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Communication System Short Notes

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Shagun Patwari
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15 views6 pages

Communication System Short Notes

Uploaded by

Shagun Patwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of Amplitude

Modulation which represents the binary data in the form of


variations in the amplitude of a signal
efficient in terms of bandwidth utilisation as it only requires two
levels of amplitude i.e. 0 and 1
ASK is more susceptible to noise and interference
ASK is commonly used to transmit digital data over optical fiber.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation


technique in which the frequency of the carrier signal
varies according to the discrete digital changes.
High SNR
It requires more bandwidth than the ASK and PSK
used for data transmission over telephone lines

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation


technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is
changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a
particular time.
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
This is also called as 2-phase PSK (or) Phase Reversal
Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two
phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.
Low error rate in noisy environments.
Low data rate, transmitting only 1 bit per symbol.
GPS for accurate, noise-resistant data transmission.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)


This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine
wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°,
180°, and 270°.
Higher Data Rate: Transmits 2 bits per symbol, doubling the data rate over
BPSK,More efficient use of bandwidth than BPSK.
Increased phase states (4 phases) make it more sensitive to phase noise and
errors.
Used in Broadcast Systems

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)

DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) encodes data based on the change
in phase between symbols: if
the phase stays the
same, it represents a "0"; if
the phase shifts (e.g., by
180°), it represents a "1." This
approach eliminates the need
for a reference phase.
Decodes data by phase difference, eliminating the need for a fixed
reference signal.
Higher Error Rate than PSK: More prone to errors due to cumulative phase
noise, especially over long distances.
Bluetooth Communication: Widely used in Bluetooth for low-power, short-range
data transmission.

PSK is often preferred over ASK and FSK for radio


communication because it's more efficient, less
prone to error, and has better noise rejection:

In Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK-Q), the quadrature-


phase componentQ represents the imaginary part of the
modulated signal in phase modulation schemesBPSK-I,
represents the real part of the modulated signal

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation:

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) can be defined as a


modulation technique that can be used to combine two
amplitude modulated waves into a single channel to increase
the channel bandwidth.(see copy for more and graph)
Advantages of QAM:
Supports high data rate.
Noise immunity is very high therefore, noise interference is very
less.
Disadvantages of QAM:
The receiver is more complex compared to receivers of other
modulation types.
QAM is used to achieve high levels of spectrum usage efficiency.
In 8-QAM (8-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), data is encoded using eight
distinct combinations of amplitude and phase.
This makes 8-QAM more efficient in terms of bandwidth usage than BPSK or
QPSK

Delta Modulation
The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much
higher and in which the stepsize after quantization is of a
smaller value Δ, such a modulation is termed as delta

modulation.

Slope overload happens with a small step size when the signal changes
rapidly.
Granular noise occurs with a large step size when the signal changes
slowly.

Adaptive Delta Modulation


Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) is a modulation technique that dynamically
adjusts the step size (Δ) used in encoding an analog signal based on the
signal's variations. This allows the system to more accurately track rapid
changes in the signal while reducing quantization noise, improving overall
signal quality and efficiency compared to standard delta modulation, which
uses a fixed step size.

Butterworth filte
A Butterworth filter is a type of signal processing filter designed to have a
maximally flat frequency response in the passband, meaning it has no ripples.
It provides a gradual transition from the passband to the stopband, making it
ideal for applications requiring a smooth output without distortion.
Applications: Ideal for audio processing where a flat response is needed.

Chebyshev Filter
A Chebyshev filter is a type of filter that allows ripples in the passband (Type I)
or stopband (Type II) to achieve a steeper roll-off compared to a Butterworth
filter. This enables faster transition between the passband and stopband,
making it suitable for applications where a rapid response is necessary.

Applications: Used in systems requiring a quicker roll-off, such as


communications.
Butterworth: Smooth, flat response. complex
Chebyshev: Ripples allowed, sharper cutoff. Compact

Minimum shift keying (MSK)


Minimum shift keying (MSK), which is a form of continuous-phase frequency-
shift keying where frequency difference between the binary 1 and binary 0
signals is set to half the bit rate, ensuring the phase shift is minimal.
Low Side Lobes: Minimizes interference with adjacent channels.
Synchronous Operation Required: Needs precise timing synchronization.
Wireless Communication: Used in mobile and satellite communications.

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