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    PCE414

    GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 1

    By: ENGR. MARIA YSABELLA MOSCOSO


    1 INTRODUCTION TO GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
    GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
    Also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the
    engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses the principles and methods of soil
    mechanics and rock mechanics for the solution of engineering problems and the design
    of engineering works.

    SOIL MECHANICS
    A discipline of engineering science which deals with the properties and behavior of soil
    as structural material. All structure have to be bult on soils. Our main objectives in the
    study of soil mechanics is to lay down certain principles, theories and procedures for the
    design of a safe and sound structure.
    1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
    1 HISTORY
    SOIL MECHANICS
    1930: “Soil Mechanics” was established as a branch of civil engineering.

    FATHER OF SOIL MECHANICS

    Karl Terzaghi; The term soil mechanics was coined by him.

    • Preclassical Period of Soil Mechanics


    • Classical Soil Mechanics (Phase I and II)
    • Modern Soil Mechanics
    1 IMPORTANCE OF SOIL MECHANICS

    FOUNDATION EARTHEN DAM EMBANKMENT


    All the civil engineering There are many earthen Embankments
    structures, ultimately rest dams constructed to constructed to raise the
    on the soil. They transfer retain the water. The soil to levels of the highways on
    their whole load to the soil, be used for the the plain because there
    so we have foundations to construction of these are chances of the floods
    retain the structures. If we earthen dam must be and also it is required to
    know the strength of the suitable enough to use in keep the foundation of
    soil then we can decide its construction. the pavement above the
    which type of foundation water table.
    is to be used.
    1 SOIL MECHANICS
    Soil is defined as
    A naturally occurring material obtained from weathering or decomposition or
    disintegration of rocks.

    SOIL CONSTITUENTS
    A soil mass is commonly considered to consist of solid particles, enclosed voids or
    interspaces. Thus, there are two constituents of soil
    1. Soil or solid particles
    2. Voids
    1 SOIL CONSTITUENTS
    DRY SOIL SATURATED SOIL PARTIALLY SATURATED
    If only air is present in the If only water is present in It is also known as Moist
    voids of the compressed the voids, then it is called soil. If water along with air
    soil, then it is called dry saturated soil. is present in the voids then
    soil. it is called partially
    saturated/moist soil.
    1 SOIL PARTICLE SIZE
    1 SOIL PARTICLE SIZE

    Igneous rocks are formed from melted rock deep inside the Earth. Bare formed from
    layers of sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons. Metamorphic rocks formed from
    other rocks that are changed by heat and pressure underground.
    1 SOIL PARTICLE SIZE
    1 SOIL PARTICLE SIZE
    1 ORIGIN OF SOIL AND GRAIN SIZE
    1 ORIGIN OF SOIL AND GRAIN SIZE
    1 PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
    EFFECTIVE SIZE, 𝑫𝟏𝟎
    This parameter is the diameter in the particle size distribution curve corresponding to 10%
    finer.

    UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT,

    𝐷60
    𝐶𝑈 = ; where 𝑫𝟔𝟎 , diameter corresponding 60% finer
    𝐷10

    COEFFICIENT OF GRADIATION, 𝑪𝑪 SORTING COEFFICIENT, 𝑺𝑶

    𝐷2 30
    𝐷75
    𝐶𝐶 = 𝑆𝑂 =
    𝐷10 𝑋𝐷60 𝐷25
    1 EXAMPLE 1: SOIL PROPERTIES
    Calculate the following:
    1-4. 𝐷10 , 𝐷25 , 𝐷30 and 𝐷60
    5-8. 𝐶𝑈, 𝐶𝐶 and 𝑆𝑜

    SIEVE NO. OPENING Mass CMR CMP % Finer


    (mm) Retained
    4 4.75 -
    10 2.00 75
    20 0.850 155
    40 0.425 95
    60 0.250 125
    80 0.180 130
    100 0.150 123
    200 0.075 50
    PAN - 18
    1 EXAMPLE 2 : SOIL PROPERTIES
    For soil A, solve
    𝐶𝑈, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐶

    SIEVE NO. Diameter Soil Sample (Percent Finer)


    A B C
    4 4.760 90 100 100
    10 2.380 64 90 100
    20 2.000 54 77 98
    40 0.840 34 59 92
    60 0.420 22 51 84
    80 0.250 17 42 79
    100 0.149 9 35 70
    200 0.074 5 33 63
    PAN -
    1 MIT, USDA, AASHTO and USCS
    1 EXAMPLE 3 : SOIL PROPERTIES
    Classify the sizes of the soil particles and determine the corresponding percentages using
    the following methods: AASHTO, USCS, USDA and MIT

    SIEVE NO. OPENING Mass % Finer


    (mm) Retained
    4 4.75 - 100 GRAVEL SAND SILT CLAY
    10 2.00 75 90.272 MIT >2 2-0.06 0.06-0.002 <0.002
    20 0.850 155 70.169 USDA >2 2-0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002
    40 0.425 95 57.847 AASHTO 76.2 to 2 2-0.075 0.075- <0.002
    60 0.250 125 41.634 0.002
    USCS 76.2 to 4.75 4.75- Fines (i.e., silts and
    80 0.180 130 24.773
    0.075 clays) <0.075
    100 0.150 123 8.820
    200 0.075 50 2.335
    PAN - 18 0
    1 EXAMPLE 4 : SOIL PROPERTIES
    Classify the sizes of the soil particles and determine the corresponding percentages using
    the following methods: AASHTO, USCS, USDA and MIT

    OPENING % Finer GRAVEL SAND SILT CLAY


    (mm) MIT >2 2-0.06 0.06-0.002 <0.002
    0.4250 100 USDA >2 2-0.05 0.05-0.002 <0.002
    0.0330 92 AASHTO 76.2 to 2 2-0.075 0.075- <0.002
    0.0180 82 0.002

    0.0100 70 USCS 76.2 to 4.75 4.75- Fines (i.e., silts and


    0.075 clays) <0.075
    0.0062 65
    0.0035 61
    0.0018 40
    0.0010 30
    1 EXAMPLE 5 : SOIL PROPERTIES
    The percentages of a gravel, sand, silt and clay of a particular soil are tabulated as shown.
    Using USDA method, calculate the modified percentages of sand, silt and clay for each soil
    type and classify each soil using USDA Textural Classification Chart

    SOIL SOIL A SOIL B SOIL C


    PARTICLE
    Gravel 0 35 20
    Sand 34 15 15
    Silt 40 30 25
    Clay 26 20 40

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