KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, IIT CAMPUS, CHENNAI – 36

CLASS : X – SCIENCE MINIMUM CONCEPT LEARNING

LN: 1 – CHEMICAL REACTION AND EQUATIONS
1. COMBINATION REACTION : Two reactants combines and gives one product
Eg: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 * Heat evolved – Exothermic reaction.
*Respiration is also exothermic reaction - C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
2. DECOMPOSITION REACTION : One reactant gives two or more products
Types : a) Thermal decomposition : Eg: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 (by heating)
b) Electrolytic decomposition : 2H2O →2H2 + O2 (once electricity passes)
c) Photolytic decomposition : 2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2 (in the presence of sunlight)
3. DISPLACEMENT REACTION : High reactive metals displaces low reactive metals
Eg: CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
4. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION : Precipitation reaction – Exchange of ions.
Eg: Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl; Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI  PbI2 + 2KNO3
5. OXIDATION : Addition of oxygen Eg: 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
6. REDUCTION : Removal of oxygen Eg : CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
7. REDOX REACTION : Both oxidation and reduction takes place in a reaction
Eg: ZnO + C → Zn + CO
8. CORROSION : In the presence of moisture and oxygen - Reddish brown coat of iron
articles (rusting of iron), green coat on copper, black coat on silver.
9. RANCIDITY : Oxidation of oil food. (changes the smell and taste). Prevention :
antioxidants , air tight containers, chips pocket filled with nitrogen gas.

LN. 2 – ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS :

1. Acids – produce H+ ions in the presence of water and Turns Blue litmus Red e.g.
lemon juice, HCl
2. Base – produce OH- ions in the presence of water and Turns Red litmus Blue e.g.
NaOH, Soap, Detergents
3. Chemical properties of Acids and Bases
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas; HCl + Na  NaCl + H2
Metal Carbonate + Acid → Salt + CO2 + Water; Na2CO3 + HCl  NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Metal Bicarbonate + Acid → Salt + CO2 + Water; 2NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water; NaO + HCl  NaCl + H2O
Base + Acid → Salt + Water; NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
Non metallic oxide + Base → Salt + Water
4. Importance of pH in everyday life
 Importance of pH in our digestive system – Stomach HCl – excess secretion – irritates
and gives pain - To get relief from this pain antacids are used which neutralizes the
excess acid.
 pH of Acid Rain : When pH of rain water is less than 5.6 it is called Acid Rain.
  pH of Soil : Plants require a specific range of pH for their healthy growth. If pH of soil of
any particular place is less or more than normal than the farmers add suitable fertilizers
to it.
 Our body functions between the range of 7.0 to 7.8 living organisms can survive only in
the narrow range of pH change.
 Tooth decay and pH : Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of
sugar and food particles remaining in the mouth. Using toothpaste which is generally
basic can neutralize the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
5.a) Chlor-Alkali Process, Preparation and uses of
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
b) Bleaching Power Ca(OH)2 + Cl2→ CaOCl2+ H2O, uses in textile, factories and laundry,
used as disinfectant
c) Baking Soda– NaHCO3– Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Uses - causes dough to rise
and make cakes, pastries spongy, In household, ingredients of antacid
d) Washing Soda Na2CO3. 10H2O, Uses–Used in glass, soap and paper industry,
Cleaning agent for domestic purposes, Removal of hardness of water, Manufacture of
borax.
e) Water of crystallization : Fixed no. of water molecules present in one formula unit
of a salt. Eg – CuSO4. 5H2O.
f) Gypsum also contains water of crystallization. CaSO4.2H2O
Plaster of Paris - CaSO4.½ H2O + 1½ H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
Uses of plaster of Paris : Making toys, decorative material and smooth surfaces.

LN – 3 – METALS AND NON – METALS :

1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals
Physical properties of metals:
Solid, Ductile (drawn into wires), Malleable (beaten into thin sheets), Sonorous(produce
sound), Lustrous(natural shine), Generally good conductor of heat and electricity,
Physical properties of non-metals:
Occur as solid or gas. Bromine is liquid. Non-sonorous, Non-lustrous, only iodine has lustre,
Generally bad conductors of heat and electricity. Graphite a natural form of
carbon is a good conductor.
2. Chemical properties of metals and non-metals
(i) Metal + oxygen → Metal Oxide
a) Some metals like Na and K are kept immersed in kerosene oil as they react
vigorously with air and catch fire.
b) Some metals like Mg, Al, Zn, Pb react slowly with air and form a protective layer.
Mg can also burn in air with a white dazzling light to form its oxide
c) Fe and Cu don't burn in air but combine with oxygen to form oxide. When heated iron
filings burn when sprinkled over flame.
(ii) Metal + water → Metal hydroxide
With cold water – Na, K, Ca
With hot water – Mg
With steam – Fe, Al
(iii) Metal + dilute acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas
3. Reactivity series

4. Properties of Ionic Compounds :

a) Are solid and mostly brittle.
b) Have high melting and boiling points. More energy is required to break the strong
inter-ionic attraction.
c) Generally soluble in water and insoluble in kerosene, petrol.
d) Conduct electricity in
solution and in molten
state. In both cases, free
ions are formed and
conduct electricity.

5. Extraction of ore : Calcination : Carbonate ores heating with limited air. Roasting :
Sulphide ores heating with excess air. Thermit : Fe2O3 + 2Al  2Fe + Al2O3
LN – 4 : CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. COVALENT BOND : Sharing the electrons.
2. Properties of covalent bond: Melting point and boiling point is low, Carbon
compounds are poor conductors of electricity, these bonds are not having strong
force of attraction, they does not give rise to ions.
3. Versatile nature of carbon:
a) Catenation : Ability to form covalent bonds with other atoms, giving rise to large
molecules.
b) Tetravalency : 4 - Valence electrons
4. A) Saturated compounds - Carbon compounds which have single bonds. Eg : C2 H6.
B) Unsaturated compounds - Carbon compounds which have double or triple bonds. Eg : C2 H4.
5. STRUCTURAL ISOMERS – Identical formula but different structures. Eg: C4H10
6. HYDRO CARBONS – Carbon compound which contain Carbon and Hydrogen.
7. ALKANES - Hydrocarbons with single bond (General formula – CnH2n+2). ALKENES –
Hydrocarbons with double bond((General formula – CnH2n). ALKYNES – Hydrocarbons with
triple bond. (General formula – CnH2n-2).
8. Functional group of Oxygen - OH - Alcohol, –CHO - Aldehyde, -C=O – Ketone.
–COOH - Carboxylic acid
9. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES : A series of compounds in which the same functional group
substitutes for Hydrogen in a carbon chain. Eg : (i) Alkanes - CH4 C2H6 C3H8 ?
(ii) Alkenes – C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 ? (iii) Alkynes – C2H2 C3H4 C4H6 ?
10. Chemical properties of carbon : (i) combustion – Burns in O2 and gives heat and light,
Eg: C + O2  CO2 (ii) Oxidation – CH3CH2OH  CH3COOH (KMnO4 – Oxidising agent)
(iii) Addition – Hydrogenation of oils Eg: C=C  C-C (Nickel catalyst) (iv) Substitution – Chlorine
is replaces Hydrogen Eg: CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl
11. Chemical properties of Ethanol:
a) Reaction with Sodium : 2Na + 2CH3CH2OH  2CH3CH2O-Na+ + H2
b) Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon: (Dehydration reaction)
CH3-CH2 OH  CH2=CH2 + H2O (In the presence of Hot.Conc.H2SO4 at 443K)
12. Chemical properties of Ethanoic acid :
a) Esterification reaction: CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH  CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
b) Saponification reaction: CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH  C2H5OH + CH3COOH
c) Reaction with base : CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O
13. Soap & Detergents: Soap has Na & K salts – Ionic ends dissolved in water forms
micelle. Soap has Ca & Mg salts – hardness of water. Detergents has NH4 & sulphonate
salts.
BIOLOGY
Ln – 6 - LIFE PROCESSES :
1. Events of photosynthesis : Absorption of light energy, conversion of light energy to
chemical energy, splitting of water molecules, reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
2. Stomata : Tiny pores on the surface of the leaves, helps in respiration and
transpiration.
3. Digestive system : In take of food is called nutrition. Diagram – p.no.99
 ORGANS / GLANDS SECRETIONS / ENZYMES FUNCTION
Salivary amylase Starch into sugar
Mouth – Salivary gland
1. HCl acid Kill germs
Stomach – Gastric gland 2. Mucus Protects stomach wall
3. Pepsin Protein digestion

Trypsin Protein digestion

Small Intestine

Bile juice & Bile salts Fat digestion

Liver

4. BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE:

5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Diagram Page.no.104

O2 Pathway CO2 Pathway
↓ ↓
Nose Other parts of the body
↓ ↓
Wind pipe Alveoli
↓ ↓
Bronchi Bronchioles
↓ ↓
Bronchioles Bronchi
↓ ↓
Alveoli Wind pipe
↓ ↓
Other parts of the body Nose
6. TRANSPORTATION : Blood transports food and oxygen to the body.
(i) Left atrium receives Oxygenated blood and sends to left ventricle.
(ii) Left ventricle relaxes and receives the O2 blood and sends to all the other
parts of the body.
(iii) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from other parts of the body.
(iv) Right ventricle relaxes and receives deoxygenated blood and sends back to
the lungs.
7. Double circulation: The blood goes twice to the heart during each cycle of
circulation. Diagram: P. no. 106
 8. Arteries – It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, it has thick and
elastic walls. Veins – It carries deoxygenated blood from the other parts of the
body to the heart, it has thin walls. Platelets: Helps in blood clotting. Lymph –
Tissue fluid, colourless, it carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine.
9. Transportation in plants: Xylem – Transports water (ascent of sap), Phloem –
Translocates food.
10.EXCRETION: Removal of metabolic wastes. Diagram – P.no.110,111
(i) Nephron – Filtration units of kidney.
(ii) Urine formation – Glomerulus filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular
secretion, Water reabsorption.
(iii) Kidney – Filters glucose, amino acids, salts and water – Urea separated 
sends to ureter  Urinary bladder  Urethra.
11.Excretion in plants : Photosynthesis  Releases O2, Dead cells  Leaf fall off,
Excess amount of water  Transpiration, Other wastes  resins, gums.

Ln – 7 - CONTROL AND COORDINATION:

1. Neuron : Nerve cell receives the information at the end of the dendritic tip sets off
chemical reaction that creates electrical impulse.
2. Synapse: chemical reaction cross the gap between axon of 1st neuron and dendrite
of 2nd neuron.
3. Receptors : Sense organs receives the information from brain or spinal cord. (Eyes
– photoreceptors, Nose – olfactory receptors, ear – auditory receptors, tongue –
gustatory receptors)
4. Reflex action: A Spontaneous, automatic, immediate and mechanical response to
a stimuli.
5. Reflex arc: Stimuli  Receptor  Sensory neuron  Spinal cord  Relay neuron
 Motor neuron  Effector
6. Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain and Spinal cord
7. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Cranial nerves from Brain, Spinal nerves from
spinal cord.
8. Parts of the brain : Fore brain – Thinking part, hearing, smell, sight – Voluntary
actions; Mid Brain – Controls involuntary actions; Medulla & Hind brain – Blood
pressure, salivation, vomiting. Cerebellum – Maintains posture and balance the
body.
9. Protection of brain : Brain protected in bony box (skull) and cerebro spinal fluid,
Spinal cord protected by back bone (vertebral column)
10. Tissue action : Receptors receives information  Send to the brain  Processes
the information  makes decision  conveys decision to muscles  muscles
contract and complete the action.
 11. Plant stimulus : Tropic movement – Response towards growth. Eg : Phototropism:
Response to light. Chemotropism: Response to chemicals. Hydrotropism: Response to
water. Geotropism: Response to gravity. Thigmotropism: Response to touch.
12.Nastic movement : No growth involved. Eg: Touch – me – not plant – closing the
leaves – response to touch. Due to Change in the shape of cells.
13.Phyto hormones: Auxin & Gibberlins – Promotes growth, Cytokinins – promotes
cell division, Abscisic acid – Inhibits growth.
14. Animal hormones and its functions:

LN – 8 - HOW DO ORGANISM REPRODUCE:

1. Reproduction : Production of young ones, basic event of reproduction is DNA copying

which leads to variation.
2. Variation is useful for the survival of species over time.
3. Asexual reproduction : One parent involved. Diagrams – P.No. 129,130,131
S.NO TYPES OF DEFINITION EXAMPLES
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Binary fission Single Cell divided into two daughter Amoeba,
1 cells Leishmania
Multiple fission Single cell divided into many daughter Plasmodium
2 cells
Fragmentation Single cell breaks up into fragments Spirogyra
3
Single body cut into many pieces, Planaria
4 Regeneration each piece grows into a complete
organism
Bud develops as an outgrowth in Hydra, Yeast
5 Budding mother’s body.
New plants produced from root, Sugarcane,
6 Vegetative stem, leaves Rose,
propagation Bryophyllum
 Spores from sporangia burst out and Bread mould
7 Spore formation produce new individuals
4. Sexual reproduction : Two parents / gametes involved.
5. Fertilisation : Fusion of male and female gametes  Zygote  Embryo
6. Reproduction in plants : Male reproductive organ – stamen, Female reproductive
organ – Carpel.
7. Unisexual flowers –Flowers which contain either stamen or carpel. Eg: Watermelon,
papaya. Bisexual flowers – Flowers which contain both stamen and carpel. Eg:
Mustard, Hibiscus.
8. Pollination : Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
9. Self pollination : Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same
flower. Cross pollination : Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of
different flower. Diagram – p. no. 134, 135
10.Post fertilisation changes : Ovules changes into seeds, ovary into fruits.
11.Germination : Embryo develops into a seedling and young plants.
12.Male Reproductive system : Diagram - P. no. 137
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS FUNCTION
Production of sperms
Testis
Pathway for Sperms
Vas deferens
Secretes fluid - sperms transports easier
Seminal vesicle
Provides nutrition to the sperms
Prostate gland
13.Female reproductive system : Diagram – P.no. 137
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS FUNCTION
Production of eggs
Ovary
Pathway for eggs, Site of fertilisation
Fallopian tube ( Oviduct)
Site of implantation
Uterus
Birth canal
Vagina
14.Placenta : A disc like special tissue present in uterine wall, which provides food to the
embryo and collect the wastes from embryo.
15.Menstruation: When egg is not fertilised, uterus lining breaks and comes out as blood
and mucous every 28 days.
16.Contraceptive methods :
S.NO CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS DEVICES
Mechanical methods Condoms
1
Chemical methods Oral pills
2
 Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) Copper – T
3
Surgical methods Vasectomy, Tubectomy
4
LN – 9 - HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION:
1. Heredity : Passing of characteristics / traits from one generation to next
generation.
2. Mendel’s experiment : Mono hybrid cross
Pea plants – Contrasting characters - Tall and Short / dwarf plants
Yellow seeds & Green seeds, White flowers & violet flowers
Monohybrid cross ratio : 3 : 1
Dihybrid cross ratio : 9 : 3: 3: 1
 3. Sex determination :
Male sex chromosomes : XY,
Female sex chromosomes : XX

PHYSICS

LN – 10 - LIGHT : REFLECTION AND REFRACTION:

1. Laws of reflection : a) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

B) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence, reflected
ray all lie in the same plane.
2. DEFINITIONS : (i) POLE (P)– The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical
mirror. (ii) CENTRE OF CURVATURE (C) : A spherical mirror forms a part of a
sphere. This sphere as centre, this centre point is called centre of curvature. (iii)
RADIUS OF CURVATURE (R) : Radius of the sphere of the reflecting surface of the
spherical mirror. (iv) PRINCIPAL AXIS : An imaginary line which passing through
the pole and centre of curvature. (v)PRINCIPAL FOCUS (F) : The reflected rays are
all meeting at a point on the Principal axis is called principal focus. (vi) FOCAL
LENGTH : The distance between the pole and the principal focus (f).
3. Uses of concave mirror: Torches, search lights, vehicles headlights, shaving
mirrors, dentists and solar furnaces.
4. Uses of convex mirror: Rear view mirror in vehicles.
5. Mirror formula : 1/u + 1/v = 1/f
6. Magnification formula : m= h’/h = - v/u
7. REFRACTION : When light travelling from one transparent medium to another
medium, the direction of light in the second medium changes.
8. LAWS OF REFRACTION :
A) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media, at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
B) Sin i / Sin r = constant ( Snell’s law)
9. LENS FORMULA : 1/v - 1/u = 1/f
10. Magnification formula : m= h’/h = v/u
11. POWER OF LENS : The ability of a lens to converge or diverge light rays. It is
defined as reciprocal of its focal length. ( P= 1/f) SI unit - Dioptre. (D)

LN – 11 - HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD :

1. Spectrum : The band of the coloured components of a light beam.
2. Dispersion : The splitting of light into its component colours.
3. Rainbow formation : A rainbow is formed in a direction opposite to the that of
Sun. The water droplets act like small prisms. They refract, disperse the sunlight
and reflect internally.
4. Atmospheric refraction: The refraction of light by the Earth's atmosphere is
known as atmospheric refraction.
5. Twinkling of stars : Due to atmospheric refraction, When star light enters the
earth’s atmosphere it bends towards normal.
6. Planets do not twinkle: Planets are closer to the earth, it has large number of
pointed sources of light which nullifies twinkling effect.
7. Advance sunrise and delayed sunset: Due to atmospheric refraction, When sun
crossing the horizon creates actual and apparent position.
8. Tyndall effect : When a beam of light passes in a dark room, fine particles visible
in the path of the beam.
9. Sky is blue : When sunlight passes the atmosphere, fine particle in air scatter the
blue colour due to its shorter wavelength.
10. Sky is dark for Astronaut: Due to no atmosphere at very high altitudes.
11. Red light in signal : Red is least scattered / Red light has longer wavelength.

LN – 12 - ELECTRICITY :
1. Electricity : Flow of electrons / net charge through a conductor.
2. Components : Metallic wire, electric cell / battery, switch / key, bulb.
3. Electric circuit : A continuous and closed path of an electric current.
4. Current : The amount of charge flowing through a particular area in unit time.
5. Formula -1 - I = Q /t ; SI unit of current is Ampere(A).
6. Ammeter : An instrument called Ammeter measures electric current in a circuit. It is
always connected in series.
7. Potential difference -The electric potential between two points in an electric circuit
carried by chemical energy .
8. Formula-2 – V = W/Q . SI unit of Potential difference is Volt (V).
9.Voltmeter : The potential difference is measured by an instrument called Voltmeter. It
is always connected in parallel.
10. Ohm’s law : The potential difference, across the ends of a given metallic wire in an
electric circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its
temperature remains the same.
11. Formula – 3 – V = IR; R = V / I, I = V / R; SI unit is Ohm (Ω)
12. Factors affecting Resistance : The resistance of the conductor depends (i) on its
length, (ii) on its area of cross-section and (iii) on the nature of its material.
13. Resistivity : The resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to its length (l)
and inversely proportional to the area of cross-section(A).
14. Formula - 4 – R = p l/A . SI unit of resistivity is Ωm.
15. Metals and alloys have very low resistivity between 10-8 Ωm to 10-6 Ωm – good
conductors
16. Rubber and glass have resistivity 1012 & 1017 respectively – Insulators.
17. Alloys – Higher resistivity because it do not oxidise (burnt) readily at high temp. Eg :
Electric iron box, toasters, heaters. Tungsten used as filament of electric bulbs, Cu & Al
used in electrical lines.
18. SERIES CONNECTION: PARALLEL
V = V1 + V2 + V3 CONNECTION:
Applying Ohm’s law: V = IR
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
I Remains same
R = R1 + R2 + R3
19. Advantages of parallel connection:
It divides the current, Total resistance is decrease.
20. Disadvantages of series connection: Trouble locating
is difficult, if one bulb got fused, other connections will disturbed.
21. Formula 5 - H= I2Rt – Joule’s law of heating – The heat produced in a resistor is
directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistance, directly proportional
to the resistance for a given current and directly proportional to the time for which the
current flows through the resistor.
22. Tungsten – Melting point is 3380oC, the filament should be thermally isolated, so
bulbs are filled with inactive Nitrogen and Argon gases to prolong the life of filament.
23. Fuse : It protects circuits and appliances by stopping when high electric current
comes. It consists of a piece of wire – between the metal ends, Al, Cu, Fe, Pb with
appropriate melting point. Once the current flows larger than the specified value-
temperature of the fuse wire increases, melts and breaks the circuit.
24. ELECTRIC POWER: Formula – 6 - P = VI; SI unit of Power is watt (W)
25.Formula – 7 - Electrical energy = power x time, SI unit Electric energy = Watt hour
(Wh) Commercial unit of electric energy = 1kWh = 1000W x 3600sec = 3.6X106 Joule(J)

LN - 13. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT :

1. Properties of Magnetic lines: The magnetic field lines emerges from North pole and
merge at South pole. Inside the magnet the lines moves from South to North pole. Thus
magnetic field lines are ‘closed curves’.
2. No field lines are found to cross each other. There is no point of intersection, because
the compass needle would point towards two directions.
3. Magnetic field : The force exerted by magnet covered some distance, this region
surrounding the magnet is called as magnetic field. The lines drawn in magnetic field is
called as magnetic lines.
4. Magnetic lines : Bar magnet – Closed curves, Straight current carrying conductor –
Concentric circles, Circular loop – In Loop concentric circles, In centre – straight lines,
Solenoid – Closed curves
5. RIGHT – HAND THUMB RULE
Fingers wrap around the conductor in the direction of field lines of the magnetic field.
6. Solenoid – A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the
shape of a cylinder. The pattern of the field of solenoid is similar to the magnetic field of
bar magnet.
7. Electromagnet : Magnetic material act as magnet when electricity passes through it.
This strong magnetic field – helps to magnetise a piece of magnetic material – soft iron
piece – becomes magnet – Electromagnet.
8. Fleming’s left hand Rule : (i) Thumb – Motion ( direction of magnetic force) (ii) Fore
finger – Direction of magnetic field (iii) Middle finger – Direction of current.
9. ELECTRIC MOTOR : It is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
10. Principle of motor : A motor works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is
placed in a magnetic field and current is passed through it. A force acts on the coil which
rotates it continuously.
11. Galvanometer – an instrument that can detect the presence of a current in a circuit.
12. A changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor is
called ‘Electromagnetic Induction’.
13. FLEMINGS’S RIGHT HAND RULE : Thumb – Movement of conductor Fore finger –
Magnetic field Middle finger – Current induced in conductor.

LN – 15 - OUR ENVIRONMENT :
1. Difference between biodegradable and non – biodegradable wastes:
BIODEGRADABLE WASTES NON – BIO DEGRADABLE WASTES
 Wastes that broken down by micro  Wastes that not broken down by
organisms micro organisms
 These wastes are not harmful to  These wastes are harmful to plants
plants and animals. and animals.
 It can produce manures after  It cannot produce manure because
degradation it cannot degraded.
 Eg. Plants and animals wastes  Eg. Plastic and chemical wastes.
2. Biotic factors :
Plants, animals and micro organisms.
Abiotic factors : Sun, water, soil, air.
3. Eco system : Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors are known as eco
system.
4. Types of Eco system : Natural eco system Eg: forest; Artificial Eco system Eg:
Aquarium
5. Trophic levels :
Producers  Herbivores  Carnivores  Top carnivores.
 6. Food chain & Food web
Food chain Food web
This is order of events, one organism It is a network of different food chain.
eats other organism
Flow of energy from one organism to Flow of energy is multidirectional.
other organism

7. Biological magnification : The pesticides and other chemicals enters the human
food chain, its accumulated in our bodies.
8. Ozone: a) Ozone formation : O2 + O  O3,
b) Use of ozone : Filters the UV rays,
c)Reason of ozone depletion : CFC – Chloro Fluro Carbon – in fridge and AC,
d)Effect of ozone depletion : If UV rays reaches the earth – cause skin cancer, plant
damage.
e) Control of ozone depletion: Reduce the use of CFC , Find the alternative
chemical of CFC
9. FLOW OF ENERGY / 10% LAW : Only 10% of energy moves to the next trophic
level, 90% used for growth and reproduction.

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