Information and Communication

Technology – Introduction

ICT or information and communications technology is the infrastructure and

components that enable modern computing. Among the goals of IC technologies,
tools and systems is to improve the way humans create, process and share data or
information with each other. Another is to help them improve their abilities in
numerous areas, including business; education; medicine; real-world problem-
solving; and even leisure activities related to sports, music, and movies.

ICT encompasses the internet-enabled sphere and the mobile one powered by
wireless networks. It includes antiquated technologies, such as landline telephones,
radio and television broadcast -- all of which remain widely used alongside today's
cutting-edge ICT pieces, such as artificial intelligence and robotics.

Any technology, infrastructure, component, or device that enables

communications, data sharing, and global connectivity between and between
humans and machines is included in the umbrella term ICT.

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 ICT- MEANING

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for

information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and
the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and
computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and
audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate
information.

ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisuals and telephone

networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There
are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer
network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and
management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device,
encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware,
satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with
them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog
technology, such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits
communication.

ICT is a broader term that includes all the communicational devices, cell phones,
radio, television, and computer along with satellite systems. Various services and
appliances such as video conferencing and distance learning programmes are also
included in ICT with analogue technology.

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 Components of ICT

The list of ICT components is exhaustive and continues to grow. Some

components, such as computers and telephones, have existed for decades. Others,
such as smartphones, digital TVs and robots, are more recent entries.

ICT components include the following:

● Software
● Hardware
● Cloud Computing
● Transaction
● Data
● Internet
● Communication Technologies

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 FEATURES OF ICT
1. Mobile Learning: New advances in hardware and software are making mobile
"smart phones" indispensible tools.

2. Cloud computing: The implications of this trend for education systems are huge:
they will make cheaper information appliances available which do not require the
processing power or size of the PC.

3. One-to-One computing: The trend in classrooms around the world is to provide

an information appliance to every learner and create learning environments that
asside universal access to the technology.

4. Ubiquitous learning: School systems around the world are developing the ability
to provide learning opportunities to students "anytime, anywhere".

5. Gaming: The phenomenal success of games with a focus on active participation,

built in incentives and interaction suggests that current educational methods are not
falling short and that educational games could more effectively attract the interest
and attention of learners.

6. Personalized learning: Education systems are increasingly investigating the use

of technology to better understand a student's knowledge base from prior learning
and to tailor teaching to both address learning gaps as well as learning styles.

7. Redefinition of learning spaces: Schools around the world are re-thinking the
most appropriate learning environments to foster collaborative, cross-disciplinary,
students centered learning. Pg.-4
8. Teacher-generated open content: OECD school systems are increasingly
empowering teachers and networks of teachers to both identify and create the
learning resources that they find most effective in the classroom. Many online texts
allow teachers to edit, add to, or otherwise customize material for their own
purposes, so that their students receive a tailored copy that exactly suits the style
and pace of the course.

9. Smart portfolio assessment: The collection, management, sorting, and retrieving

of data related to learning will help teachers to better understand learning gaps and
customize content and pedagogical approaches.

10. Teacher managers/mentors: The role of the teacher in the classroom is being
transformed from that of the font of knowledge to an instructional manager helping
to guide students through individualized learning pathways.

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Classification of ICT
ICT is an umbrella term that covers all the devices and equipment that helps to
connect and to store data. ICT is mainly classified into four main categories which
include:

● Computing and Information Technology: Computing and information

technology mainly refers to designing and building computers. It also refers
to maintaining and troubleshooting the computer system. It also ensures that
the computer runs smoothly.
● Broadcasting: Broadcasting is the transfer of audio and video visuals
through any electronic mass communication to various audiences all over
the world. It mainly uses the electromagnetic spectrum to transfer the data.
● Telecommunications: Telecommunications are the transfer of electronic
information over several distances. This information may be in the form of
voice, data, text, images or any video.
● Internet: The Internet is a global system that provides a variety of
information and other communicational services by the use of
interconnected networks. It uses the Internet Protocol (IP) to communicate
with others.

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 Benefits of ICT

ICT has a wide range of applications in different fields. The benefits of ICT in
different fields are as follows:

● ICT in Entertainment:

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have a very influencing impact

on entertainment and other leisure activities in various ways in which you can
spend your time effectively. ICT offers a wide variety of entertainment and leisure
activities that allow you for quick access to movies, cinemas or music which can
be easily accessed and you can watch your favourite movies and listen to music
directly from the Internet. This technology also adds more interactive technologies
to TV shows. Digital cameras, printers and scanners are also enabling more people
to experience image production to develop graphic interfaces.

● ICT in Medical Science:

Medical devices and modern equipment have evolved by the use of information
and communications technology. ICT is involved in the use of the devices,
resources and tools that are needed to improve health and biomedicine systems.
Many of the medical devices work according to information and communication
technology for the use of detection and treatment of various serious diseases. A
major advancement in Medical science through ICT are robotics arm, robotics
tools, surgical advancement, MRI system and many more.

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 ● ICT in Finance:

Information and communication technology is used by financial companies mainly

to trade and report business’s earnings and also used to keep records of personal
budgets. It allows very rapid calculation of financial data and also provides
financial services companies with strategic and innovative solutions. Electronic
transfer of money, use of credit cards, or e-commerce are some of the innovative
solutions which include the purchase and payment through the Internet. ICT also
helps in dealing with security concerns and legal issues.

● ICT in Education:

Information and communication technology also contribute greatly to the

education system. It improves the way by which educational institutes provide a
better educational environment with the use of tablets, computers, data displays,
interactive electronic boards, and others in the process of communicating
information. UNESCO pursues an educational system, which is enhanced by
information and communications technology. It also focuses on the main
challenges in joint work, whether in the field of communications, information,
science, or education.

● ICT in Business:

The use of information and communications technology is very important for any
kind of business. It established a hassle-free and secure communication flow and
meet daily operational tasks. The tools that are used in ICT are mainly helped
companies to analyze, store and process large amounts of data and share it with
others which helps to make better use of products and resources. ICT tools also
help to improve profitability and reduce costs. P.g.-8
 ● ICT In political and military aspects:

Information technology in politics and the military has played a major role in terms
of power and dominance of the state. The major countries are developing the use of
communication and means of obtaining information about the enemy. The amount
of information that is available can become a serious weapon through which entire
countries could be destroyed by radars and drones. In the Military, Encrypted
information is one of the fundamental powers of the state.

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 ICT in Education

Information and communication technology has a significant impact on how well

students learn. It greatly expands educational opportunities while also adding value
to education. To understand the significance the ICT in education, let us look at the
advantages of ICT in education.

In today's rapidly evolving world, integrating Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) in education has become a pivotal force for transforming
traditional learning approaches. ICT in education, often called e-learning or digital
learning, has revolutionized how students learn and teachers teach. This digital
transformation has significantly impacted the educational landscape by enhancing
accessibility, interactivity, and effectiveness.

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 Role of ICT in Education
Information Technology in education, effects of the continuing developments in
information technology (IT) on education. The pace of change brought about by
new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live, work, and
play worldwide. New and emerging technologies challenge the traditional process
of teaching and learning, and the way education is managed. Information
technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major
impact across all curriculum areas. Easy worldwide communication provides
instant access to a vast array of data, challenging assimilation and assessment skills
Rapid communication, plus increased access to IT in the home, at work, and in
educational establishments, could mean that learning becomes a truly lifelong
activity an activity in which the pace of technological change forces constant
evaluation of the learning process itself.

The significance of IT in education is as follows:

1.Access to variety of learning resources: In the era of technology. IT aids plenty

of resources to enhance the teaching skills and learning ability. With the help of IT
now it is easy to provide audio visual education. The learning resources are being
widened. Learners are encouraged to regard computers as tools to be used in all
aspects of their studies. In particular, they need to make use of the new multimedia
technologies to communicate ideas, describe projects, and order information in
their work.

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2. Immediacy to information: IT has provided immediacy to education. Now in the
year of computers and web networks the pace of imparting knowledge is very fast
and one can be educated anywhere at any time. New IT has often been introduced
into well established patterns of working and living without radically altering
them. For example, the traditional office, with secretaries working at keyboards all
altering them.

3. Any time learning: Now in the year of computers and web networks the pace of
imparting knowledge is it is day or night can be educated. One can study whenever
he wills irrespective of whether it is day or night and irrespective of being in India
or in US because of the boom in IT.

4. Collaborative learning: Now IT has made it easy to study as well as teach in

groups or in clusters. With online we can be unite together to do the desired task.
Efficient postal systems, the telephone (fixed and mobile), and various recording
and playback systems based on computer technology all have a part to play in
educational broadcasting in the new millennium. The internet and its Web sites are
now familiar too many children in developed Countries and among educational
elites elsewhere, but it remains of little significance to very many more, who lack
the most basic means of subsistence.

5. Authentic and up to date information: The information and data which are
available on the net is purely correct and up to date. Internet, a collection of
computer networks that operate to common standards and enable the computers
and the programs they run to communicate directly provides true and correct
information.
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6. Multimedia approach to education: Audio-visual education, planning,
preparation, and use of devices and materials that involve sight, sound, or both, for
educational purposes. Among the devices used are still and motion pictures,
filmstrips, television, transparencies, audiotapes, records, teaching machines,
computers, and videodiscs. The growth of audio-visual education has reflected
developments in both technology and learning theory. Studies in the psychology of
learning suggest that the use of audio-visuals in education has several advantages.
All learning is based on perception, the process by which the senses gain
information from the environment. The higher processes of memory and concept
formation cannot occur without prior perception. People can attend to only a
limited amount of information at a time; their selection and perception of
information is influenced by past experiences. Researchers have found that, other
conditions being equal, more information is taken in if it is received
simultaneously in two modalities (vision and hearing, for example) rather than in a
single modality.

7. Online library: Internets support thousands of different kinds of operational and

experimental services one of which is online library. We can get plenty of data on
this online library. As part of the IT curriculum, learners are encouraged to regard
computers as tools to be used in all aspects of their studies. In particular, they need
to make use of the new multimedia technologies to communicate ideas, describe
projects, and order information in their work. This requires them to select the
medium best suited to conveying their message, to structure information in a
hierarchical manner, and to link together information to produce a multi-
dimensional document.

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8. Distance learning: Distance Learning, method of learning at a distance rather
than in a classroom. Late 20th-century communications technologies, in their most
recent phases multimedia and interactive, open up new possibilities, both
individual and institutional, for an unprecedented expansion of home-based
learning, much of it part-time. The term distance learning was coined within the
context of a continuing communications revolution, largely replacing a hitherto
confusing mixed nomenclature external study, and, most common, though
restricted in pedagogic means, correspondence study. The convergence of
increased demand for access to educational facilities an innovative
communications technology has been increasingly exploited in face of criticism
that distance learning is an inadequate substitute for learning alongside others in
forma institutions.

9. Better accesses to children with disabilities: Information technology has brough

drastic changes in the life of disabled children. IT provides various software and
technique to educate these poor peoples. The integration of information technology
in teaching is a centra matter in ensuring quality in the educational system. There
are two equally important reasons for integrating information technology in
teaching. Pupils must become familiar with the use of information technology,
since all jobs in the society of the future will be dependent on it, and information
technology must be used in teaching in order to improve its quality and make it
more effective.

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 Need for ICT in Education

ICTs are a potentially powerful tool for extending educational opportunities, both
formal and non-formal, to previously underserved constituencies-scattered and
rural populations, groups traditionally excluded from education due to cultural or
social reasons such as ethnic minorities, girls and women, persons with disabilities,
and the elderly, as well as all others who for reasons of cost or because of time
constraints are unable to enroll on campus.
1. Anytime, anywhere: One defining feature of ICTs is their ability to transcend
time and space. ICTs make possible asynchronous learning, or learning
characterized by a time lag between the delivery of instruction and its reception by
learners. Online course materials, for example, may be accessed 24 hours a day, 7
days a week. ICT-based educational delivery (e.g., educational programming
broadcast over radio or television) also dispenses with the need for all learners and
the instructor to be in one physical location. Additionally, certain 82 types of ICTs,
types of ICTs, such as teleconferencing technologies, enable instruction to be
received simultaneously by learners (ie, synchronous learning)
2.ICTs help prepare individuals for the workplace: One of the most commonly
cited reasons for using ICTs in the classroom has been to better prepare the current
generation of students for a workplace where ICTs, particularly computers, the
internet and related technologies, are becoming more and more ubiquitous.
Technological literacy, or the ability to use ICTs effectively and efficiently, is thus
seen as representing a competitive edge in an increasingly globalizing job market.

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 ADVANTAGES OF ICT IN EDUCATION

Following are the advantages of ICT in Education:-

1. General benefits

● Greater efficiency throughout the school.

● Communication channels are increased through e-mail, discussion groups
and chat rooms.
● Regular use of ICT across different curriculum subjects can have a
beneficial motivational influence on students' learning.

2. Benefits for teachers

● ICT facilitates sharing of resources, expertise and advice.

● Greater flexibility in when and where tasks are carried out.
● Gains in ICT literacy skills, confidence and enthusiasm.
● Easier planning and preparation of lessons and designing materials.
● Access to up-to-date pupil and school data, any time and anywhere.
● Enhancement of professional image projected to colleagues.
● Students are generally more 'on task' and express more positive feelings
when they use computers than when they are given other tasks to do.
● Computer use during lessons motivated students to continue using learning
outside school hours.

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3. Benefits for students

● Higher quality lessons through greater collaboration between teachers in

planning and preparing resources.
● More focused teaching, tailored to students' strengths and weaknesses,
through better analysis of attainment data.
● Improved pastoral care and behaviour management through better tracking
of students.
● Gains in understanding and analytical skills, including improvements in
reading comprehension.
● Development of writing skills (including spelling, grammar, punctuation,
editing and re-drafting), also fluency, originality and elaboration.
● Encouragement of independent and active learning, and self-responsibility
for learning.
● Flexibility of 'anytime, anywhere' access (Jacobsen and Kremer, 2000).
● Development of higher level learning styles.
● Students who used educational technology in school felt more successful in
school, were more motivated to learn and have increased self-confidence and
self-esteem.
● Students found learning in a technology-enhanced setting more stimulating
and student-centered than in a traditional classroom.
● Broadband technology supports the reliable and un-interrupted downloading
of web-hosted educational multimedia resources.
● Opportunities to address their work to an external audience.
● Opportunities to collaborate on assignments with people outside or inside
school.

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4. Benefits for parents

● Easier communication with teachers.

● Higher quality student reports more legible, more detailed, better presented.
● Greater access to more accurate attendance and attainment information.
● Increased involvement in education for parents and, in some cases, improved
self- esteem.
● Increased knowledge of children's learning and capabilities, owing to
increase in learning activity being situated in the home.
● Parents are more likely to be engaged in the school community.
● ICT can have a positive impact across a very wide range of aspects of school
life.

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 LIMITATIONS of ICT in EDUCATION

However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the
Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected
Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains
largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large rural populations." ICT
has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing
countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes the availability of
telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms
of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society
Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data
coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global
growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of
connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million
people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular
service."
Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has
decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline
for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which
global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show ICT progress
and highlight remaining gaps." ICT continues to take on a new form, with
nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT
newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the
Apple Watch, smart wristbands such as the Nike+ FuelBand, and smart TVs such
as Google TV. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops
becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter
itself in the ever-changing globe. Pg.-19
 E- LEARNING

E-learning Meaning:
E-learning is about information, communication, education and training.
Regardless of how trainers categorize training and education, the learner only
wants the skills and knowledge to do a better job or to answer the next question
from a performance . -Tom Kelly, Cisco
Although most commonly associated with higher education and corporate training,
e-learning encompasses learning at all levels, both formal and non-formal, that
uses an information network-the Internet, an intranet (LAN) or extranet (WAN)-
whether wholly or in part, for course delivery, interaction, evaluation and/or
facilitation. Others prefer the term online learning. Web-based learning is a subset
of e-learning and refers to learning using the Internet mainly using a browser (such
as Chrome or Firefox or Internet Explorer). It can also be viewed as learning
through the use of electronic devices. E-learning refers to the delivery of learning,
training or education programs by electronic means. E-learning refers to using
electronic applications and processes to learn. E-learning is a type of education
where the medium of instruction is computer technology. E-learning refers to
learning and other supportive resources that are available through a computer.
Some of the definitions of online learning include other means than a computer
(interactive television), others do not. E. learning refers to the use of Internet
technologies to deliver a broad array of solutions that enhance knowledge and
performance.

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 CHARACTERISTICS of E-LEARNING

Here are some characteristics of effective e-learning:

Interactive
E-learning should engage learners through activities like quizzes, exercises, and
discussion boards.

Well-structured
Content should be organized with clear instructions and objectives to help learners
understand and retain information.

Visually engaging
E-learning should use graphics, videos, and animations to illustrate concepts and
maintain interest.

Accessible
E-learning should be accessible to all learners, regardless of their learning
preferences or physical abilities.

Feedback-oriented
E-learning should provide learners with timely feedback to help them assess their
understanding and progress.

User-friendly
E-learning should make its content and material user-friendly to engage the user.
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Personalized
E-learning should allow learners to customize their learning goals and complete
assignments and readings at their own pace.

Gamification
E-learning can include a competitive element where learners can earn rewards like
points, badges, and certificates.

Online discussion
E-learning can include online discussion, which can help learners exchange
opinions and stimulate different viewpoints.

Automated evaluation
E-learning can include automatic evaluation, which allows teachers to evaluate
tests and provide feedback instantly.

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 FORMS Of E- LEARNING

• Fixed E-Learning

• Adaptive E-Learning

• Linear E-Learning

• Interactive Online Learning

• Individual Online Learning

• Collaborative Online Learning

• Computer Managed Learning (CML)

• Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

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1. Fixed E-Learning
A fancy word for something you probably already know is fixed e-learning. The
term "fixed" in this case refers to the fact that all participating students receive the
same knowledge and that no changes are made to the content used during the
learning process. Teachers predetermine the curriculum, which does not take
student preferences into account. Although this method of instruction has long
been the norm in conventional classrooms, it is not the best for use in e-learning
settings. That is because fixed e-learning does not utilize the valuable real-time
data gained from student inputs. Analyzing each student individually through their
data and making changes to the materials according to this data leads to better
learning outcomes for all students.

2. Adaptive E-Learning
A brand-new and cutting-edge form of e- learning called adaptive e-learning
allows for the customization and redesign of learning materials for each unique
student. Adaptive e-learning systems enable education to become more
individualized and student-centered than ever before by taking into account a
variety of factors, including student performance, goals, abilities, skills, and traits.
It is now possible to mathematically sequence student data using laboratory-based
adaptive educational strategies. This has the potential to usher in a new age for
educational science if done properly. The potential value and effectiveness of these
types of learning apps are sometimes underestimated, even though it might be
more challenging to develop and implement than conventional teaching
approaches.

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3. Linear E-Learning
When discussing human-computer interaction, the term “linear communication"
refers to the unbroken flow of information from sender to receiver. This becomes a
major barrier to e-learning since it prevents two-way contact between instructors
and students. Even though it's losing relevance over time, this kind of e- learning
does have a place in the classroom. The distribution of educational content to
pupils via radio and television broadcasts is a well-known example of linear e-
learning.

4. Interactive Online Learning

Interactive e-learning enables a two-way communication channel between the
parties involved by allowing senders to become receivers and vice versa. Teachers
and students can adjust their teaching and learning strategies based on the
messages provided and received. Because it enables professors and students to
participate more freely, interactive e-learning is much more popular than linear e-
learning.

5. Individual Online Learning

Individual learning in this context refers to how many students actively work
toward the learning objectives rather than how student-centered the content is. For
thousands of years, this kind of education has been the standard in conventional
schools. When engaging in individual learning, students are expected to study the
course materials alone and complete their learning objectives independently. As it
primarily emphasizes individuals learning separately, without interacting with
other students, this form of learning is not the best for helping students build
communication skills and collaborative abilities. Pg.-25
6. Collaborative Online Learning
A contemporary sort of learning method called collaborative e-learning allows
several students to learn and accomplish their learning goals as a group. To attain
their shared learning goals, students must collaborate and develop their
collaboration skills. This is accomplished through the creation of strong groups in
which every student must consider the advantages and disadvantages of every
other student. This improves the pupils' interpersonal and cooperative skills. The
concept that information is best generated within a group of people where they
may interact and learn from one another is expanded upon by collaborative e-
learning.

7. Computer Managed Learning (CML)

Computers are used to manage and evaluate learning processes in computer-
managed learning (CML), also known as computer-managed instruction (CMI).
Systems for computer-managed learning use information databases to function.
These databases include informational nuggets that the student must learn along
with several rating criteria that allow the system to be customized to each student's
preferences. It is possible to assess whether a student successfully met their
learning objectives thanks to two-way communication between the learner and the
computer.

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8. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
Another form of e-learning that combines computers and conventional instruction
is known as computer-assisted instruction (CAI), also known as computer-assisted
learning (CAL). This could refer to the kind of training software utilized by Patrick
Suppes of Stanford University in 1966 or interactive software for the students.
Multimedia elements like text, graphics, sound, and video are used with computer-
assisted training techniques to improve learning. The main benefit of CAI is
interactivity; using various techniques like quizzes and other computer-assisted
teaching and testing systems enables students to become active rather than passive
learners.

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 ADVANTAGES OF E-LEARNING

1. Flexibility, accessibility, convenience: Users are able to proceed through a

program at their own pace and at their pace. Users can access an e-learning
course anytime, anywhere, and learn only as much as they need.

2. Cross-platform: E-learning can be accessed by web browsing software on any

platform. A training program can be delivered to any machine over the internet or
intranet without having to author a program for each platform.

3. Browser software and internet are widely available: Most computers have
Bccess to a browser, are connected to the organization's intranet or the interne
leespensive worldwide distribution: There is no need for a separate distribution
mechanism.

5. Ease of updating information: If changes need to be made to a program or

Course ware after the first implementation, these changes are made on the servers
storing the program or course ware. Everyone worldwide can instantly access the
update of information.

6. Travel costs and time savings: There are no travel costs for bringing remote
learners to a centralized teaching.

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7. Training efficiency is increasing significantly: Not only from a qualitative stand
point (i.e. pedagogical by the use of a new method, personalization, learner
autonomy, and memorization and follow-up, operational by creation of knowledge
sharing community) but also from a quantitative stand point (i.e learning elapse
decreases, learning cost may be reduced and learning effectiveness is increasing).

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 LIMITATIONS OF E-LEARNING

1. Bandwidth limitations: Limited bandwidth means slower performance for sound,

video and intensive graphics, causing long waits for download that can affect the
ease of the learning process.more

2. Loss of human contact: There is a general concern that as we move towards

more computer usage, a terminal will replace a friendly face. Gradual introduction
of e-learning or the use of blended learning may be the answer to this concern.

3. E-learning programs are too static: The level of interactivity is often too limited.

4. E-learning system takes time and more money to develop than Expected: This is
indeed the case, as it is with any new technology that is implemented. It is easier
by starting with an easy program and building on success.

5. Not all courses are delivered well by computer: Some training topics are not best
served by computer based training and require a more personal touch. Team
building issues and dealing with emotional issues are two examples.

6. Resistance to change: Introducing e-learning initiative in an organization is not

an easy-to-do task. Resistance may be hard to overcome, lack of communication
and commitment from champions within the organization may jeopardize the
chances of a succeeding e-learning initiative.

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7. Computer literacy and access to equipment: One of the big limitation of e-
learning that a trainer/student should be computer literate he/she should know
computer. If student/trainer doesn't know computer he/she is unable to learn from
e-learning method.

8. Some topics are not appropriate for e-learning: Topics that require physical
exertion and practice, such as sports and public speaking, are covered in e-
learning. However, e-learning can be a useful companion to traditional education
for teaching background and technical information.

9. Students themselves can be a limitation to e-learning: A student who studies on

e-learning program should be self-motivated and discipline because no one is there
to say to be concentrated on your study.

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