Java IO : Input-output in Java

Java brings various Streams with its I/O package that helps the user to perform
all the input-output operations. These streams support all the types of objects,
data-types, characters, files etc to fully execute the I/O operations.

There are 3 standard or default streams that Java has to provide which are
also most common in use:
1. System.in: This is the standard input stream that is used to read
characters from the keyboard or any other standard input device.
2. System.out: This is the standard output stream that is used to
produce the result of a program on an output device like the computer
screen.
Here is a list of the various print functions that we use to output
statements:
○ print(): This method in Java is used to display a text on the
console. This text is passed as the parameter to this method
 in the form of String. This method prints the text on the
console and the cursor remains at the end of the text at the
console. The next printing takes place from just here.
Syntax:
System.out.print(parameter);
Example:

// Java code to illustrate print()

import java.io.*;

class Main {
public static void main(String[]
args)
{

// using print()
// all are printed in the
// same line
System.out.print("ABC! ");
System.out.print("DEF! ");
System.out.print("GHI! ");
}
}

○
Output:
ABC! DEF! GHI!
○ println(): This method in Java is also used to display a text on
the console. It prints the text on the console and the cursor
 moves to the start of the next line at the console. The next
printing takes place from the next line.
Syntax:
System.out.println(parameter);
Example:

// Java code to illustrate println()

import java.io.*;

class Main {
public static void main(String[]
args)
{

// using println()
// all are printed in the
// different line
System.out.println("ABC! ");
System.out.println("DEF! ");
System.out.println("GHI! ");
}
}

Output:
ABC!
DEF!
GHI!

○ printf(): This is the easiest of all methods as this is similar to

printf in C. Note that System.out.print() and
 System.out.println() take a single argument, but printf() may
take multiple arguments. This is used to format the output in
Java.
Example:

import java.io.*;
public class Main{
// A Java program to demonstrate working of printf() in Java

public static void main(String args[])

{
int x = 100;
System.out.printf(
"Printing simple"
+ " integer: x = %d\n",
x);

// this will print it upto

// 2 decimal places
System.out.printf(
"Formatted with"
+ " precision: PI = %.2f\n",
Math.PI);

float n = 5.2f;

// automatically appends zero

// to the rightmost part of decimal
System.out.printf(
"Formatted to "
+ "specific width: n = %.4f\n",
n);

n = 2324435.3f;

// here number is formatted from

// right margin and occupies a
// width of 20 characters
 System.out.printf(
"Formatted to "
+ "right margin: n = %20.4f\n",
n);
}
}

System.err: This is the standard error stream that is used to output all the error
data that a program might throw, on a computer screen or any standard output
device.
This stream also uses all the 3 above-mentioned functions to output the error
data:
● print()
● println()
● printf()

Example:
 // Java code to illustrate standard
// input output streams

import java.io.*;
public class Main {

public static void main(String args[])

throws IOException
{

// InputStreamReader class to read

input
InputStreamReader inp = null;

// Storing the input in inp

inp = new
InputStreamReader(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter
characters, "
+ " and '0' to
quit.");
char c;
do {
c = (char)inp.read();
System.out.println(c);
} while (c != '0');
}
}

Input:
abcdefgh0

Types of Streams:
 ● Depending on the type of operations, streams can be divided into
two primary classes:
1. Input Stream: These streams are used to read data that must be taken as an
input from a source array or file or any peripheral device. For eg.,
FileInputStream, BufferedInputStream, ByteArrayInputStream etc.

2. Output Stream: These streams are used to write data as outputs into an array or
file or any output peripheral device. For eg., FileOutputStream,
BufferedOutputStream, ByteArrayOutputStream etc.

ByteStream: This is used to process data byte by byte (8 bits). Though it has
many classes, the FileInputStream and the FileOutputStream are the most
popular ones. The FileInputStream is used to read from the source and
FileOutputStream is used to write to the destination. Here is the list of various
ByteStream Classes:

Stream class Description

BufferedInputStream It is used for Buffered Input Stream.

It contains method for reading java standard

DataInputStream
datatypes.

FileInputStream This is used to reads from a file

 This is an abstract class that describes stream
InputStream
input.

This contains the most used print() and println()

PrintStream
method

BufferedOutputStream This is used for Buffered Output Stream.

This contains method for writing java standard data

DataOutputStream
types.

FileOutputStream This is used to write to a file.

This is an abstract class that describe stream

OutputStream
output.

import java.io.*;
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{

InputStreamReader r=new InputStreamReader(System.in);

BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(r);

System.out.println("Enter your name");

String name=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome "+name);
}
}

import java.io.*;
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{

InputStreamReader isr=new InputStreamReader(System.in);

BufferedReader bfr=new BufferedReader(isr);

String name="";

while(!name.equals("stop")){
System.out.println("Enter data: ");
name=bfr.readLine();
System.out.println("data is: "+name);
}

bfr.close();
isr.close();
}
}

Multiple Classes in a single Java Program

public class Main {

Main() {
System.out.println("Constructor of Computer class.");
}
void computer_method() {
System.out.println("Power gone! Shut down your PC soon...");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main c = new Main();
Laptop l = new Laptop();
c.computer_method();
l.laptop_method();
}
}
class Laptop {
Laptop() {
System.out.println("Constructor of Laptop class.");
}
void laptop_method() {
System.out.println("99% Battery available.");
}
}