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 Most important GS topics for NDA 1

Polity &  Fundamental Elements

• Preamble to Constitution
Constitution
• Fundamental Rights
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
• Fundamental Duties
• Schedules and Sources of Constitution
• Important Parliamentary Committees
• Disqualification of an MP
• Article 371
 Union Executive
o President
o Vice President
o Council of Ministers
 Parliament in Indian Constitution
o Power of Lok Sabha Speaker
o Basics of Parliament
o Different types of motions in legislature
o Committee on Public Undertakings
o Public Accounts Committee
o Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies
o Elections in India
o Different indicators of foreign exchange reserves
 Judiciary
• Supreme Court and High Court
o Important Judgements by Supreme Court
• District Level Court
 National Human Right Commission
 Important Amendments in Indian Constitution
 Important Committees Related to Centre-State Relations
 Emergency Provisions
 Governance
• Office of Governor in India
• Panchayat and Municipalities
• Union Executive
• Sources of Law in India
• Basic Political Theory (NCERT)
• Niti Aayog and its Initiatives
• Right to Information Act 2005
 Significant Political Concepts
• Concept of Socialism
• Federalism
• Secularism
• Sovereignty
• Pluralist Democracy
• People's Democracy
• Social Justice
• Power of Governor
Ancient Indian  Indus Valley Civilization

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 2

History  Buddhism and Jainism

 Ashoka Inscriptions
 Kushan Dynasty Coins
 Mathura School of Art
 Gandhara School of Art
 Sangam Dynasty and Sangam Literature
 Chola Dynasty
 Gupta Empire
• Art and Architecture
• Important Terms
 Bodhisattva
 Buddhist and Jain Literature
Medieval • Schools under Bhakti Movement
Indian History • Sikhism as a Religion
• Delhi Sultanate
• Art, Architecture, and Other Developments
• Brahmani Dynasty
• Mughal dynasty
• Art, Architecture, and Other Developments
• Regional Kingdoms during Later Mughal Periods
• Different Schools of Jainism, Buddhism, Lingayats, Ajivikas, and
Sufism
• Urbanization during the British Period
• Social and Religious Reforms during the British Period
• Land Revenue Systems during the British Period
• Maratha System and Administration
• Important Battles and Wars
• Bhakti Movement in South India
• Important Temple Architecture
• Important Books Written during Bhakti Movement
Modern 1. Education:
Indian History • Development of Education
• Charter Act of 1813
• General Committee of Public Instructions, 1823
• Orientalist – English Controversy
• Education in Government of India Act, 1919
• Wardha Scheme of Basic Education
• Kothari Commission
• UGC – Radha Krishna Committee
2. Events Leading to Independence:
• Partition of Bengal
• Swadeshi Movement
• Formation of Muslim League
• Morley Minto Reform, 1909
• Annulment of Partition

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 3

• Home Rule Movement

• Lucknow Session of Indian National Congress
• Montague Statement of 1917
• Revolutionary Activities
• Ghadar Party
3. Acts and Events:
• Government of India Act, 1919
• Rowlatt Act
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Khilafat Movement
• NCM
• Chauri Chaura Incident
• Simon Commission
• Nehru Report
• Muhammad Jinnah's 14 Demands
• Kolkata Session of Congress
• Lahore Session of Congress
4. Civil Disobedience Movement:
• Dandi March
• Gandhi Irwin Pact
• Second Round Table Conference
• Pune Pact
• Government of India Act, 1935
• Provincial Elections and Congress Ministries
• Resignation of Congress Ministries
5. Negotiations and Plans:
• Congress Working Committee Meeting at Wardha
• August Offer
• Individual Satyagraha
• C. Rajagopalachari Formula
• Quit India Movement
• Formation of the Indian National Army and Subhash Chandra Bose
• Wavell Plan
• Cabinet Mission Plan
• Interim Government
• Constituent Assembly
• Lord Atlee’s Statement
• Mountbatten Plan
6. Government Acts and Commissions:
• Government of India Act, 1935
• Commissions on Famine, Laws, and etc.
Physics  Mechanics
1. Uniform Motion
• Uniform motion with constant velocity
• Velocity-time graph

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 4

• Position-time graph
• Average speed and average velocity
2. Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Newton’s laws of motion
• Inertia and centre of mass
• Mass and weight of a body
• Unstable equilibrium
3. Gravitational Motion
• Gravitational force and gravity
• Gravitational force between two bodies
• Variation of gravity when height changes
• Change in weight in lift
4. Angular Motion
• Angular motion and important characteristics related to it
• Relation between different properties of angular and linear motion
5. Kinematics
• Equation of kinematics
• Non-zero constant acceleration
6. Energy and Momentum
• Transfer of energy
• Relation between kinetic energy and linear momentum
• Conservation of energy and conservation of momentum
 Thermodynamics
1. Properties of Heat and Thermodynamics
• Properties of heat and thermodynamics
• Conduction, convection and radiation
• Relationship between internal energy and heat flow
2. Thermal Properties
• Latent heat of vaporisation
• Factors on which thermal capacity depends
• Conversion of temperature into different units
 Waves and Oscillations
1. Oscillatory Motion
• Oscillatory motion and waves
• Simple harmonic oscillator
• Time period in a pendulum
2. Characteristics of Waves
• Characteristics of electromagnetic waves and sound waves
• Important features of longitudinal waves and transverse waves
• Frequency of sound waves
3. Sound Waves
• Speed of sound
• Speed of sound versus speed of light
• Speed of sound in different mediums
• Loudness of sound
• Ultrasonic, infrasonic and audible sound

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 5

• Reverberation phenomena
 Optics
1. Light Properties
• Reflection, refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection of light
• Important ray diagram related to mirror and lens and properties of
images formed by them
• Properties of different lens
• Mirror formula and lens formula
• Magnification formula
2. Optical Instruments
• Working science behind different optical tools, such as telescope,
microscope, and periscope
• Different type of telescopes
3. Special Optical Phenomena
• Properties of a prism and rainbow
• Deviation of coloured lights in prism
• Twinkling of stars
• Radiations coming from sun
 Electricity and Magnetism
1. Electric Circuits
• Ohm’s law and non-ohmic devices
• Domestic circuit
• Fuse in electric circuit
2. Resistors and Circuits
• Concept of parallel resistors, series resistors and Wheatstone Bridge
• Factor on which resistance depends
• Resistivity, conductivity and conductance
3. Electromagnetic Concepts
• EMF and potential difference
• Movement of charges, electric and magnetic field
• Properties of solenoid
• Properties of magnetic lines
4. Rules and Laws
• Right hand thumb rule, left hand thumb rule, Fleming’s left-hand
rule and Fleming’s right-hand rule
• Different rules to find direction of current, force, and magnetic field
5. Electromagnetic Phenomena
• Heating effect of current
• Photoelectric effect
• Rayleigh scattering, Raman effect, and Rutherford scattering
• LIGO concept
 Fluid Mechanics
1. Properties of Fluids
• Properties of fluid and their application
• Viscosity, flotation, elasticity, surface tension and capillarity
2. Applications in Fluids

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 6

• Concept of buoyancy
• Application of Bernoulli’s theorem
 Miscellaneous
1. General Properties
• Different units of energy
• Important units, SI units and their usage
2. Astronomy and Astrophysics
• Light year
• Black hole
3. Human Anatomy Related to Physics
• Hearing ability of humans
• Human eyes and deformity related to it
4. Material Properties
• Metallic and non-metallic minerals
• Properties of insulator
• Properties of plane mirror
5. Other Phenomena
• Enter conversion of energies
• Different types of fuel
• Spring balance concept
• Biomass energy source
• Constructive and non-constructive forces
Physical 1. Solar System and Earth's Structure:
Geography • Solar system and facts related to it
• Evolution of lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere
• Structure of the Earth: crust, mantle, core, and composition of the
Earth's crust
• Sources of information about the Earth's interior
• Motion of the Earth: rotation, revolution, latitude, and longitude
• Seasons on Earth: summer and winter solstices, equinox, Greenwich
meridian, international date line, Indian Standard Time
2. Rocks and Geological Movements:
• Rock cycle and classifications of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks
• Endogenetic movements and exogenic movements
• Diastrophism/slow movements and continent-forming movements
• Plate tectonics: continental drift theory, spreading, plate tectonic theory,
convergent boundaries
• Volcanoes: classification, types of lava, distribution, intrusive and
extrusive landforms, composite cone, geysers, and hot springs
• Earthquakes: focus, epicenter, seismic waves, causes, distribution,
shadow zone
• Denudation: types of chemical and physical weathering, mass
movement, ground and water erosion, coral reefs
3. Landforms and Oceans:
• Erosional and deposition landforms: rivers, glaciers, deserts, limestone

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 7

formations, coastal features

• Different types of soil based on the USA taxonomy
• Relief of the ocean: continental shelf, slope, trenches, rises, mountains,
canyons
• Oceanic features: salinity, evaporation rate, temperature, currents, major
ocean currents, warm and cold currents
4. Weather, Climate, and Natural Phenomena:
• Elements of weather and climate: clouds, atmospheric layers, insolation
variability, heating and cooling of the atmosphere
• Factors affecting climate: pressure belts, air masses, jet streams,
cyclones, anticyclones, El Niño-Southern Oscillation
• World climate regions: equatorial, tropical monsoon, tropical marine,
Savannah or Sudan, hot desert, mid-latitude desert, warm temperate
western and eastern margins, polar climate
Indian  Geographical Features of India:
geography • Geographical extent and frontier of India
• Important passes
• Important boundary lines
• Tropic of Cancer
• Indian Standard Time
 Physiography of India:
• Northern and eastern mountains
• Northern plains
• Peninsular Plateau
• Indian desert
• Coastal plains and islands
 Division of Himalayas:
• Major zone of northern plains
• Important characteristics of peninsular plateau
• Features of Indian deserts
• Coastal plains
 Drainage Patterns:
• Different types of drainage patterns
• Arabian Sea vs Bay of Bengal drainage
• Himalayan drainage
• Peninsular drainage
• Indus system
• Ganga system
• Brahmaputra system
• Peninsular Drainage system
 Climate and Natural Vegetation:
• Factors determining the climate of India
• Weather in the winter season
• Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
• Indian monsoon system
• Rhythm of seasons: cold, hot, Southwest & retreating monsoon

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 8

• Different climate regions of India

• Types of forests in India
• Characteristics of different soils in India
 Agriculture in India:
• Different crops in India
• Important characteristics of crops
Economy  Economic Policies and Planning
• Major Branches of Economics
• Role of State Economy
• Structure and Composition of an Economy
• Types of Goods
• Circular Flow of Economy
• National Income Accounting
• Factors of Production
• Gross Capital Formation
• National Planning Committee
• Five Year Plans
• Niti Aayog
• Fiscal Policy
o Types
o Various Actions and Effects
o Components of Budget
o Types of Deficits and Calculation (FRBM Act 2003)
• Monetary Policy
o Types
o Monetary Tools (Bank Rate, Repo Rate, etc.)
o RBI Policies and Committees
o Banking Sector Reforms
o Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
• Taxation
o Methods
o Features of GST
 Financial Markets and Instruments
• Financial Markets
o Call Money Market
o Capital Market Instruments (Shares, Stocks, Bonds, Derivatives)
o Stock Exchanges in India
• Financial Instruments
o Bills, Government Securities, Treasury Bills
o Certificate of Deposits, Commercial Papers, Commercial Bills
• Regulatory Bodies
o SEBI, FATF
 Inflation, Poverty, and Unemployment
• Causes and Types of Inflation
• Effects of Inflation
• Business Cycle

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 9

• Measuring Inflation (WPI, CPI, GDP Deflator)

• Monetary Policy Committee
• Poverty
o Types and Dimensions
o Committees on Poverty (Rangarajan, Y K Alagh, Tendulkar)
o SECC Methodology
• Unemployment
o Types
o Measures
 Economic Revolutions and Policies
• Production Related Revolutions
• Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation
• Agricultural Policies
• Market Intervention Schemes
• Long-Term Irrigation Fund
• Public Sector Undertakings
o Disinvestment, Privatization
o Classification (Navrattan, Mini Ratna, Maha Ratna)
o Build Operate Transfer (BOT)
 International Economic Relations
• Balance of Payments
• Exchange Rate Mechanisms
• Tarapore Committee Recommendations
• Types of Foreign Investments
• Trade Agreements
• WTO and GATT
• Indices by International Agencies
• Demographics and Development
• Linguistic Composition
• Demographic Transition Theory
• Human Development Pillars
• Settlement Types
• Manufacturing Characteristics
• Transportation and Infrastructure
o Road Transport
o Railway Transport
o Sea Routes
o Inland Waterways
Biology 1. Cell Biology and Organisms:
• Different types of cells
• Division of cell
• Cell organelles
• Osmosis
2. Tissues:
• Plant tissues
• Animal tissue

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 10

3. Biodiversity:
• Organism classification
o Monera
o Protista
o Fungi
o Plant classification
o Animal classification
4. Physiology:
• Health and disease processes
• Respiration in plants and animals
• Nutrition in plants and animals
• Transportation and circulation in plants
5. Control and Coordination:
• Movement in plants and plant hormones
• Human nervous system
• Human endocrine system
6. Reproduction:
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
7. Genetics and Evolution:
• Laws of genetics
o Law of dominance
o Law of segregation
o Law of independent assortment
• Heredity and evolution
o Evidence of evolution
o Speciation
• Sex determination in humans
8. Ecology:
• Environment
o Biodegradable waste
o Non-biodegradable waste
• Ecosystem components
o Biotic components
o Abiotic components
• Food chain and food web
• Biological magnification and bioaccumulation
• Ozone layer depletion
• Ecological cycles
o Carbon cycle
o Nitrogen cycle
o Sulphur cycle
o Phosphorus cycle
• Different types of species and their examples
9. Environmental Conventions and Agreements
• Action for Climatic Empowerment

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 11

• Paris Agreement on Climate Change

• Different United Nations Conventions on Environment
• Important International Environment-Based Conventions
10. Ecological Components
• Biological Magnification and Bioaccumulation
• Ozone Layer Depletion
• Ecological Cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus)
• Different Types of Species and Their Examples
• Realms in India, Biome in India
• Biogeographic Zones and Provinces
11. Diseases and Deficiencies:
• Disease vectors
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Mineral deficiencies
• Diseases
Chemistry 1. Acids and Bases
• Presence of hydrochloric acid, methanoic acid, citric acid, and
sulphuric acid
• Different phenomena, applications, and reactions related to acid,
base, and salt
• Different indicators to test acid, base, and salts
2. Hydrogen and Carbon Compounds
• Properties of hydrogen and compounds related to it
• Important organic compounds related to carbon and their usage
• Allotropes of carbon
• Pure form of carbon
• Carbon black
• Properties of carbon monoxide
3. Compounds and Solutions
• Braine aqua solution
• Properties of bleaching powder
• Properties of plaster of Paris and gypsum
• Properties of glasses
• Properties and reactions related to water
• Soft soap versus detergent
• Calcium carbonate
• Cleansing of soap and detergent
4. Organic and Inorganic Substances
• Different types of organic acids
• Different types of nitrogen-based gas and their properties
• Components of fertilizers
• Important elements related to the human body and their
importance in the body
5. Carbon and Its Forms
• Difference between diamond, graphite, and fullerene

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 12

• Properties of granite
6. Properties and Reactions
• Basic properties of alkali metals
• Properties related to the periodic table
• Diffusion, dispersion, osmosis, and absorption
• Reaction with cold water and warm water
• Reactions based on reactivity series
• Oxidising nature of elements of sulphate crystals
• Double displacement reaction, combination reaction,
decomposition reaction, displacement reaction
• Endothermic reactions and exothermic reactions
• Chemical changes versus physical changes
7. Nuclear Chemistry
• Nuclear reactions and radioactivity
• Different types of nuclear fuel
• Different types of nuclear reactions
• Isotopes, isobars, isotones, and isoelectronic
8. Atomic Structure
• Facts related to electron, proton, and neutrons
• Atomic number and atomic mass
• Concept of valence
• Different types of atomic models
• Different types of periodic tables
9. Chemical Processes and Laws
• Oxidation and reduction
• Ostwald’s process, Haber-Bosch process, electric furnace process,
electrolysis process
• Charles's law, Boyle's law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law
• Galvanization
• Different types of alloys and their components
10. Industrial and Environmental Chemistry
• Raw material in cement
• Components of paint
• Solder alloy
• Properties of thermo flask
• Important greenhouse gases
• Solar radiations emitted by the earth
11. Mixtures and Solutions
• Element, mixture, and compounds
• Separation methods to separate different mixtures
• Colloidal solution and their properties
12. Physical Properties
• Boiling point and evaporation
• Molecular weight
• Density of water

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 Most important GS topics for NDA 13

• Specific weight of a body

13. Electrochemistry
• Cathode rays, anode rays
• Cations and anions
• Properties of covalent compounds, ionic compounds
14. Miscellaneous
• Dry ice
• Tyndall effect
• Rusting of iron
• Saponification process
• Gold clean process by blacksmith
• Motors versus generator
• Power of lens
• Properties of a photoelectric cell
• Calcination and roasting
Science & 1. Nanotechnology
Technology 2. Space Technology
3. Defence Technology
4. Quantum Computing
5. Emerging Technologies

Current 1. National and International News

Affairs 2. Important News World
3. Economic Survey
4. Ranking, Indexes, Reports and Survey
5. Economy News
6. Agreement & Deals
7. Books & Author
8. Art and Culture
9. Science & Technology
10. Defence Related Current Affairs
11. Important Summits and Conferences
12. Important Government Schemes
13. Important Appointments

RAHUL SHARMA 13
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