennie TapeNTs ————— SIA GROUP 4 ge -