E 102 REV - set of norms governing how

sentences should or not be

UNIT I: REVIEW ON LINGUISTIC formed
COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE - This approach focuses on the
proper use of language, enforcing
PIDGIN AND CREOLES guidelines for things like sentence
What is Pidgin? structure, punctuation, and word
choice. For instance, English
 A simplified form of language that
students learn prescriptive
develops when speakers of different
grammar rules like:
native languages need to communicate,
usually for trade, work, or other 1. Don’t split infinitives.
practical purposes. It has limited - Infinitives are a special form of
vocabulary and simplified grammar, verbs that can be used as nouns,
often drawing from multiple languages. adjectives, or adverbs. They are
usually made by adding ‘to’
before the base verb.
What is Creole?
Example:
 Develops from a pidgin when it becomes
the first language of a community. Over He decided to quickly leave the
time, it evolved to have a more complex room.
structure, including a richer vocabulary - According to the rule, do not
and more sophisticated grammar. split infinitives, and infinitives are
made in the form of ‘to’ and base
verbs.
Origin and Development of Pidgin &
Creole 2. Don’t end sentences with
prepositions.
 Pidgins and creoles often emerge in
situations where people from different - A preposition is a word or group
linguistic backgrounds come into of words used before a noun,
sustained contact, such as during pronoun, or noun phrase to show
colonization, trade, or on plantations. direction.
3. Use ‘I’ and ‘me’ correctly.
Characteristics of Pidgins - “I” is used when the speaker is
the subject or the doer of the
 Pidgins typically have simple grammar,
action while “Me” is used when
no native speakers, and are used as a
the speaker is the object of the
second language for specific purposes
sentence or the receiver of the
like trade or work.
action.
4. Don’t begin a sentence with
Characteristics of Creoles
coordinating conjunctions.
 Creoles have more complex grammar,
are used in all areas of life (not just
 Prescriptive grammar is important
specific situations), and have native
because it tries to govern a language,
speakers.
which makes it easier for others to learn
and easier to share ideas.
PRESCRIPTIVE VS DESCRIPTIVE
APPROACH
Prescriptive:
Descriptive:
 History/Background
 Provides a forum for acknowledging the
- According to Ostade (2008), p. 6,
complexities of a language and the
"prescriptive grammar" in modern
variations it can have in everyday life
linguistics refers to a grammar
from region to region and person to
approach that originated in the
person. it is a way to develop a deeper
18th century and peaked in the
understanding of human speech.
19th century, "born out by the
large numbers that were
produced."  History/background
 Definition - From as early as the first century
- relating to the enforcement of a there have been philosophers
rule or method. who have proposed a more liberal
approach to grammar.
 - The brilliant scholar, Marcus - Descriptive acknowledges the
Terentius Varro, a prolific Roman existence, while prescriptive
writer on the liberal arts, farmer, shapes existence.
commander of one of Pompey's
armies, and overseer of the public LANGUAGE
library in Rome, was among the  Language
first to propose this more liberal - Language is a system of
approach. communication that uses symbols,
- Joseph Priestly was a British such as words or signs, to express
theologian and chemist. After ideas and feelings. It allows people to
founding a school in Cheshire, he share information, ask questions, and
was appalled to discover the poor interact with each other.
quality of the English Grammar - Language is a tool that we use to
books available for the pupils communicate. It involves using
there. In particular, he criticized symbols like words or signs to
the traditional use of Latin represent ideas and emotions.
terminology, seeing it as awkward
and unsuitable for the English  Details:
language. He undertook a o Symbols - These can be spoken
scientific and objective
words, written text, or even gestures
examination of English grammar,
and signs. They are the building
pointing out the ways in which it
blocks of language
differed from that of Latin. In
o Expressing Ideas and Feelings -
1761, he wrote and published his
Through language, we can share
own descriptive approach to
what we think and how we feel.
grammar in his book, The
o Sharing Information - We use
Rudiments of English Grammar.
Language to convey facts, stories,
and knowledge. This can be through
 Some significant descriptivist conversations, books, or even social
- Franz Boas media posts.
- Edward Sapir o Asking Questions - Language helps
- Charles F. Hockett
us seek information and clarify
- Noam Chomsky
doubts.
- Ferdinand de Saussure
o Interacting with Each Other -
Through Language, we can build
 Definition relationships. It's essential for human
- A descriptive grammar is a set of connection.
rules about language based on
how it is used. In descriptive
Oral Communication VS Written
grammar, there is no right or
Language
wrong language.
- focuses on describing the  Oral communication is more
language as it is used, not as it effective due to the extensive range
should be used of signals available to speakers
including gestures, intonation, and
visual cues.
Differences between prescriptive and o Also, in oral it involves the:
descriptive
 Control over message -
- Rules that linguists create, which In control message, the
attempt to model the way speakers must have
language is used, are called more control over how
“descriptive”, while rules that their message is
non-linguists create, which received because they
attempt to suggest how they can adjust their delivery
believe language should be used, in real-time based on
are called “prescriptive”. the audience's
- Descriptive captures the way it is, attention.
prescriptive details how it should  Audience Engagement -
be. however keeping the
audience's attention is
 crucial because These are form of new Englishes not
listeners can't go back uniform in characteristic, but share a
and review what was criteria. It is developed through education
said, unlike readers who system developed in an area where
can re-read the written English was not spoken by majority of
text. people and has become nativised by their
 Written Language - It is own language features.
significantly more precise because
writers can carefully choose and World Englishes are varieties of English that
revise their words over time, while is formed in different regions of the world
readers can control their reading as products of the influences by United
pace and re-read if needed. Kingdom or United States.

PLURALITY OF ENGLISH Standard English

Linguistic Universals An idealized form of English that is
A pattern that occurs systematically acceptable in many social contexts.
across natural languages, potentially Standard English is what is mostly used by
true for all of them. the majority of people to communicate with
anyone throughout the world as it is the
All languages have nouns and verbs, and most influenced and acceptable in many
has consonants and vowels when spoken. social situation.
All languages have notion or ways of
talking about abstract things and functions
which are ways to communicate in certain The 2 English where the standard English is
contexts such as apologising, persuading, based on:
etc. These are properties shared by all
languages.

Universal Grammar
This consists of a set of atomic
grammatical categories and relations
that are the building blocks of the
particular grammars of all human
languages, over which syntactic
structures and constraints on those
structures are defined.
A universal grammar would suggest that all
languages possess the same set of
categories and relations and that in order
to communicate through language, Common Language Vs. Multilingualism
speakers make infinite use of finite means, Common Language refers to words or
an idea that Wilhelm von Humboldt phrases that are commonly understood
suggested in the 1830s. by a group of people.

English VS. Englishes Multilingualism refers to the ability to

use more than one language for a
World English variety of purposes at different levels
The concept of the English language as a of proficiency or ability.
global means of communication in
numerous dialects and also the movement Philippine English
towards an international standard for the It is characterized by a host of words
language. borrowed from a variety of linguistic
World English is the language we use in sources, the main one's being Tagalog-
business, trade and diplomacy and based national language and Spanish, the
other international activities. colonial tongue that preceded English.

World Englishes
Some loan words and loan blends of ephemeral, meaning that it fades quickly
Philippine English that has become part of after being produced. Sound waves vanish
our everyday vocabulary: quickly once the speaker stops speaking. It
1. Balikbayan box can also be applied to sign language, not
2. Barangay just vocal."
3. Barkada
4. Sari-sari store
5. Despedida party

HOCKETT’S FEATURE OF LANGUAGE

Charles Francis Hockett (January 17, 1916 –

November 3, 2000) was an American
linguist who developed many influential
ideas in American structuralist linguistics.
Hockett's Design Features characterize
human language and set it apart from
animal communication. He called these
characteristics the design features of
language.

Language features are a set of rules,

chosen by Charles F. Hockett, that define
human communication and set it apart
from animal communication. In other
words, the features help us differentiate
human language from animal
communication.

Vocal-auditory channel
Basically, the human language occurs
vocally. The main idea of the human
language is through hearing/speaking.

Broadcast transmission and directional

reception.
It is defined when one is speaking, the
sounds he produces are being transmitted
to all directions. However, listeners
perceive the sounds from the direction the
sounds come from. Humans can use
language to talk to many people at once,
like giving a speech, or just one person at a
time, like having a private chat. Also, we
can see it with sign language too. When
one is signing, he signs to anyone within
the line of sight, and they can all see him
signing.

Transitoriness means the temporary quality

of language. Spoken language is