Bacte Notes Lecture

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 5

CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY - LECTURE

BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY


BACTERIOLOGY
● Zacharias Janssen - 1st Compound
microscope (9x magnification)
Microbiology
- Study of small life
- Microscopic organism ● Robert Hooke
- he saw some cells and called them
Microbes are composed of: “boxes”
- Bacteria - Discovered that you can get
- fungi anthrax by ingesting
- Viruses contaminated animal’s meat & by
inhaling a spore from somewhere
- Parasites [technically not a microbe. Many are near the animal
macroscopic]
-
-
● Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
- He saw the first living
CLASSIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE microorganisms and called them
“wee beasties” & “animalcules”
Taxonomy
- He saw a lumen at the center of
➢ Orderly classification and grouping of
the cell which now we refer to as
organisms into taxa
“nucleus” & based on this, we
➢ Based on similarities and differences in
classify microorganisms into
genotype & phenotype
Prokaryotes (primitive nucleus) &
Eukaryotes (true nucleus
Taxa - categories or subsets in taxonomy

● Louis Pasteur
Dina’s - Domain
- “Microorganisms are in the air”
Kids - Kingdom
- Pasteurization & Inoculation
Prefer - Phylum
Candies - Class
Over - Order ● John Tyndall & Ferdinand Cohn
Fresh - Family - discovered that some
Green - Genus microorganisms are heat
Spinach - Species resistant

Genotype ● Joseph Lister


- genetic makeupof an organism, or - Known for his antiseptic
combination of forms of one or a few techniques
genes in an organisms genome - Famous mouthwash brand
- DNA / RNA Sequencing listerine is named after him

Phenotype ● Alexander Fleming


- Observable physical and functional - Discovered Penicillin
features of an organism expressed by its
genotype ➢ Yersinia pestis - causes black plague

Nomenclature ➢ Vibrio cholerae - causes cholera, watery


- Binomial System diarrhea, & vomiting
- Provides naming assignments for each
organisms ➢ Clostridium tetani - causes tetanus

➢ Bacillus anthracis - causes anthrax


Strain - species with different susceptibility pattern

➢ Always write Genus & Species in italics


(Staphylococcus aureus) PROKARYOTES

➢ VIRUSES ARE NOT WRITTEN IN ITALICS because


they are not even living organisms ➢ Prokaryotes are placed in the domains:
Bacteria & Archaea

Chynna’s Transes
CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY - LECTURE

Bacteria
- unicellular organisms that lack a nuclear Gram (+) Gram (-)
membrane and true nucleus
- lacks mitochondria, ER, or Golgi bodies Outer No Acts as a barrier to
Membrane hydrophobic compounds
and harmful substances
Archaea
- appears to be more closely related to Porins - a protein pore to
eukaryotic cells than to prokaryotic cells transfer molecule
and is found in microorganisms that grow
under extreme environmental conditions LPS - acts as an endotoxin
which is toxic to your body
- lacks peptidoglycan, a major reason they Three Components of LPS:
are placed in a domain seperate from ● Lipid A (endotoxin) -
bacteria responsible for
producing fever and
- The structure of the cell envelope and shock conditions.
enzymes of archaea allows them to survive ● Core Polysaccharide
● O-Polysaccharide -
under stressful or extreme.
antigen
● Extremophiles - lovers of the
extreme conditions
Periplasmic No Contains peptidoglycan
● Halophiles - salt-loving cells in space
Utah’s Great Salt Accumulates some molecules
● Thermophiles - heat-loving cells leaving the cell

Endospores Cell Wall Thick cell wall Thin cell wall


- Small, dormant asexual spores that
develop inside the bacterial cell as a Teichoic acid
- polymer
means of survival.
- contains
- made up of calcium dipicolinate, which phosphate
makes them highly resistant to harsh - covalently bonus
environmental conditions and chemical to peptidoglycan
disinfections - binds fibronectin
- Autoclave; the only way to eliminate
endospores
- Schaeffer Fulton stain; common stain for Cell Lipoteichoic acid Yes
endospores membrane
- Bacillus and Clostridium; Bacteria that
produce endospores

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA (+)

CELL STRUCTURE
- Divided into two subtypes: Cocci & Rods
[bacilli]
➢ Bacteria have a cell wall (HUMANS DON'T) - Appear as PURPLE in the microscope
➢ Some medications like B-lactam - SOME GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA ARE
antibiotics, for example; penicillin, can kill CAPABLE OF MAKING SPORES
the bacteria without killing you because - Composed of alternating disaccharides
these medications are cell wall synthesis NAG/NAM bonded together with peptide
inhibitors which means they go into the bond
bacteria to destroy the cell wall and the ● N-acetylglucosamine
bacteria will most likely die, but since ● N-acetylmuramic acid
humans do not have a cell wall, penicillin
will not kill you
➢ Cell Wall is made of Peptidoglycan. GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA (-)
MAINTAINS the shape of the cell and
PROTECTS cell from osmotic pressure
➢ Cell Membrane is made of (lipid bilayer, - Divided into two subtypes: Cocci & Rods
protein, carbohydrates) [bacilli]
- Appear as PINK in the microscope
- THEY DO NOT MAKE SPORES

Chynna’s Transes
CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY - LECTURE

GRAM STAINING TECHNIQUE • The presence of the capsule/slime layer in bacteria


makes it anti-phagocytic
1. Add Crystal Violet stain (it binds to
peptidoglycan) → This limits phagocytes from engulfing the bacteria,
thus making it harder to treat if the patient is infected
2. Add Ethyl Alcohol (to wash out the with encapsulated bacteria
Crystal Violet) → This makes the bacteria hard to kill, making it easier
for them to invade the host cell and cause serious
3. Add a counterstain - Safranin infection

Example of encapsulated bacteria:


➢ Gram (+) Bacteria will remain PURPLE all ● Bacillus anthracis
along due to its thick cell wall ● Streptococcus pneumonae
- Causes meningitis & lumbar
pneumonia
➢ Unlike Gram (-) Bacteria which started ● Klebsiella pneumonae
PURPLE, but then the purple was washed - Causes pneumonia
out, then they acquired the PINK of the
counterstain
➢ Encapsulated bacteria can be identified
➢ Some bacteria have CATALASE which is through Blood Agar Plate (BAP)
gonna convert your harmful chemicals
➢ Presence of mucoid colony in the BAP is an
➢ (hydrogen peroxide) into harmless indication that the bacteria has a
molecules that will not harm the bacteria capsule/ is encapsulated
➢ Encapsulated bacteria can also be
identified by using negative stains such as
India Ink
ACID-FAST CELL WALL

FLAGELLA
- Major component: Mycolic acid
● Waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids
- For motility
● It is strongly hydrophobic
- Four Flagellar Arrangement:
● Cannot be identified microscopically using
1. Monotrichous - single polar
gram stain.
flagellum
2. Amphitrichous - single of flagella
- This kind of cell wall can only be found in
at each end of the cell
Mycobacterium and Nocardia species.
3. Lophotrichous - two or more
flagella at one pole of the cell
Carbol Fuchsin - primary stain which targets and
4. Peritrichous - flagella distributed
attaches the mycolic acid in the cell wall
over the entire cell

➢ Ways to identify if bacteria has flagella:


GLYCOCALYX Microscopic, Culture, Serotyping

- General substances that surrounds cells


FIMBRIAE AND PILI
- Gelatinous polymer of polysaccharide,
polypeptide, or both
- Prevents phagocytosis - Hairlike appendages that are shorter,
straighter and thinner than flagella
Types of Glycocalyx:
● Capsule - Substance is organized and Fimbriae
firmly attached to cell wall - Common pili
● Slime Layer - unorganized and loosely - For adherence to one another or
attached to the cell to environment surfaces
- Can occur at the poles or can be
evenly distributed from few to
several hundred

Pili
- Conjugation pili

Chynna’s Transes
CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY - LECTURE

- Protein tubes that connect two


bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange

Chynna’s Transes
CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY - LECTURE

CHAPTER 2

Chynna’s Transes

You might also like