3

2 A car of mass 850 kg is travelling in a horizontal straight line. The diagram shows the two
horizontal forces acting on the car in opposite directions.

1600 N

1200 N

One force has magnitude 1200 N, and the other force has magnitude 1600 N.

What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the car?

A 0.47 m s–2 B 1.4 m s–2 C 1.9 m s–2 D 3.3 m s–2

© UCLES 2024 9702/12/F/M/24 [Turn over

 4

4 An object of fixed mass is initially at rest at point P. The object then moves away from point P
with uniform acceleration.

Which statement describes the resultant force acting on the object when it is moving?

A It increases uniformly with respect to time.

B It is constant but not zero.
C It is proportional to the displacement from point P.
D It is zero.

7 What is the definition of acceleration?

A change in velocity per unit time

B rate of change of speed per unit time
C rate of change of velocity per unit time
D resultant force per unit mass

© UCLES 2024 9702/12/F/M/24

 5

8 Two balls P and Q, of equal mass, move along a straight line directly towards each other as
shown.

1.30 m s–1 0.50 m s–1

P Q

Ball P has velocity 1.30 m s–1 to the right. Ball Q has velocity 0.50 m s–1 to the left.

P and Q collide with one another. The collision is perfectly elastic and the total momentum is
conserved.

Which diagram correctly shows the motion of P and Q after the collision?

A B
0.22 m s–1 0.58 m s–1 0.40 m s–1 0.40 m s–1

P Q P Q

C D
0.19 m s–1 0.99 m s–1 0.50 m s–1 1.30 m s–1

P Q P Q

© UCLES 2024 9702/12/F/M/24 [Turn over

 5

9 A golf club hits a golf ball. The graph shows how the force F on the ball varies with time t.

0
0 t

Which graph shows how the velocity v of the ball varies with time t ?

A B

v v

0 0
0 t 0 t

C D

v v

0 0
0 t 0 t

10 What is meant by the mass and by the weight of an object on the Earth?

mass weight

A its momentum divided by its velocity the work done in lifting it one metre
B the gravitational force on it the property that resists its acceleration
C the pull of the Earth on it its mass divided by the acceleration of free fall
D the property that resists its acceleration the pull of the Earth on it

© UCLES 2024 9702/11/M/J/24 [Turn over

 6

12 Spheres X and Y form an isolated system. The mass of Y is greater than the mass of X.

Sphere Y is initially stationary.

Sphere X collides elastically with sphere Y.

The speed of sphere X before the collision is u.

Which statement must be correct?

A Sphere X rebounds with a speed that is greater than u, and sphere Y moves off with a speed
that is less than u.
B Sphere X rebounds with a speed that is less than u, and sphere Y moves off with a speed
that is also less than u.
C Sphere X rebounds with speed u, and sphere Y remains stationary.
D Sphere X remains stationary, and sphere Y moves off with a speed that is less than u.

13 A ball of mass 0.10 kg is thrown towards a stationary vertical bat. The ball hits the bat with a
horizontal velocity of 20 m s–1.

20 m s–1 bat

ball

The ball rebounds and leaves the bat with a horizontal velocity of 15 m s–1.

What is the change in momentum of the ball?

A 0.20 N s B 0.50 N s C 1.5 N s D 3.5 N s

© UCLES 2024 9702/11/M/J/24

 5

7 Two satellites in deep space collide inelastically.

What happens to the total kinetic energy and total momentum?

total total
kinetic energy momentum

A conserved conserved
B conserved reduced
C reduced conserved
D reduced reduced

8 What is a reasonable estimate of the momentum of a family car travelling at 25 kilometres per
hour?

A 1  104 kg m s–1

B 1  105 kg m s–1

C 1  106 kg m s–1

D 1  107 kg m s–1

9 A ball collides with a wall. Before the collision, the ball moves with velocity 8 m s–1 to the right.
After the collision, it moves with velocity 3 m s–1 to the left.

What is the change in velocity of the ball during the collision?

A 5 m s–1 to the left

B 5 m s–1 to the right
C 11 m s–1 to the left
D 11 m s–1 to the right

© UCLES 2024 9702/12/M/J/24 [Turn over

 6

10 A lead pellet is shot vertically upwards into a clay block that is stationary at the moment of impact,
but is able to rise freely after impact.

stationary clay
block
mass 95 g

impact velocity
200 m s–1

lead pellet
mass 5.0 g

The mass of the pellet is 5.0 g and the mass of the clay block is 95 g.

The pellet hits the block with an initial vertical velocity of 200 m s–1. It embeds itself in the block
and does not emerge.

How high above its initial position will the block rise?

A 5.1 m B 5.6 m C 10 m D 100 m

© UCLES 2024 9702/12/M/J/24

 4

6 A block is moving along a horizontal frictionless surface. A constant force F and a constant
resistive force of 5.0 N act on the block as it is moving in the direction of the force F, as shown.

direction of
movement
frictionless
F 5.0 N surface

The graph shows the variation with time of the momentum of the block.

2.7
momentum
/ kg m s–1

1.5
0 0.40
time / s

What is the magnitude of force F ?

A 2.0 N B 3.0 N C 5.0 N D 8.0 N

© UCLES 2024 9702/13/M/J/24

 5

7 Newton’s third law describes two forces that are equal in magnitude and form a pair.

Which description of the two forces in such a pair is not correct?

A They act in opposite directions.

B They act on different objects.
C They are the same type of force.
D They cause an object to be in equilibrium.

8 The graph shows the variation with time of the speed of a raindrop falling vertically through air.

speed

0
0 time

Which statement is correct?

A The acceleration decreases to produce a steady speed.

B The acceleration increases as the speed increases.
C The air resistance decreases as the speed increases.
D The resultant force increases as the speed increases.

9 Which statement about a perfectly elastic collision between two objects is correct?

A Total kinetic energy is conserved and the relative speed of approach equals the relative
speed of separation.
B Total kinetic energy is conserved but the relative speed of approach does not equal the
relative speed of separation.
C Total kinetic energy is not conserved and the relative speed of approach does not equal the
relative speed of separation.
D Total kinetic energy is not conserved but the relative speed of approach does equal the
relative speed of separation.

© UCLES 2024 9702/13/M/J/24 [Turn over

 6

11 An object is held in equilibrium by three forces. The forces all act in the same plane. The diagram
shows two of the forces that act on the object.

43 N NOT TO
SCALE
125q

17 N

The third force is missing from the diagram.

What is the third force?

A B C D

165q
157q
55 N
36 N
55 N
36 N
157q
165q

© UCLES 2024 9702/13/M/J/24

 4

4 A snooker ball of mass 0.20 kg has a collision so that its direction of movement changes by an
angle of 90°, as shown.

snooker ball, 0.30 m s–1

mass 0.20 kg
0.40 m s–1

before the collision after the collision

The ball has a speed of 0.40 m s–1 before the collision and a speed of 0.30 m s–1 after the collision.

What is the magnitude of the change in momentum of the snooker ball?

A 0.020 kg m s–1
B 0.10 kg m s–1
C 0.14 kg m s–1
D 0.50 kg m s–1

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/F/M/23

 5

7 Which expression defines force?

A (mass × change in speed) × time taken

mass × change in speed

B
time taken

C (change of momentum) × time taken

change of momentum
D
time taken

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/F/M/23 [Turn over

 6

8 A ship of mass 8.4 × 107 kg is approaching a harbour with speed 16.4 m s–1. By using reverse
thrust it can maintain a constant total stopping force of 920 000 N.

How long will it take to stop?

A 15 seconds
B 150 seconds
C 25 minutes
D 250 minutes

10 Which statement about collisions is correct?

A Kinetic energy is conserved in all collisions.

B Momentum is only conserved in perfectly elastic collisions.
C The relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation for perfectly
elastic collisions.
D When two objects of different masses collide, they exert forces of different magnitudes on
each other.

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/F/M/23

 3

4 Two forces, each of 10 N, act at a point P, as shown. The angle between the directions of the
forces is 120.

10 N

120°
10 N
P

What is the magnitude of the resultant force?

A 5N B 10 N C 17 N D 20 N

© UCLES 2023 9702/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

 5

7 A camera drone of mass 1.20 kg hovers at a fixed point above the ground. The drone has four
propellers.

propeller

camera

In a time of 1.00 s, each propeller pushes a mass of 0.400 kg of air vertically downwards.

Assume that the air above the propellers is stationary.

What is the speed of the air leaving each propeller?

A 0.750 m s–1 B 3.00 m s–1 C 7.36 m s–1 D 29.4 m s–1

8 A box rests on the Earth, as shown.

Newton’s third law describes how forces of the same type act in pairs. One of the forces of a pair
is the weight W of the box.

Which arrow represents the other force of this pair?

box
D
NOT TO
W SCALE
C
A
Earth

© UCLES 2023 9702/11/M/J/23 [Turn over

 6

9 A small ball is held at the surface of liquid oil in a container. The ball is released from rest and
falls through the oil. The ball has velocity v. A viscous (drag) force F acts on the ball.

Which graph could show the variation with v of F?

A B C D

F F F F

0 0 0 0
0 v 0 v 0 v 0 v

10 An object of mass m, moving at speed u along a frictionless horizontal surface, collides head-on
with a stationary object of mass 4m.

u
m 4m

before the collision

1
After the collision, the object of mass m rebounds along its initial path with of its kinetic energy
4
before the collision.

What is the speed of the object of mass 4m after the collision?

u 3u 5u 3u
A B C D
8 16 16 8

© UCLES 2023 9702/11/M/J/23

 5

7 Which statement describes the mass of an object?

A the force the object experiences due to gravity

B the momentum of the object before a collision
C the resistance of the object to changes in motion
D the weight of the object as measured by a balance

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

 6

8 A submarine of total mass 3200 kg is at rest underwater.

water surface

submarine
at rest

sea bed

The total mass of the submarine is suddenly decreased by 200 kg by pumping water out of the
submarine horizontally in a negligible time. The upthrust acting on the submarine is unchanged.

The change in the total weight of the submarine causes it to accelerate vertically upwards.

What is the initial upwards acceleration of the submarine?

A 0.613 m s–2 B 0.654 m s–2 C 9.81 m s–2 D 10.5 m s–2

9 A box in air slides with increasing speed down a rough slope from point P to point Q.

P box

The slope surface exerts a constant frictional force on the box.

As the box moves from P to Q, there are changes to the magnitudes of its acceleration and the
total resistive force acting on it.

Which row describes the changes?

magnitude of
magnitude of
total resistive
acceleration
force

A increases decreases
B decreases decreases
C increases increases
D decreases increases

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/M/J/23

 7

10 Two balls, X and Y, approach each other along the same straight line and collide. The collision is
perfectly elastic.

Their initial speeds are uX and uY respectively. After the collision they move apart with speeds vX
and vY respectively. Their directions are shown.

uX uY
before X Y

vX vY
after X Y

Which equation is correct?

A uX + uY = vX + vY
B uX + uY = vX – vY
C uX – uY = vX + vY
D uX – uY = vX – vY

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/M/J/23 [Turn over

 5

7 A device for spraying paint consists of a box with its faces horizontal and vertical. One of its
vertical faces contains small holes. Paint is fed into the box under pressure via a vertical tube and
exits through the holes as fine streams moving horizontally.

paint in

paint out through holes

(only a few holes are shown)

The paint is ejected at a speed of 2.5 m s–1 through 400 holes, each of area 0.4 mm2. The density
of the paint is 900 kg m–3.

What is the horizontal force required to hold the device stationary as it ejects the paint?

A 0.36 N B 0.90 N C 2.3 N D 900 N

8 Each diagram illustrates a pair of forces of equal magnitude.

Which diagram gives an example of a pair of forces that is described by Newton’s third law of
motion?

A B

total gravitational
resistive driving Earth force
forces force

gravitational
Moon
force

C D

support force lift

weight

weight

© UCLES 2023 9702/13/M/J/23 [Turn over

 6

10 A perfectly elastic collision occurs between two objects X and Y. The mass of X is m and the
3v
mass of Y is 4m. Object X travels at speed v before the collision and speed in the opposite
5
direction after the collision. Object Y is stationary before the collision.

3v
v 5

X Y X Y
m 4m m 4m

before after

What is the kinetic energy of Y after the collision?

8 34 16 1
A mv 2 B mv 2 C mv 2 D mv 2
10 50 50 5

© UCLES 2023 9702/13/M/J/23

 5

5 A parachutist falls from a stationary balloon at time t = 0. The velocity–time graph for the
parachutist from time t = 0 until the time when he is just above the ground is shown.

velocity

0
0 P Q R S time

Which graph best shows the variation with time of the acceleration of the parachutist?

A B

acceleration acceleration

0 0
0 P Q R S time 0 P Q R S time

C D

acceleration acceleration

0 0
0 P Q R S time 0 P Q R S time

© UCLES 2023 9702/11/O/N/23 [Turn over

 6

7 A man stands in a lift that is accelerating vertically downwards, as shown.

lift

acceleration

Which statement describes the force exerted by the man on the floor?

A It is equal to the weight of the man.

B It is greater than the force exerted by the floor on the man.
C It is less than the force exerted by the floor on the man.
D It is less than the weight of the man.

8 A ball of mass 200 g is thrown horizontally with a speed of 20 m s–1 against a vertical wall.

The ball is in contact with the wall for a time of 0.10 s before rebounding back along its original
path with a speed of 10 m s–1.

What is the average force exerted by the wall on the ball during the collision?

A 20 N B 60 N C 20 kN D 60 kN

© UCLES 2023 9702/11/O/N/23

 7

9 In an experiment, a metal ball is dropped into a viscous liquid. The terminal velocity of the ball in
the liquid is measured.

The experiment is repeated four times. For each repeat, a change is made to one of the following.

1 the density of the metal of the ball

2 the height from which the ball is dropped
3 the density of the liquid
4 the depth of the liquid

Which two changes separately affect the terminal velocity of the ball in the liquid?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

10 Two objects move towards each other along the same straight line.

After colliding, the two objects stick together and are stationary.

Which statement must be correct?

A The total kinetic energy of the two objects does not change during the collision.
B The total momentum of the two objects before the collision is zero.
C The two objects have equal mass.
D The two objects have the same speed before the collision.

© UCLES 2023 9702/11/O/N/23 [Turn over

 4

4 An aeroplane is moving at a constant speed in a straight line at an angle θ to the horizontal.

Four forces act on the aeroplane: thrust force T, weight W, lift force L and resistive force R.

L T

R

W

Which two equations must be correct?

A L = W cos θ and T = R + W sin θ

B L = W sin θ and T = R + W cos θ
C L = W cos θ and T = R – W sin θ
D L = W sin θ and T = R – W cos θ

5 What is the definition of acceleration?

A the rate of change of displacement

B the rate of change of kinetic energy
C the rate of change of momentum
D the rate of change of velocity

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/O/N/23

 5

7 Two blocks, of mass 0.20 kg and 0.50 kg, are connected by a light inextensible string that passes
over a frictionless pulley.

rough block,
horizontal mass 0.20 kg
surface
pulley

block,
mass 0.50 kg

The blocks are initially held stationary. The block of mass 0.20 kg rests on a rough horizontal
surface.

The block of mass 0.50 kg is suspended in air. Air resistance is negligible.

When the blocks are released, they have an acceleration of magnitude 2.0 m s–2.

What is the magnitude of the frictional force between the block of mass 0.20 kg and the rough
surface?

A 3.5 N B 3.9 N C 4.5 N D 6.3 N

8 A resultant force causes an object to accelerate.

What is equal to the resultant force?

A the acceleration of the object per unit mass

B the change in kinetic energy of the object per unit time
C the change in momentum of the object per unit time
D the change in velocity of the object per unit time

9 An object falls from a stationary helicopter and reaches terminal velocity.

What happens to the acceleration of the object between leaving the helicopter and reaching
terminal velocity?

A It decreases to 9.81 m s–2.

B It decreases to zero.
C It increases to 9.81 m s–2.
D It remains constant at 9.81 m s–2.

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

 6

10 Two balls, of masses m and 2m, travelling in a vacuum with initial velocities 2v and v
respectively, collide with each other head-on, as shown.

m 2v v 2m

After the collision, the ball of mass m rebounds to the left with velocity v.

What is the loss of kinetic energy in the collision?

A 3
4
mv2 B 3
2
mv2 C 9
4
mv2 D 9
2
mv2

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/O/N/23

 7

13 The diagram shows an experiment to determine the force exerted on a ball by a horizontal air
flow.

30

ball
air flow

The ball is suspended by a light string and weighs 0.15 N.

The deflection of the string from vertical is 30°. The ball is in equilibrium.

What is the force on the ball from the air flow?

A 0.075 N B 0.087 N C 0.26 N D 0.30 N

© UCLES 2023 9702/12/O/N/23 [Turn over

 5

7 Which statement about mass is correct?

A Mass has a magnitude and a direction.

B Mass resists changes in motion.
C The greater the mass of an object, the greater its acceleration when falling in a vacuum.
D The mass of an object depends on its location.

8 A snooker ball has a mass of 200 g. It hits the cushion of a snooker table and rebounds along its
original path.

The ball arrives at the cushion with a speed of 14.0 m s–1 and then leaves it with a speed of
7.0 m s–1. The ball and the cushion are in contact for a time of 0.60 s.

What is the average force exerted on the ball by the cushion?

A 1.4 N B 2.3 N C 4.2 N D 7.0 N

9 A ball falls from rest through air and eventually reaches a constant velocity.

For this fall, forces X and Y vary with time as shown.

force X force Y

0 0
0 time 0 time

What could be forces X and Y ?

force X force Y

A air resistance resultant force

B air resistance weight
C upthrust resultant force
D upthrust weight

© UCLES 2023 9702/13/O/N/23 [Turn over

 6

10 An object X of mass 0.30 kg is travelling in a straight line at a constant velocity of 3.0 m s–1 on a
horizontal frictionless surface. Object X collides with a stationary object Y of mass 0.50 kg.

After the collision, X moves with a velocity of 2.0 m s–1 at an angle of 60 to its direction before the
collision. Object Y moves with a velocity v at an angle of 41 to the direction of X before the
collision, as shown.

Y v

3.0 m s–1 41q

X Y 60q
0.30 kg 0.50 kg X 2.0 m s–1

before collision after collision

What is the value of v?

A 0.80 m s–1 B 1.2 m s–1 C 1.6 m s–1 D 1.8 m s–1

© UCLES 2023 9702/13/O/N/23

 8

1 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An object of mass 2m is travelling at a speed of 5.0 m s–1 in a straight line. It collides with an
object of mass 3m which is initially stationary, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

5.0 m s–1

object, mass 2m object, mass 3m

Fig. 3.1

After the collision, the object of mass 2m moves with velocity v at an angle of 30° to its
original direction of motion.

The object of mass 3m moves with velocity w also at an angle of 30°, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

object, mass 2m v

original path 30°

30°

object, mass 3m

Fig. 3.2

© UCLES 2024 9702/21/M/J/24

 9

By considering the conservation of momentum in two dimensions, calculate the magnitudes

of v and w.

v = ...................................................... m s–1

w = ...................................................... m s–1
[4]

(c) An object of mass 4.2 kg is travelling in a straight line at a speed of 6.0 m s–1. The object is
brought to rest in a distance of 0.050 m by a constant force.

Calculate the magnitude of this force.

force = ...................................................... N [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2024 9702/21/M/J/24 [Turn over

 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN
6

2 A skydiver jumps from an aircraft at time t = 0 and falls vertically downwards. The variation with t
of her velocity v is shown in Fig. 2.1.

45

40
v / m s–1
35

30

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

25

20

15

10

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Using Fig. 2.1, state the terminal velocity of the skydiver.

terminal velocity = .................................................m s–1 [1]

(ii) By drawing a suitable line on Fig. 2.1, determine the acceleration of the skydiver at time
t = 9.0 s.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

acceleration = .................................................m s–2 [2]

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

ĬÑĊ®Ġ³íÅûÍġÅúÛĤæþ×
© UCLES 2024 ĬęěÝÂĥãúâĀĀĎ÷ÁÉđÓĂ 9702/22/M/J/24
 7

(b) The mass of the skydiver and her equipment is 68 kg. The upthrust on the skydiver is
negligible.

After reaching terminal velocity, the skydiver opens her parachute at time t1. A total drag force
of 1800 N acts on the skydiver.

Determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the skydiver at time t1.

acceleration = .......................................................m s–2

direction = ...............................................................
[3]

(c) The parachute is fully open at time t2. At a later time t3 the skydiver reaches a constant
velocity of 5.7 m s–1.

(i) Describe and explain the variation with time of the magnitude of her acceleration between
time t2 and time t3.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the change in momentum of the skydiver between time t1 and time t3.

change in momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

[Total: 10]

ĬÓĊ®Ġ³íÅûÍġÅúÛĢæþ×
© UCLES 2024 ĬęĜÞÊģßĊ×úñÛã¹čđãĂ
ĥĥõĕµµĥĕÕĕõĥÅååµÕÕ
9702/22/M/J/24 [Turn over
 10

3 Two blocks slide directly towards each other along a frictionless horizontal surface, as shown in
Fig. 4.1. The blocks collide and then move as shown in Fig. 4.2.

0.37 kg m s–1 0.65 kg m s–1 0.13 kg m s–1

X Y X Y

BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

Block X initially moves to the right with a momentum of 0.37 kg m s–1. Block Y initially moves to
the left with a momentum of 0.65 kg m s–1. After the blocks collide, block X moves to the left back
along its original path with a momentum of 0.13 kg m s–1. Block Y also moves to the left after the
collision.

(a) Block X has an initial kinetic energy of 0.30 J.

Calculate the mass of block X.

mass = ..................................................... kg [3]

(b) Determine the magnitude of the momentum of block Y after the collision.

momentum = ............................................ kg m s–1 [1]

© UCLES 2023 9702/22/F/M/23

 11

(c) Block X exerts an average force of 7.7 N on block Y during the collision.

Calculate the time that the blocks are in contact with each other.

time = ....................................................... s [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2023 9702/22/F/M/23 [Turn over

 8

4 A block is pulled in a straight line along a rough horizontal surface by a varying force X, as shown
in Fig. 3.1.

momentum p
block
force X rough horizontal
surface

Fig. 3.1

Air resistance is negligible. Assume that the frictional force exerted on the block by the surface is
constant and has magnitude 2.0 N.

The variation with time t of the momentum p of the block is shown in Fig. 3.2.

6
p / kg m s–1
5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.2

(a) State Newton’s second law of motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2023 9702/21/M/J/23

 9

(b) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine, for the block at time t = 2.0 s, the magnitude of:

(i) the resultant force on the block

resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]

(ii) the force X.

X = ...................................................... N [1]

(c) On Fig. 3.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of force X with time t from t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.

4.0

3.5

3.0
X/N
2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.3
[3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2023 9702/21/M/J/23 [Turn over

 8

5 A block is pulled by a force X in a straight line along a rough horizontal surface, as shown in
Fig. 3.1.

velocity
total resistive
force 0.80 N X horizontal surface

Fig. 3.1

Assume that the total resistive force opposing the motion of the block is 0.80 N at all speeds of the
block.

The variation with time t of the magnitude of the force X is shown in Fig. 3.2.

2.0
X/N
1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.2

(a) (i) Define force.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Determine the change in momentum of the block from time t = 0 to time t = 3.0 s.

change in momentum = ............................................ kg m s–1 [2]

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(b) (i) Describe and explain the motion of the block between time t = 3.0 s and time t = 6.0 s.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Force X produces a total power of 2.0 W when moving the block between time t = 3.0 s
and time t = 6.0 s.

Calculate the distance moved by the block during this time interval.

distance = ...................................................... m [3]

(c) The block is at rest at time t = 0.

On Fig. 3.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the momentum of the block with time t
from t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.
Numerical values of momentum are not required.

momentum

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.3
[2]

[Total: 10]

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6 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A firework is initially stationary. It explodes into three fragments A, B and C that move in a
horizontal plane, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 3.1.

6.0 m s–1
fragment B

2m

fragment C 4.0 m s–1

3m

m θ fragment A

Fig. 3.1

Fragment A has a mass of 3m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 4.0 m s–1.

Fragment B has a mass of 2m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 6.0 m s−1 at
right angles to the direction of A.

Fragment C has a mass of m and moves away from the explosion at a speed v and at an
angle θ as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Calculate:

(i) the angle θ

θ = ........................................................° [3]

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(ii) the speed v.

v = ................................................ m s−1 [2]

(c) The firework in (b) contains a chemical that has mass 5.0 g and has chemical energy per unit
mass 700 J kg−1. When the firework explodes, all of the chemical energy is transferred to the
kinetic energy of fragments A, B and C.

(i) Show that the total chemical energy in the firework is 3.5 J.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the mass m.

m = .................................................... kg [3]

[Total: 11]

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7 A trolley A moves along a horizontal surface at a constant velocity towards another trolley B which
is moving at a lower constant speed in the same direction. Fig. 3.1 shows the trolleys at time t = 0.

A B

horizontal surface

Fig. 3.1

Table 3.1 shows data for the trolleys.

Table 3.1

trolley mass / kg initial speed / m s–1

A 0.25 0.48
B 0.75 0.12

The two trolleys collide elastically and then separate. Resistive forces are negligible.

Fig. 3.2 shows the variation with time t of the velocity v for trolley B.

0.5
v / m s–1
0.4

0.3 B

0.2

0.1

0 t/s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
–0.1

–0.2

–0.3

–0.4

–0.5

Fig. 3.2

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(a) State what is represented by the area under a velocity–time graph.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Use Table 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 to determine:

(i) the acceleration of trolley B during the collision

acceleration of B = ................................................ m s–2 [2]

(ii) the magnitude and direction of the final velocity of trolley A.

magnitude = ...................................................... m s–1

direction ...............................................................
[3]

(c) On Fig. 3.2, sketch the variation of the velocity of trolley A with time t from t = 0 to t = 0.50 s.
[3]

[Total: 9]

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8 (a) A ball Y moves along a horizontal frictionless surface and collides with a ball Z, as illustrated
in the views from above in Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2.

0.25 kg
Y 3.7 m s–1

27°
P Y Z Q P Q
44°
0.25 kg mZ
Z
mZ 5.5 m s–1

BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale) Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

Ball Y has a mass of 0.25 kg and initially moves along a line PQ.
Ball Z has a mass mZ and is initially stationary.

After the collision, ball Y has a final velocity of 3.7 m s–1 at an angle of 27° to line PQ and
ball Z has a final velocity of 5.5 m s–1 at an angle of 44° to line PQ.

(i) Calculate the component of the final momentum of ball Y in the direction perpendicular
to line PQ.

component of momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

(ii) By considering the component of the final momentum of each ball in the direction
perpendicular to line PQ, calculate mZ.

mZ = ..................................................... kg [1]

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(iii) During the collision, the average force exerted on Y by Z is FY and the average force
exerted on Z by Y is FZ.

Compare the magnitudes and directions of FY and FZ. Numerical values are not required.

magnitudes: .......................................................................................................................

directions: ..........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Two blocks, A and B, move directly towards each other along a horizontal frictionless surface,
as shown in the view from above in Fig. 4.3.

4 m s–1 6 m s–1
A B

Fig. 4.3

The blocks collide perfectly elastically. Before the collision, block A has a speed of 4 m s–1 and
block B has a speed of 6 m s–1. After the collision, block B moves back along its original path
with a speed of 2 m s–1.

Calculate the speed of block A after the collision.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [1]

[Total: 6]

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9 (a) Define velocity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A rock of mass 7.5 kg is projected vertically upwards from the surface of a planet. The rock
leaves the surface of the planet with a speed of 4.0 m s–1 at time t = 0. The variation with
time t of the velocity v of the rock is shown in Fig. 1.1.

4
v / m s–1
3

0
0 1 2 3 4
t/s
–1

–2

–3

Fig. 1.1

Assume that the planet does not have an atmosphere and that the viscous force acting on the
rock is always zero.

(i) Determine the height of the rock above the surface of the planet at time t = 4.0 s.

height = ..................................................... m [3]

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(ii) Determine the change in the momentum of the rock from time t = 0 to time t = 4.0 s.

change in momentum = ................................................... N s [2]

(iii) Determine the weight W of the rock on this planet.

W = ..................................................... N [2]

(c) In practice, the planet in (b) does have an atmosphere that causes a viscous force to act on
the moving rock.

State and explain the variation, if any, in the resultant force acting on the rock as it moves
vertically upwards.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

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10 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two balls, X and Y, move along a horizontal frictionless surface, as shown from above in
Fig. 4.1.

3.0 kg X
4.0 m s–1

θ 3.7 m s–1
A B A X Y B
θ

4.8 m s–1
2.5 kg Y

before collision after collision

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale) Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

Ball X has a mass of 3.0 kg and a velocity of 4.0 m s–1 in a direction at angle θ to a line AB.
Ball Y has a mass of 2.5 kg and a velocity of 4.8 m s–1 in a direction at angle θ to the line AB.

The balls collide and stick together. After colliding, the balls have a velocity of 3.7 m s–1 along
the line AB on the horizontal surface, as shown in Fig. 4.2.

(i) By considering the components of the momenta along the line AB, calculate θ.

θ = ....................................................... ° [3]

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(ii) By calculation of kinetic energies, state and explain whether the collision of the balls is
inelastic or perfectly elastic.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

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11 (a) Define velocity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A constant driving force of 2400 N acts on a car of mass 1200 kg. The car accelerates from
rest in a straight line along a horizontal road.

Assume that the resistive forces acting on the car are negligible.

(i) Calculate the acceleration of the car.

acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [1]

(ii) On Fig. 3.1, sketch a graph showing the variation with time t of the velocity v of the car
for the first 20 seconds of its motion.

Label this line A.

50

40

v / m s–1

30

20

10

0
0 4 8 12 16 20
t/s

Fig. 3.1
[2]

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(c) In reality, a resistive force due to air resistance acts on the car in (b). This resistive force
increases with speed until it becomes equal in magnitude to the driving force at time t = 12 s.

(i) On Fig. 3.1, sketch a second line to show the variation with time t of the velocity v of the
car for the first 20 seconds of its motion. Label this line B. [3]

(ii) At time t = 20 s, the driving force is increased to 3000 N and remains constant at this
value.

Describe how the velocity of the car changes due to this increase in the driving force.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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