1.

Arrays in Java

An array is a collection of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous memory
locations. In Java, arrays are objects, so they are created dynamically using the new keyword.

Types of Arrays:

1. One-dimensional Array: A single row of elements.

2. Multi-dimensional Array: An array with more than one row or column, such as a 2D
array.

2. One-Dimensional Array

Syntax of Array Declaration and Initialization:

// Declaration and Initialization

int[] arr = new int[5]; // array of 5 integers

arr[0] = 10; // Assigning value to the first element

Alternatively, arrays can be initialized when declared:

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Direct initialization

Accessing Elements of an Array:

Array elements are accessed using their index, starting from 0.

Example:

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

System.out.println(arr[0]); // Output: 10

System.out.println(arr[2]); // Output: 30

Traversing an Array:

You can use a loop to access or manipulate each element in an array.

Example: Traversing an array using a for loop.

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

System.out.println(arr[i]);

3. Multi-Dimensional Array

A multi-dimensional array is an array of arrays. The most commonly used multi-

dimensional array is a 2D array, which stores data in a tabular (rows and columns) format.

Syntax of a 2D Array:

int[][] matrix = new int[3][3]; // A 3x3 matrix

matrix[0][0] = 1; // First element of the array

You can also initialize a 2D array directly:

int[][] matrix = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

Accessing 2D Array Elements:

System.out.println(matrix[0][1]); // Output: 2 (Element at first row, second column)

Traversing a 2D Array:

You can use nested loops to iterate over a 2D array.

Example:
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] matrix = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {

System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " ");

System.out.println(); // New line after each row

4. Strings in Java

A String is a sequence of characters. In Java, strings are objects of the String class, which
provides many methods to manipulate them.

Creating a String:

String str = "Hello World";

String Methods:

Some commonly used String methods:

 length(): Returns the length of the string.

 charAt(index): Returns the character at the specified index.
 substring(start, end): Returns a substring from start index to end index
(excluding end index).
 equals(): Compares two strings for equality.

Example of String Manipulation:

public class Main {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = "Hello World";

System.out.println("Length: " + str.length()); // Output: 11

System.out.println("Character at index 1: " + str.charAt(1)); // Output: e

System.out.println("Substring: " + str.substring(0, 5)); // Output: Hello

System.out.println("Equality check: " + str.equals("Hello World")); // Output: true

Concatenation of Strings:

Strings can be concatenated using the + operator.

String s1 = "Hello";

String s2 = "World";

String s3 = s1 + " " + s2; // Output: "Hello World"

5. Pattern Printing in Java

Pattern printing involves using loops to print a sequence of numbers, symbols, or characters
in a structured format.

Example 1: Printing a Right-Angle Triangle of Numbers:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

System.out.print(j + " ");

System.out.println();

}
Output:

12

123

1234

12345

Example 2: Inverted Number Pyramid:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 5; i >= 1; i--) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

System.out.print(j + " ");

System.out.println();

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 5; i >= 1; i--) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

System.out.print(j + " ");

System.out.println();

}
Output:

12345

1234

123

12

Example 3: Printing a Star Pattern:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

System.out.print("* ");

System.out.println();

Output:

**

***

****

*****

6. Practice Problems (Day 9–10)

Problem 1: Find the Largest Element in an Array

Write a program to find the largest element in an array.

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30, 5, 15};

int max = arr[0];

for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] > max) {

max = arr[i];

System.out.println("Largest element: " + max);

Problem 2: Reverse a String

Write a program to reverse a given string.

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = "Hello";

String reversed = "";

for (int i = str.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

reversed += str.charAt(i);

System.out.println("Reversed String: " + reversed);

Problem 3: Print Fibonacci Series Using an Array

Write a program to print the Fibonacci series up to a given number using an array.
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int n = 10; // Number of terms

int[] fib = new int[n];

fib[0] = 0;

fib[1] = 1;

for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {

fib[i] = fib[i - 1] + fib[i - 2];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

System.out.print(fib[i] + " ");

Problem 4: Find the Sum of Elements in a 2D Array

Write a program to find the sum of all elements in a 2D array.

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] matrix = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {

sum += matrix[i][j];

}
 System.out.println("Sum of elements: " + sum);

7. Important Points to Remember

 Arrays: Use arrays to store and manipulate collections of data. Arrays can be one-
dimensional or multi-dimensional.
 Strings: Strings are objects in Java and are immutable. You can use various methods
provided by the String class to manipulate strings.
 Pattern Printing: You can print patterns using loops (nested for loops are commonly used).

Day 9–10 Goals

 Learn to declare, initialize, and manipulate arrays in Java.

 Master string manipulation using the built-in methods of the String class.
 Get familiar with pattern printing by using nested loops to create various shapes and
patterns.