VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

P.KOTHAKOTA, CHITTOOR DIST – 517 112

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES

ENGINEERING PHYSICS
LABORATORY MANUAL FOR I Year B.Tech
(CE & ME Branches)
 DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES
ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB MANUAL
VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
P.KOTHAKOTA, CHITTOOR DIST – 517 112

Name
Reg.No.
Branch/Section

Prepared by: Dr. U. SASIKALA

N. SUBRAMANYAM
Dr. P. GEETHA
Dr. A. SUDHARANI
 SYLLABUS
(Common to CE & ME Branches)

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY: EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of thickness of the thin wire using Wedge Method.

2. Determination of radius of curvature of a plano convex lens using Newton’s
rings.
3. Determination of wavelength of mercury spectrum lines using a diffraction
grating in normal incidence method.
4. Determination of dispersive power of a diffraction grating.
5. Laser- Determination of wavelength using diffraction grating.
6. Determination of particle size by using laser source.
7. Determination of acceptance angle and numerical aperture of an optical
fiber.
8. Determination of Dielectric constant of dielectric material using charging
and discharging of capacitor.
9. Magnetic field along the axis of s circular current carrying coil - Stewart &
Gee’s method.
10. Determination of rigidity modulus by wire-dynamic method (Torsional
pendulum)

Course Outcomes for Engineering physics Lab (R20)

CO 1: To understand the role of Optical fiber parameters in engineering

applications.

CO2: To recognize the significance of laser by studying its characteristics and its
application in finding the particle size.

CO3: To illustrates the magnetic and dielectric materials applications and evaluate
the wavelength of ultrasonic waves.
 CO4: To determine thickness of a hair/paper and wavelength of a given light
source with the concept of interference

CO5: To estimate the wavelength of different colors using diffraction grating and
determine dispersive power of prism

CONTENTS

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LAB

PAGE
S.No EXPERIMENT CO
No.
1. Determination of thickness of the thin wire using Wedge Method CO4 01-04
Determination of radius of curvature of a plano convex lens using
2. CO4 05-09
Newton’s rings
Determination of wavelength of mercury spectrum lines using
3. CO2 10-13
diffraction grating in normal incidence method
4. Determination of dispersive power of the given prism CO5 14-16
Laser – Determination of wavelength of laser using diffraction
5. CO2 17-19
grating
6. Determination of particle size by using laser source. CO2 20-22
Determination of acceptance angle and numerical aperture of an
7. CO1 23-25
optical fiber
Determination of Dielectric constant of dielectric material using
8. CO3 26-28
charging and discharging of capacitor.
Magnetic field along the axis of s circular current carrying coil -
9. CO3 29-34
Stewart & Gee’s method
Determination of rigidity modulus by wire-dynamic method
10. CO3 35-39
(Torsional pendulum)
 LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

1. While entering the Laboratory, the students should wear shoes and lab uniform.
Female Students should tie their hair back.

2. The students should bring their observation note book, practical manual, record
note book and calculator and necessary stationary items for the lab classes
without which the students will not be allowed for doing the practical.

3. The student should not perform unauthorized experiments.

4. All the equipments should be handled with utmost care. Any damage will be
charged.

5. At the end of practical class the apparatus should be arranged neatly.

6. Each experiment after completion should be written in the observation note book
and should be corrected by the lab in charge on the same day of the practical
class.

7. Each experiment should be written in the record note book only after getting
signature from the lab in charge in the observation note book.

8. Record note book should be submitted in the following after completion of

Experiment.
9. 100% attendance should be maintained for the practical classes.
EXPT-1 Date:

DETERMINATION OF THICKNESS OF THE THIN WIRE USING WEDGE

METHOD
Aim: To determine the thickness of given wire by Wedge method using travelling
microscope.

Apparatus:

1. Travelling microscope
2. Plane glass plates
3. Reading lens
4. Sodium vapour lamp
5. Thin wire (or) hair (or) a piece of paper
6. Black paper
7. Reading lens
8. Retard stand

Formula:
𝜆𝑑
Thickness of thin wire, t=
2𝛽

Where λ = wavelength of sodium light = 5893 Ǻ

d = distance of the object from edge of the wedge

β = fringe width

Procedure:

1. A small piece of paper, wire or hair is introduced between two glass plates at one end as
shown in figure.

2. This set up is carefully kept on a black paper and placed on the platform of travelling
microscope. The air wedge thus formed is illuminated normally by monochromatic light
(sodium vapour lamp).

3. The glass plate which is fixed at 45° is helpful in dividing the light into parts. The
microscope is adjusted and focused until the parallel fringes are formed. Starting from one
side coincide the cross wires tangential to the parallel fringes and note the reading for
every 5 fringes (5th, 10th, 15th etc.,) upto 25th fringe.

1
4. Fringe width β is determined from tabular column and thickness of the wire is
𝜆𝑑
determined by using the formula: t =
2𝛽

Diagram:

Fig: Wedge method

Least count: 0.001 cm

S.No. Fringe Microscope reading Total Width of 5 Fringe width

no. Fraction (a+b) fringes (5β) (β)
MSR VSR b=n X LC cm cm cm
a (cm) n (cm)
1. 0

2. 5

3. 10

4. 15

5. 20

6. 25

2
Calculations:

3
Precautions:
1. The microscope should move in one direction from left to right (or) right to left, so the
back lash error is avoided.

2. To achieve good accuracy in the measurement of ‘t’ should be repeated twice or thrice.

Result:

Thickness of the given foil is = -------------- cm

4
EXPT-2 Date:

NEWTON’S RINGS

Aim: To determine the radius of curvature of the given plano convex lens using Newton’s
rings.

Apparatus:

1. Plane glass plate,

2. Plano convex lens,
3. Black sheet,
4. Travelling microscope,
5. Retard stand,
6. Reading lens,
7. Sodium vapour lamp.

Formula:

The radius of curvature of the plano convex lens

𝑫𝟐𝒎 −𝑫𝟐𝒏
R= cm
𝟒𝝀(𝒎−𝒏)

Where Dm = Diameter of mth dark ring – cm

Dn = Diameter of nth dark ring – cm

λ = wavelength of sodium light = 5893 Ǻ

m, n = number of choosen rings

Procedure:

1. A glass plate is kept on a black paper. The given plano convex lens is placed on the
plane glass plate. Another glass plate is arranged at 45 ° to the horizontal above the
plano convex lens with the help of retord stand.

2. The above unit is kept on the travelling microscope platform and under the
microscope.

5
3. Parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on the plane glass plate at 45° and
hence a beam is incident on the plano convex lens.

4. A path of the incident light is reflected by the plano convex lens and a path of light
is transmitted which is reflected from the surface of the plane glass plate. Hence,
interference fringes are formed in between the glass plate and the bottom of the
plano convex lens which can be observed through the microscope.

5. The microscope is moved to the one side (say left side) and the vertical cross wire is
made tangential to the 18th, 15th etc., up to 3rd ring. The horizontal scale reading of
the travelling microscope is noted.

6. The vertical cross wire is made tangential to the other side (say right side) of the
rings 3rd, 6th etc., up to 18th ring. The horizontal scale readings are noted in the
tabular form.

7. From the tabular form, the value of Dm2, Dn2 are calculated.

8. The radius of the curvature of the given plano convex lens is determined using the
formula
2 −𝐷2
𝐷𝑚 𝑛
R= cm
4𝜆(𝑚−𝑛)

Fig. 1: Newton’s ring apparatus

6
 Fig. 2: Newton’s Rings

Graph:

A graph is drawn by taking number of rings on x-axis and D2 value on y-axis. The
graph is a straight line passing through the origin. From the graph D m2, Dn2 are calculated
then ‘R’ can be known from the formula.

Precautions:

1. Microscope should be moved only in one direction to avoid backlash error.

2. Slow motion of tangential screw should be used while taking the readings.
3. The readings of central black spot need not be considered.

7
 Table 1: Calculation of D2 Least Count : 0.001 cm

Travelling Microscope readings

Diameter of
Ring Left Right the ring
S.No. D2
no. Total MSR Total D = (x-y)
MSR VC VC cm
b= n X Lc x=(a+b) a b= n X Lc y=(a+b)
a (cm) (n) (n)
cm (cm) cm
1. 18
2. 15

3. 12

4. 9

5. 6
6. 3

Table 2:
Ring No. Ring No.
S.No. Dn2 Dm2 Dm2 - Dn2
nth mth
1. 18 9

2. 15 6

3. 12 3

8
Calculations:

Result:

The radius of curvature of the given plano convex lens is determined

From experiment, R = ----------------- cm

From graph, R = ----------------- cm

9
EXPT-3 Date:

NORMAL INCIDENCE METHOD

Aim: To determine the wavelength of mercury spectrum lines using a plane transmission
grating in normal incident position.

Apparatus:

1. Spectrometer
2. Plane Transmission Grating
3. Spirit Level
4. Mercury Vapour Lamp

Formula:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
λ= Ǻ
𝑁𝑛

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑔
N=
𝜆𝑔𝑁

Where λ = wavelength of spectral line in Ǻ

θ = angle of diffraction in degree

n = order of the spectrum (1)

N = number of lines per cm on the grating

λg = wavelength of given spectral lines

θg = Angle of diffraction of green colour

Procedure:

1. After the preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer are made, the slit is determinate
with the mercury vapour lamp.

2. The grating is mounted on the prism table with the help of clamps.

3.The telescope is kept exactly opposite to the collimator are 0° and 180°, in this position,
the vernier table is fixed with screws.

10
4. Now the telescope is turned to 90° then the grating is adjusted, such that the reflected
image of the slit is made to coincide with the vertical cross wire of the telescope. At this
position the vernier readings are 90° and 270°.

5. Then the prism table is rotated further 45° such that the plane of the grating is far to the
collimator.

6. Now the grating is fixed in the normal incidence position. Then the telescope is rotated
to the left side to observe the spectrum. Now the vertical cross wire is made to coincide
with the red spectral line and the readings V1 and V2 are noted.

7. The experiment is repeated for other spectral lines (red to violet) and the readings are
tabulated in tabular form.

8. Now the telescope is rotated to the right side and the experiment is repeated as above
from violet to red and the readings V11 and V21 are noted in tabular form.

9. From the tabular form the wavelength of the spectral lines are calculated by using the
formula:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
λ= Ǻ
𝑁𝑛

Diagram:

Fig. : Normal incidence method – Diffraction grating

11
 Determination of wavelength of different spectral lines:

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑆𝑅
Least count (LC) of spectrum =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑆𝑅

1
(2)1
=
301

= 11

Table

S. Colour Readings on the spectrometer Difference between vernier Angle 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

No readings θ λ=
Left Right 𝑵𝒏
1
V1 V2 V1 V21 V1 ~ V1 1
V2 ~ V2 1
Mean (Ǻ)
(2θ)
1. Red

2. Yellow

3. Green

4. Blue

5. Violet

Precautions:

1. The grating should be arranged in normal incidence position.

2. Micrometer screw should be used for fine adjustment of the telescope.

3. Read both the verniers to eliminate any errors due to non-coincidence of the center of
the circular scale with the axis of rotation of the telescope.

12
Calculations:

Result:

The wavelength of the different spectral lines are determined and they are
approximately equal to the standard values.

13
 EXPT-4 Date:

DISPERSIVE POWER OF A PRISM

Aim: To determine the dispersive power of a given prism.

Apparatus: Spectrometer, prism, mercury vapour lamp, reading lens and spirit level.

Formula:
𝐴+𝐷𝑅
sin( )
Refractive index of the blue colour μR = 𝐴
2
sin( 2 )

Where DR = angle of minimum deviation for red colour

𝐴+𝐷𝐵
sin( )
Refractive index of the blue colour μR = 2
𝐴
sin( 2 )

Where DB = angle of minimum deviation for blue colour

𝜇𝐵 − 𝜇𝑅
Dispersive power of medium, ω =
𝜇−1

𝜇𝐵 +𝜇𝑅
Where μ =
2

Procedure:

1. Rotate the prism table and telescope until light will pass symmetrically through the
prism.

2. Locate the position of spectrum in field of telescope.

3. Looking at the spectrum rotate the prism table until the position of minimum deviation
(Dmin) is achieved (the position of minimum deviation is equal to the prism table is slowly
moved on to one direction, for some time the spectrum moves in the same direction as
prism table, but at a certain point the spectrum suddenly reverses its direction. The position
where the spectrum reverses (Dmin) its direction is called minimum deviation.

14
 Fig. : Schematic diagram of the prism spectrometer

Observations:

1. Least count of the vernier of the spectrometer = 1 main scale division/ no. of divisions
on vernier scale

2. Angle of the prism (A) = 60°

S. No. Colour Reading in Direct Mean Value of

minimum reading minimum
deviation B Dmin = A-B deviation
position
A

VI VII VI 1 VII1 VI ~ V I 1 VII ~ VII1 Average

1. Red DR

2. Blue DB

15
4. Fix the prism table in the stationary position so the spectrum will not deviate from its
minimum deviation position, and use the slow motion screw fitted to the telescope to set
the cross wires accurately on the centre of required colour (this reading = A)

5. Take direct reading by making telescope in line with the collimator (B).

6. The difference (A-B) will give the angle of minimum deviation.

Precautions:

1. Don’t touch the polished surface of the prism with hands to avoid finger prints.

2. Use reading lens with light while taking the readings in vernier scale.

3. Slit should be as narrow as possible.

Result:
Dispersive power of the material of the prism (ω) = ---------------

16
 EXPT-5 Date:

Laser - Determination of wavelength using diffraction grating

Aim: To determine the wavelength of laser light using diffraction grating.

Apparatus: Laser source, diffraction grating, clamp stand, scale.

Formula:
𝑑
Sin θ = and
√𝐷2 +𝑑2

sin 𝜃
λ= Ǻ
𝑁𝑛

where θ = angle of diffraction

D = distance between grating and the screen

d = distance of diffraction spots from the central spot

n = order of the spot (1, 2, 3 -----)

N = number of lines per inch on the diffraction grating

λ = wavelength of given laser source.

Procedure:

1. Laser source is kept on the table. A grating plate is fixed vertically on a clamp stand
such that the grating surface is perpendicular to the table so that the diffraction spots are
seen on either side of the central spot at measurable distances.

2. The distance between the screen and the grating “D’ is measured with a scale. The
distance of the diffracted spots (I order) on either side of the center spot are measured and
their average value (d) is calculated.
𝑑
3. The angle of diffraction ‘θ’ is calculated using the formula, Sin θ = .
√𝐷2 +𝑑2

sin 𝜃
4. The wavelength of laser source (λ) is calculated by using the formula, λ = .
𝑁𝑛

5. Similar calculation is made for the other orders (II and III) and the average value of λ
can be calculated.

17
6. The experiment is repeated by changing the distance between the screen and the grating
and wavelength of laser source is calculated.

Precautions:
1. Laser beam should not be seen with the nacked eye directly which may cause blindness.

2. Don’t shine the laser toward anyone.

Fig.: Laser- diffraction grating

Table:

S.No. Distance between Order Distance from the centre Sin θ = λ=

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

the grating and of the spot 𝒅 𝑵𝒏

the screen spot Left Right Average √𝑫𝟐 +𝒅𝟐

(Ǻ)
D (cm) (n) (d) cm

1.

2.

3.

18
Calculations:

Result:

The wavelength of Laser light λ = -------------- Ǻ

19
 EXPT-6 Date:

DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE BY USING LASER SOURCE

Aim: To determine the size of a particle using a laser source by forming diffraction.

Apparatus: Optical bench, laser diode, screen, particle slide, meter scale.

Formula:
2𝑚𝜆𝐷
Size of the particle, a= µm
𝑥

Where m = order of the bright ring

λ = wavelength of He-Ne laser

D = distance between the particle slide and the screen (cm)

x = diameter of mth bright ring (mm)

Procedure:
1. Switch on the laser source and place the particle slide in between the laser source and
the screen. Allow the laser beam to fall on a particle slide.

2. The slide consists of a large number of particles. When the light from a laser source is
diffracted by the particle which is present in the slide, diffraction patterns are formed on
the screen.

3. Once the diffraction pattern is formed due to particle on the screen to determine its size,
fix its position and note the reading on the screen. For further readings vary the distance
between the slit and the screen (D).

4. By varying D, measure ‘x’ for bright ring of order ‘m’ to determine the size of particle
2𝑚𝜆𝐷
using the formula: a = .
𝑥

5. Repeat the experiment for different orders of diffraction ‘m’ to determine the average
size of the particle.

20
 Fig. : Determination of particle size using Laser

Table:

S. No. Distance order of Diameter of mth Size of the

between the the dark ring particle
particle slide bright (x) (mm) 𝟐𝒎𝝀𝑫
a= µm
and the screen ring (m) 𝒙

(D) cm
1. 1
2
2. 1
2
3. 1
2

Precautions:

1. Laser beam should not be seen with the nacked eye directly which may cause blindness.

2. Don’t shine the laser toward anyone.

3. The laser light should be operated at a constant voltage of 220 V.

21
Calculations:

Result:

The size of the particle, a = ----------------- µm

22
 EXPT-7 Date:

NUMERICAL APERTURE AND ACCEPTANCE ANGLE OF AN OPTICAL

FIBER
Aim: To determine the acceptance angle and numerical aperture of an optical fiber.

Apparatus:

1. Fiber optical light source

2. Optical fiber cables

3. Numerical aperture

4. Optical bench

Formula:
The Numerical aperture of an optical fiber is given by,
𝑊
NA = sin α =
√4𝐿2 +𝑊2

Acceptance angle, α = sin-1 (NA)

Where W = Diameter of the light falling on the screen

L = distance between the fiber end to circular image (cm)

Diagram:

Fig.: Numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an optical fiber

23
Procedure:
1. One end of the optical fiber is connected to the power output of LED. And the other end
of the fiber is connected to NA jig through the connector.

2. The A.C. mains is switched on. The light emitted by LED passes through the optical
fiber cable to the other end. The set nob is adjusted such that, maximum intensity is
observed on the screen and it should not be further disturbed.

3. A screen with concentric circles of known diameter is moved along the length of the NA
jig to observe the circular spearing of light intensity on the screen.

4. The screen is adjusted such that, the first circle from the center of the screen is
completely filled with the light. At this position, the distance (L) from the fiber end to the
screen is noted on the NA jig.

5. The experiment is repeated for the subsequent circles by adjusting the length L along
NA jig and the diameter of the rings (W) are noted in table.

6. By determining the values of ‘L’ and ‘W’, the NA and acceptance angle of the optical
fiber can be calculated by using the above formulae.

Table:

S.No. Diameter of Distance from 𝑾 α = sin-1 (NA)

NA =
the circular fiber end to √𝟒𝑳𝟐 +𝑾𝟐

ring screen
W (mm) L (cm)
1. 5
2. 10
3. 15
4. 20
5. 25

24
Calculations:

Precautions:
1. Surroundings should be perfectly dark.

2. Fiber should be coupled smoothly to the connector.

Result:
Numerical aperture of the optical fiber NA = -------

Acceptance angle of the optical fiber α = -------

25
EXPT-8 Date:

DETERMINATION OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT USING CHARGING AND

DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR
Aim: To determine the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the given capacitor
by the method of charging and discharging.

Apparatus: Dielectric constant apparatus with variable gang capacitor and test capacitor
for solid, dielectric material, connecting leads etc.

Formula: Dielectric constant of the dielectric material

𝐶1− 𝐶2
K=
𝐶1 −𝐶3

Where C1 = Capacity of standard variable capacitor at resonance (maximum deflection)

C2 = Capacity of standard variable capacitor at resonance (maximum deflection)

including test capacitor with dielectric in it

C3 = Capacity of standard variable capacitor at resonance (maximum deflection)

including test capacitor without dielectric in it

Procedure:
1. Connect the variable capacitor with the terminals marked variable capacitor on the front
panel of the instrument.

2. Switch on the instrument and then set the sensitivity control knob and also rotate the
standard capacitor knob for maximum deflection. At one position of standard variable
capacitor the deflection should be near to 85 to 90 µA.

3. Now vary the variable capacitor to find out the resonance point (maximum deflection in
the meter). Note the value of variable capacitor as C 1.

4. After getting the value of C1, do not disturb the sensitivity knob for whole the
experiment.

5. Now include the unknown test capacitor (with dielectric (all the three Bakelite sheets
(7.5 mm) in it) and repeat the experiment by varying variable capacitor to again obtain
resonance point (maximum deflection) in the meter. Note this value of variable capacitor
as C2.

26
6. Now remove the dielectric material (Bakellite sheets) from the test capacitor and repeat
the experiment by varying variable capacitor to again obtain resonance point (maximum
deflection) in the meter. Note this value of variable capacitor as C 3.

7. Repeat the experiment with different thickness materials.

8. Calculate the value of dielectric constant K using above formula.

Circuit Diagram:

Table:

S. Thickness Value of variable capacitor at resonance

No. of dielectric when 𝑪 𝑪
K= 𝟏− 𝟐
𝑪𝟏 −𝑪𝟑
material Alone With test With test
(mm) C1 capacitor (with capacitor (without
dielectric in it) dielectric in it)
C2 C3
1. 3 mm
2. 4.5 mm
3. 6 mm
4. 7.5 mm

27
Calculations:

Precautions:

1. Test capacitor plates should be tight when filled with dielectric material.

2. Three sheets are provided for solid dielectric one sheet is 1.5 mm thick and other two are
3 mm each.

3. By using all the three sheets the thickness will be 7.5 mm.

Result: Dielectric constant of the dielectric material is, K = __________

28
EXPT-9 Date:

STEWART & GEE’S EXPERIMENT

Aim: To study the variation of the intensity of magnetic field along the axis of a current
carrying circular coil using Stewart & Gee’s type of tangent galvanometer.

Apparatus:

1. Stewart & Gee’s tangent galvanometer

2. Magnetic compass
3. Ammeter
4. Commutator
5. Battery eliminator
6. Rheostat
7. Plug key
8. Connecting wires

Formula:

1. The magnetic field along the axis of a current carrying coil is given by
2𝜋𝑛𝑖𝑟 2
𝐵= 3⁄ Gauss
10(𝑑2 +𝑟 2 ) 2

Where n = no. of turns of the coil = 50

i = current flowing through the coil (Amp) = 0.2 A

r = Radius of the coil (cm) = 10.1 cm

d = distance of magnetic needle from the center of the coil

towards east and west

2. At the center of the magnetometer the flux density ‘B’ due to the current in the
coil and the horizontal component of the earth’s flux density BH act at right angles
to each other, so that the deflection ‘θ’ is given by

B = BH Tanθ

Where BH = horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field = 0.38 Gauss

θ = Average angle of deflection of the magnetic needle

29
Circuit Diagram:

Fig.: Circuit diagram of Stewart & Gee’s experiment

Graph : A graph is drawn between ‘d’ along x-axis and Tanθ along y-axis as shown in
figure 2. It is symmetrical about the center of coil.

TanθW TanθE

30
Procedure:
1. Orient the apparatus such that the coil is in the north-south plane as shown in the fig.

2. Adjust the leveling screws to make the base horizontal. Make sure that the compass is
moving freely.

3. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure, selecting the number of turns (n) of the coil.

4. Keep the compass at the center of the coil and adjust the apparatus so that the pointers
indicate 0-0 reading.

5. Close the plug keys (k) and commutator (C) (make sure that you are not shorting the
power supply) and adjust the current with rheostat (Rh) so that the deflection is between 50
to 60 degrees. The current is noted by ammeter (A) and it will be kept fixed at this value
for the rest of the experiment.

6. Note down the readings θ1 and θ2. Reverse the current by changing the commutator keys
and note down θ3 and θ4.

7. Repeat the experiment at intervals of 2 cm along the axis towards East until the value of
the field drops to 10 % of its value at the center of the coil.

8. Repeat the experiment on other sides of the coil towards West and note the deflections
θ5, θ6, θ7 and θ8.

Precautions:

1. The coil and the magnetic needle are adjusted to be in magnetic meridian.

2. All the magnetic materials and current carrying conductor should be kept away from the
apparatus.

3. The apparatus should be kept without any disturbance throughout the experiment.

4. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

31
 Table:

Deflection in degrees 𝟐𝝅𝒏𝒊𝒓𝟐

S.No d Left arm Right arm Avg. Tanθ B=BH Tanθ 𝑩= 𝟑⁄
𝟏𝟎(𝒅𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 ) 𝟐
(cm) θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 θ5 θ6 θ7 θ8 θ
1. 0

2. 2

3. 4

4. 6

5. 8

6. 10

Calculations:

1. For d = 0

32
2. For d = 2

3. For d = 4

4. For d = 6

33
 5. For d = 8

6. For d = 10

Result:

1. The magnetic fields along the axis of a current carrying coil have been computed
and compared.

2. The variation of magnetic field along the axis of a current carrying coil have been
studied with the help of a graph.

34
 EXPT-10 Date:

DETERMINATION OF RIGIDITY MODULUS BY WIRE-DYNAMIC METHOD

(Torsional pendulum)
Aim: To determine the rigidity modulus of the material of the wire.

Apparatus: A circular disc provided with chuck nut (Torsional pendulum), steel wire, stop
watch, screw gauge, vernier calipers.

Formula:

Rigidity Modulus of the material is given by

4𝜋𝑀𝑅 2 𝑙
𝜂= (𝑇 2 )
𝑎4
Where M = Mass of the disk

R =Radius of the disk

a = Radius of the wire

l =length of the wire,

T = Time period of oscillation

Procedure:
The circular metal disc is suspended to a wire of convenient length as shown in
figure. A vertical pin (a small mark on the disk when it is in equilibrium) is placed in front
of the disc. This will help to note the number of oscillations made by the disc. The disc is
set to oscillate through small angles.

When the disc is rotating, the time for 20 oscillations is noted with help of a stop
watch. This is repeated twice and the mean of two trials is taken. The time period (T) foe
one oscillation is calculated.

This experiment is repeated for different lengths of the pendulum. The radius of the
wire (a) is to be found accurately with screw gauge. The radius (R) of the disc is found
with vernier calipers. The mass (M) of the disc is obtained by balance. The mean value of
the (l/T2) from the graph and then η is calculated.

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Diagram:

Figure: Torsional pendulum.

Model graph: A graph is drawn with l on x-axis and T2 on y-axis. From the equation it
should be linear as shown in figure. From the graph the value of T 2 for large l is noted and
this value of (l/T2) is substituted in the equation calculated the η.

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Precautions:
1. There should be no kinks in the string.

2. The oscillations must be in a horizantal plane only.

3. The readings should be taken without any parallox error.

Table1:

Time for 20 oscillations Time

Length of
S.No. Mean period
the wire(l) Trial 1 Trial 2 l/T2
(t) (T)=t/20

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Table2: To measure the radius of the disc with vernier calipers.

S.NO. Main scale Vernier V.CX L.C=B Radius=A+B

reading (MSR) coincidence
(VC)
(A)

Table 3: To measure the radius of the wire with screw gauge

Least count=Pitch of the screw/Number of head scale readings.

Zero error= Zero correction=

S.NO. Reading of Head scale Corrected C.H.R.SXL.C Diameter

the Pitch reading(H.S.R) Head scale of the
scale reading (B) wire
(P.S.R)(A) (C.H.S.R) C=A+B

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Calculations:

Result: The Rigidity Modulus of the material is = __________

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