# This program prints Hello, world!

print('Hello, world!')

******************************
# This program adds two numbers

num1 = 1.5
num2 = 6.3

# Add two numbers sum = num1 +

num2

# Display the sum

print('The sum of {0} and {1} is {2}'.format(num1,num2, sum))

# Python Program to calculate the square root

# Note: change this value for a different resultnum = 8

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# To take the input from the user #num = float(input('Enter a
number: '))

num_sqrt = num ** 0.5

print('The square root of %0.3f is %0.3f'%(num
,num_sqrt))
*****************************************

# Python Program to find the area of triangle

a=5
b=6
c=7

# Uncomment below to take inputs from the user

# a = float(input('Enter first side: '))
# b = float(input('Enter second side: '))# c = float(input('Enter
third side: '))

# calculate the semi-perimeters = (a + b + c) / 2

# calculate the area

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area = (s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) ** 0.5
print('The area of the triangle is %0.2f' %area)
*******************************
# Solve the quadratic equation ax**2 + bx + c = 0

# import complex math moduleimport cmath

a=1
b=5
c=6

# calculate the discriminantd = (b**2) -

(4*a*c)

# find two solutions

sol1 = (-b-cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)sol2 = (-
b+cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)

print('The solution are {0} and {1}'.format(sol1,sol2))

***********************************************
******
# Python program to swap two variables

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x=5
y = 10

# To take inputs from the user #x = input('Enter

value of x: ')#y = input('Enter value of y: ')

# create a temporary variable and swap the valuestemp = x

x=y

y = temp

print('The value of x after swapping: {}'.format(x))print('The value of y after

swapping: {}'.format(y))
***********************************************
# Program to generate a random number between 0 and 9

# importing the random module

import random

print(random.randint(0,9))
***********************************************

# Taking kilometers input from the user

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kilometers = float(input("Enter value in kilometers: "))

# conversion factor conv_fac =

0.621371

# calculate miles
miles = kilometers * conv_fac
print('%0.2f kilometers is equal to %0.2f miles'
%(kilometers,miles))
***********************************************
*******
# Python Program to convert temperature in celsius tofahrenheit

# change this value for a different resultcelsius = 37.5

# calculate fahrenheit
fahrenheit = (celsius * 1.8) + 32
print('%0.1f degree Celsius is equal to %0.1f degreeFahrenheit' %(celsius,fahrenheit))
***********************************************

#Python Program to Check if a Number is Positive,Negative or 0

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num = float(input("Enter a number: "))if num > 0:
print("Positive number")elif num ==
0:
print("Zero")else:
print("Negative number")
***********************************************
*****
# Python program to check if year is a leap year or notyear = 2000

# To get year (integer input) from the user# year = int(input("Enter

a year: "))

if (year % 4) == 0:
if (year % 100) == 0:
if (year % 400) == 0:
print("{0} is a leap year".format(year))else:
print("{0} is not a leap year".format(year))
else:
print("{0} is a leap year".format(year))

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else:
print("{0} is not a leap year".format(year))
***********************************************
# Python program to find the largest number among the three input numbers

# change the values of num1, num2 and num3# for a different result

num1 = 10

num2 = 14
num3 = 12

# uncomment following lines to take three numbers fromuser

#num1 = float(input("Enter first number: ")) #num2 = float(input("Enter
second number: "))#num3 = float(input("Enter third number: "))

if (num1 >= num2) and (num1 >= num3):largest = num1

elif (num2 >= num1) and (num2 >= num3):largest = num2

else:

largest = num3

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print("The largest number is", largest)

# Program to check if a number is prime or not

num = 29

# To take input from the user

#num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# define a flag variableflag = False

# prime numbers are greater than 1if num > 1:

# check for factors
for i in range(2, num):if (num % i)
== 0:
# if factor is found, set flag to True
flag = True
# break out of loopbreak

# check if flag is Trueif flag:

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 print(num, "is not a prime number")else:
print(num, "is a prime number")

# Program to check if a number is prime or not

num = 407

# To take input from the user

#num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# prime numbers are greater than 1if num > 1:

# check for factors for i in
range(2,num):

if (num % i) == 0:

print(num,"is not a prime number")

print(i,"times",num//i,"is",num) break
else:
print(num,"is a prime number")

# if input number is less than # or equal to 1, it

is not prime

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else:
print(num,"is not a prime number")
***********************************************

# Python program to display all the prime numbers within

an interval

lower = 900
upper = 1000

print("Prime numbers between", lower, "and", upper,"are:")

for num in range(lower, upper + 1):

# all prime numbers are greater than 1if num > 1:
for i in range(2, num):if (num % i)
== 0:
break
else:
print(num)
******************************************
# Python program to find the factorial of a number
provided by the user.

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# change the value for a different resultnum = 7

# To take input from the user

#num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

Factorial = 1 :

# check if the number is negative, positive or zeroif num < 0:

print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negativenumbers")
elif num == 0:
print("The factorial of 0 is 1")else:
for i in range(1,num + 1):
factorial = factorial*i
print("The factorial of",num,"is",factorial)

# Multiplication table (from 1 to 10) in Python

num = 12

# To take input from the user

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# num = int(input("Display multiplication table of? "))

# Iterate 10 times from i = 1 to 10for i in range(1, 11):

print(num, 'x', i, '=', num*i)
*********************************************
# Program to display the Fibonacci sequence up to
n-th term

nterms = int(input("How many terms? "))# first two terms

n1, n2 = 0, 1
count = 0

# check if the number of terms is valid

if nterms <= 0:
print("Please enter a positive integer")# if there is only one
term, return n1 elif nterms == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence upto",nterms,":")print(n1)
# generate fibonacci sequenceelse:

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 print("Fibonacci sequence:")while count <
nterms:
print(n1)
nth = n1 + n2 # update
valuesn1 = n2
n2 = nth
count += 1
*****************************************
# Python program to check if the number is an Armstrong number or not

# take input from the user

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

# initialize sum
sum = 0

# find the sum of the cube of each digittemp = num

while temp > 0: digit = temp %
10sum += digit ** 3temp //=
10

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# display the resultif num ==
sum:
print(num,"is an Armstrong number")else:
print(num,"is not an Armstrong number")
***********************************************

num = 1634

# Changed num variable to string,

# and calculated the length (number of digits)order = len(str(num))

# initialize sumsum = 0

# find the sum of the cube of each digittemp = num

while temp > 0: digit = temp %
10
sum += digit ** ordertemp //= 10

# display the result

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if num == sum:
print(num,"is an Armstrong number")else:
print(num,"is not an Armstrong number")
***********************************************
**
# Program to check Armstrong numbers in a certaininterval

lower = 100
upper = 2000

for num in range(lower, upper + 1):# order of number

order = len(str(num))

# initialize sumsum = 0

temp = num while temp >

0:
digit = temp % 10 sum += digit **
ordertemp //= 10

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 if num == sum:print(num)
******************************************
# Python program to check if the input number is odd or even.
# A number is even if division by 2 gives a remainder of 0.# If the remainder is 1, it is an odd
number.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))if (num % 2) == 0:

print("{0} is Even".format(num))else:
print("{0} is Odd".format(num))
***********************************************

# Sum of natural numbers up to num

num = 16

if num < 0:
print("Enter a positive number")else:
sum = 0
# use while loop to iterate until zero

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 while(num > 0): sum +=
numnum -= 1
print("The sum is", sum)
***********************************************
**
# Display the powers of 2 using anonymous functionterms = 10

# Uncomment code below to take input from the user # terms = int(input("How many
terms? "))

# use anonymous function

result = list(map(lambda x: 2 ** x, range(terms)))

print("The total terms are:",terms)

for i in range(terms):
print("2 raised to power",i,"is",result[i])

# Take a list of numbers

my_list = [12, 65, 54, 39, 102, 339, 221,]

# use anonymous function to filter

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result = list(filter(lambda x: (x % 13 == 0), my_list))

# display the result

print("Numbers divisible by 13 are",result)
**********************************************
# Python program to convert decimal into other numbersystems
dec = 344

print("The decimal value of", dec, "is:")print(bin(dec), "in

binary.") print(oct(dec), "in octal.") print(hex(dec), "in
hexadecimal.")
*******************************************
# Program to find the ASCII value of the given character

c = 'p'
print("The ASCII value of '" + c + "' is", ord(c))
******************************************

# Python program to find H.C.F of two numbers

# define a function
def compute_hcf(x, y):

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# choose the smaller numberif x > y:
smaller = yelse:
smaller = x
for i in range(1, smaller+1):
if((x % i == 0) and (y % i == 0)):hcf = i
return hcf

num1 = 54
num2 = 24

print("The H.C.F. is", compute_hcf(num1, num2))

******************************************
# Python Program to find the L.C.M. of two input number

def compute_lcm(x, y):

# choose the greater numberif x > y:

greater = xelse:
greater = y

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 while(True):
if((greater % x == 0) and (greater % y == 0)):lcm = greater
break greater
+= 1

return lcm

num1 = 54
num2 = 24

print("The L.C.M. is", compute_lcm(num1, num2))

*****************************************

# Python Program to find the factors of a number

# This function computes the factor of the argumentpassed

def print_factors(x):
print("The factors of",x,"are:")for i in range(1, x
+ 1):
if x % i == 0:print(i)

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num = 320

print_factors(num)

# Program make a simple calculator

# This function adds two numbers

def add(x, y): return x + y

# This function subtracts two numbersdef subtract(x, y):

return x - y

# This function multiplies two numbersdef multiply(x, y):

return x * y

# This function divides two numbers

def divide(x, y):
return x / y

print("Select operation.")

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print("1.Add")
print("2.Subtract")
print("3.Multiply")
print("4.Divide")

while True:
# take input from the user
choice = input("Enter choice(1/2/3/4): ")

# check if choice is one of the four optionsif choice in ('1', '2', '3',
'4'):
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: ")) num2 = float(input("Enter
second number: "))

if choice == '1':
print(num1, "+", num2, "=", add(num1, num2))

elif choice == '2':

print(num1, "-", num2, "=", subtract(num1,
num2))

elif choice == '3':

print(num1, "*", num2, "=", multiply(num1,
num2))

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 elif choice == '4':
print(num1, "/", num2, "=", divide(num1, num2))

# check if user wants another calculation# break the while loop

if answer is no
next_calculation = input("Let's do next calculation?(yes/no): ")
if next_calculation == "no":break

else:
print("Invalid Input")

# Python program to shuffle a deck of card

# importing modules
import itertools, random

# make a deck of cardsdeck =

list(itertools.product(range(1,14),['Spade','Heart','Diamond','Club']))

# shuffle the cards

random.shuffle(deck)

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# draw five cards
print("You got:") for i in
range(5):
print(deck[i][0], "of", deck[i][1])
*****************************************
# Program to display calendar of the given month and
year

# importing calendar moduleimport calendar

yy = 2014 # year mm = 11 #
month

# To take month and year input from the user

# yy = int(input("Enter year: "))
# mm = int(input("Enter month: "))

# display the calendar print(calendar.month(yy,

mm))
**********************************************
# Python program to display the Fibonacci sequence

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def recur_fibo(n):if n <= 1:
return nelse:
return(recur_fibo(n-1) + recur_fibo(n-2))

nterms = 10

# check if the number of terms is validif nterms <= 0:

print("Plese enter a positive integer")else:
print("Fibonacci sequence:")for i in
range(nterms):
print(recur_fibo(i))
***********************************
# Python program to find the sum of natural usingrecursive function

def recur_sum(n):if n <= 1:

return nelse:
return n + recur_sum(n-1)

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# change this value for a different resultnum = 16

if num < 0:
print("Enter a positive number")else:
print("The sum is",recur_sum(num))
***********************************************

# Factorial of a number using recursion

def recur_factorial(n):if n == 1:
return nelse:
return n*recur_factorial(n-1)

num = 7

# check if the number is negativeif num < 0:

print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negativenumbers")
elif num == 0:

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 print("The factorial of 0 is 1")else:
print("The factorial of", num, "is", recur_factorial(num))
*********************************************
# Function to print binary number using recursion
def convertToBinary(n):
if n > 1:
convertToBinary(n//2)print(n %
2,end = '')

# decimal numberdec = 34

convertToBinary(dec)print()
*************************************
# Program to add two matrices using nested loop

X = [[12,7,3],
[4 ,5,6],
[7 ,8,9]]

Y = [[5,8,1],
[6,7,3],

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 [4,5,9]]

result = [[0,0,0],
[0,0,0],
[0,0,0]]

# iterate through rows

for i in range(len(X)):
# iterate through columnsfor j in
range(len(X[0])):
result[i][j] = X[i][j] + Y[i][j]

for r in result:print(r)
*******************************
# Program to transpose a matrix using a nested loop

X = [[12,7],
[4 ,5],
[3 ,8]]

result = [[0,0,0],
[0,0,0]]

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# iterate through rowsfor i in
range(len(X)):
# iterate through columnsfor j in
range(len(X[0])):
result[j][i] = X[i][j]

for r in result:
print(r)
***************************************
# Program to multiply two matrices using nested loops

# 3x3 matrix X =
[[12,7,3],
[4 ,5,6],
[7 ,8,9]]
# 3x4 matrixY =
[[5,8,1,2],
[6,7,3,0],
[4,5,9,1]]
# result is 3x4 result =
[[0,0,0,0],
[0,0,0,0],
[0,0,0,0]]

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# iterate through rows of Xfor i in
range(len(X)):
# iterate through columns of Yfor j in
range(len(Y[0])):
# iterate through rows of Y
for k in range(len(Y)):
result[i][j] += X[i][k] * Y[k][j]

for r in result:print(r)
**************************************
# Program to check if a string is palindrome or notmy_str = 'aIbohPhoBiA'

# make it suitable for caseless comparisonmy_str =

my_str.casefold()

# reverse the string rev_str =

reversed(my_str)

# check if the string is equal to its reverseif list(my_str) ==

list(rev_str):
print("The string is a palindrome.")

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else:
print("The string is not a palindrome.")

# define punctuation
punctuations = '''!()-[]{};:'"\,<>./?@#$%^&*_~'''

my_str = "Hello!!!, he said ---and went."

# To take input from the user

# my_str = input("Enter a string: ")

# remove punctuation from the stringno_punct = ""

for char in my_str:
if char not in punctuations: no_punct = no_punct +
char

# display the unpunctuated string

print(no_punct)
***********************************************
# Program to sort alphabetically the words form a stringprovided by the user

my_str = "Hello this Is an Example With cased letters"

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# To take input from the user #my_str = input("Enter a
string: ")

# breakdown the string into a list of words

words = [word.lower() for word in my_str.split()]

# sort the listwords.sort()

# display the sorted words

print("The sorted words are:")for word in

words:
print(word)
*******************************************
# Program to perform different set operations like inmathematics

# define three setsE = {0, 2, 4, 6,

8};
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

# set union

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print("Union of E and N is",E | N)

# set intersection
print("Intersection of E and N is",E & N)

# set difference
print("Difference of E and N is",E - N)

# set symmetric difference

print("Symmetric difference of E and N is",E ^ N)

# Program to count the number of each vowels

# string of vowelsvowels =
'aeiou'

ip_str = 'Hello, have you tried our tutorial section yet?'

# make it suitable for caseless comparisions

ip_str = ip_str.casefold()

# make a dictionary with each vowel a key and value 0 count = {}.fromkeys(vowels,0)

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# count the vowelsfor char in
ip_str:
if char in count: count[char] +=
1

print(count)
*****************************
# Python rogram to find the SHA-1 message digest of afile

# importing the hashlib moduleimport hashlib

def hash_file(filename):
""""This function returns the SHA-1 hashof the file passed into
it"""

# make a hash objecth =

hashlib.sha1()

# open file for reading in binary modewith

open(filename,'rb') as file:

# loop till the end of the file

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 chunk = 0
while chunk != b'':
# read only 1024 bytes at a timechunk =
file.read(1024) h.update(chunk)

# return the hex representation of digest

return h.hexdigest()

message = hash_file("track1.mp3")print(message)

Example 1: Program to print half pyramid using *

*
**
***
****
*****
Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

for i in range(rows): for j in

range(i+1):
print("* ", end="")

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 print("\n")
*****************************
Example 2: Program to print half pyramid a using numbers1
12
123
1234
12345
Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

for i in range(rows): for j in

range(i+1):
print(j+1, end=" ")print("\n")
******************************************
Example 3: Program to print half pyramid using alphabetsA
BB
CCC
DDDDEEE
EE
Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

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ascii_value = 65

for i in range(rows): for j in

range(i+1):
alphabet = chr(ascii_value)
print(alphabet, end=" ")

ascii_value += 1
print("\n")
*********************************************
Example 4: Inverted half pyramid using *
*****
****
***
**
*
Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

for i in range(rows, 0, -1):for j in range(0,

i):
print("* ", end=" ")

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 print("\n")
***********************************************
*
Example 5: Inverted half pyramid using numbers
12345
1234
123
12
1
Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

for i in range(rows, 0, -1):for j in range(1,

i+1): print(j, end=" ")

print("\n")
****************************************

Example 6: Program to print full pyramid using *

*
***
*****
*******
*********

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Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))k = 0

for i in range(1, rows+1):

for space in range(1, (rows-i)+1):print(end=" ")

while k!=(2*i-1):
print("* ", end="")k += 1

k=0
print()
***********************************
Example 7: Full Pyramid of Numbers
1
232
34543
4567654
567898765
Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

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k = 0 count=0
count1=0

for i in range(1, rows+1):

for space in range(1, (rows-i)+1):print(" ", end="")
count+=1

while k!=((2*i)-1):
if count<=rows-1: print(i+k, end="
")count+=1
else:
count1+=1
print(i+k-(2*count1), end=" ")k += 1

count1 = count = k = 0print()

*******************************************
Example 8: Inverted full pyramid of

*********

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 *******
*****
***
* Source
Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

for i in range(rows, 1, -1):

for space in range(0, rows-i):print(" ", end="")
for j in range(i, 2*i-1):print("* ",
end="")
for j in range(1, i-1):print("* ",
end="")
print()
**************************************

Example 9: Pascal's Triangle

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
Source Code

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rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))coef = 1

for i in range(1, rows+1):

for space in range(1, rows-i+1):print(" ",end="")
for j in range(0, i):
if j==0 or i==0:coef = 1
else:
coef = coef * (i - j)//jprint(coef,
end = " ")
print()
*************************************

Example 10: Floyd's Triangle

1
23
456
7 8 9 10
Source Code
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))number = 1

for i in range(1, rows+1):

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 for j in range(1, i+1): print(number,
end=" ")number += 1
print()
***************************************dict_1 = {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}
dict_2 = {2: 'c', 4: 'd'}

print(dict_1 | dict_2)
**************************************dict_1 = {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}
dict_2 = {2: 'c', 4: 'd'}

print({**dict_1, **dict_2})
***********************************dict_1 = {1: 'a', 2: 'b'}
dict_2 = {2: 'c', 4: 'd'}

dict_3 = dict_2.copy()
dict_3.update(dict_1)

print(dict_3)
************************************my_list = [21, 44, 35, 11]

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for index, val in enumerate(my_list):print(index, val)
***************************************my_list = [21, 44, 35, 11]

for index, val in enumerate(my_list, start=1):

print(index, val)
*****************************************my_list = [21, 44, 35, 11]

for index in range(len(my_list)):value =

my_list[index] print(index, value)
************************************Example 1: Using List
Comprehension my_list = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]

flat_list = [num for sublist in my_list for num in sublist]

print(flat_list)
*************************************** Example 2: Using Nested for Loops (non
pythonic way)my_list = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]

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flat_list = []
for sublist in my_list:for num in
sublist:
flat_list.append(num)

print(flat_list)
***********************************************

Python Program to Make a Flattened List from Nested List

In this example, you will learn to make a flattened listfrom a nested list in Python.

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Python
programming topics:

Python for LoopPython

List
Example 1: Using List Comprehensionmy_list = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5,
6, 7]]

flat_list = [num for sublist in my_list for num in sublist]

print(flat_list)Output

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[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
This is one of the simplest pythonic ways of flattening alist.

Using list comprehension access the sublist from my_list,then access each element of the
sublist.
Each element num is stored in flat_list.
Learn more about list comprehension at Python List
Comprehension.

Example 2: Using Nested for Loops (non pythonic way)my_list = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]

flat_list = []
for sublist in my_list:for num in
sublist:
flat_list.append(num)

print(flat_list)
Output

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
Create an empty list flat_list.

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Access each element of the sublist using a nested loop andappend that element to flat_list.
***********************************Example 3: Using itertools
package
import itertools

my_list = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]

flat_list = list(itertools.chain(*my_list))print(flat_list)
**************************************Example 4: Using sum()
my_list = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]

flat_list = sum(my_list, [])

print(flat_list)
************************************
Example 5: Using lambda and reduce()
from functools import reduce

my_list = [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]

print(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, my_list))
************************************Get all the Items

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my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(my_list[:])
******************************** Get all the Items After a Specific
Positionmy_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(my_list[2:])
**********************************Get all the Items Before a Specific
Positionmy_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(my_list[:2])
*********************************
Get all the Items from One Position to Another Positionmy_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(my_list[2:4])
************************************
Get the Items at Specified Intervals
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(my_list[::2])
************************************

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Example 1: Access both key and value using items()dt = {'a': 'juice', 'b': 'grill', 'c':
'corn'}

for key, value in dt.items():print(key, value)

****************************************
Example 2: Access both key and value without using
items()
dt = {'a': 'juice', 'b': 'grill', 'c': 'corn'}

for key in dt: print(key, dt[key])

************************************
Example 3: Access both key and value using iteritems()dt = {'a': 'juice', 'b': 'grill', 'c':
'corn'}

for key, value in dt.iteritems():print(key, value)

***********************************Example 4: Return keys or values
explicitlydt = {'a': 'juice', 'b': 'grill', 'c': 'corn'}

for key in dt.keys():print(key)

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for value in dt.values():print(value)
*********************************** Example 1: Sort the dictionary based
on valuesdt = {5:4, 1:6, 6:3}

sorted_dt = {key: value for key, value in sorted(dt.items(), key=lambda item:

item[1])}

print(sorted_dt)
*********************************Example 2: Sort only the values
dt = {5:4, 1:6, 6:3}

sorted_dt_value = sorted(dt.values())
print(sorted_dt_value)
************************************Example 1: Using Boolean
operation
my_list = []if not
my_list:
print("the list is empty")
***************************************Example 2: Using len()

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my_list = []
if not len(my_list): print("the list is
empty")
***************************************Example 3: Comparing with []
my_list = []
if my_list == []:
print("The list is empty")
*****************************************Multiple exceptions as a parenthesized
tuple
string = input()

try:
num = int(input())
print(string+num)
except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:print(e)
********************************************
Example 1: Using + operatorlist_1 = [1, 'a']
list_2 = [3, 4, 5]

list_joined = list_1 + list_2print(list_joined)

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*****************************
Example 2: Using iterable unpacking operator *list_1 = [1, 'a']
list_2 = range(2, 4)

list_joined = [*list_1, *list_2]print(list_joined)

********************************Example 3: With unique values
list_1 = [1, 'a'] list_2 = [1, 2, 3]

list_joined = list(set(list_1 + list_2))print(list_joined)

********************************Example 4: Using extend()
list_1 = [1, 'a']
list_2 = [1, 2, 3]

list_2.extend(list_1)print(list_2)
*****************************Using in keyword
my_dict = {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}

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if 2 in my_dict:
print("present")
*******************************Example 1: Using yield
def split(list_a, chunk_size):

for i in range(0, len(list_a), chunk_size):yield list_a[i:i +

chunk_size]

chunk_size = 2
my_list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
print(list(split(my_list, chunk_size)))
**************************************Example 2: Using numpy
import numpy as np

my_list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
print(np.array_split(my_list, 5))
******************************Example 1: Parse string into
integer balance_str = "1500"
balance_int = int(balance_str)

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# print the type
print(type(balance_int))

# print the value

print(balance_int)
******************************Example 2: Parse string into
float balance_str = "1500.4"
balance_float = float(balance_str)

# print the type

print(type(balance_float))

# print the value

print(balance_float)
********************************* Example 3: A string float numeral into
integerbalance_str = "1500.34"
balance_int = int(float(balance_str))

# print the type

print(type(balance_int))

# print the value

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print(balance_int)
*********************************Example 1: Using date time
module
from date time import date time my date string = "Mar 11 2011

11:31AM"

datetime_object = datetime.strptime(my_date_string, '%b

%d %Y %I:%M%p')

print(type(datetime_object))
print(datetime_object)
**************************************Example 2: Using dateutil module
from dateutil import parser

date_time = parser.parse("Mar 11 2011 11:31AM")print(date_time)

print(type(date_time))
****************************************Using negative indexing
my_list = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

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# print the last element
print(my_list[-1])
************************************Using String slicing
my_string = "I love python."

# prints "love"
print(my_string[2:6])

# prints "love python."

print(my_string[2:])

# prints "I love python"

print(my_string[:-1])
********************************Using end keyword
# print each statement on a new lineprint("Python")
print("is easy to learn.")

# new line
print()

# print both the statements on a single line

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print("Python", end=" ")print("is easy
to learn.")
*********************************Example 1: Using readlines()
Let the content of the file data_file.txt be

honda 1948
mercedes 1926
ford 1903 Source
Code

with open("data_file.txt") as f:content_list =

f.readlines()

# print the list

print(content_list)

# remove new line characters

content_list = [x.strip() for x in content_list]
print(content_list)
**************************************** Example 2: Using for loop and list
comprehensionwith open('data_file.txt') as f:
content_list = [line for line in f]

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print(content_list)

# removing the characters with

open('data_file.txt') as f:

content_list = [line.rstrip() for line in f]

print(content_list)
******************************************Example 1: Using random module
import random

my_list = [1, 'a', 32, 'c', 'd', 31]

print(random.choice(my_list))
********************************************Example 2: Using secrets module
import secrets

my_list = [1, 'a', 32, 'c', 'd', 31]

print(secrets.choice(my_list))
*****************************************Using float()
def isfloat(num):try:

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 float(num) return True
except ValueError:return
False

print(isfloat('s12'))
print(isfloat('1.123'))
************************************Using count() method
freq = ['a', 1, 'a', 4, 3, 2, 'a'].count('a')print(freq)
*********************************Open file in append mode and
write to it The content of the file my_file.txt is

honda 1948
mercedes 1926
ford 1903
The source code to write to a file in append mode is:

with open("my_file.txt", "a") as f:f.write("new text")

*****************************************Example 1: Using del keyword

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my_dict = {31: 'a', 21: 'b', 14: 'c'}del my_dict[31]

print(my_dict)
*********************************Example 2: Using pop()
my_dict = {31: 'a', 21: 'b', 14: 'c'}print(my_dict.pop(31))

print(my_dict)
*********************************Example 1: Using triple quotes
my_string = '''The only way to
learn to program isby writing
code.'''

print(my_string)
***********************************
Example 2: Using parentheses and a single/double quotesmy_string = ("The only way to \n"
"learn to program is \n""by writing
code.")

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print(my_string)
*********************************Example 3: Using \
my_string = "The only way to \n" \"learn to program is
\n" \ "by writing code."

print(my_string)
*********************************
Example 1: Using splitext() method from os moduleimport os
file_details = os.path.splitext('/path/file.ext')print(file_details)
print(file_details[1])
**************************************Example 2: Using pathlib module
import pathlib print(pathlib.Path('/path/file.ext').suffix)

**************************************

Example 1: Using time moduleimport time

start = time.time()

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print(23*2.3)

end = time.time()print(end -
start)
***********************************Example 2: Using timeit module
from timeit import default_timer as timerstart = timer()

print(23*2.3)

end = timer() print(end -

start)
**********************************Example 1: Using
class . name
class Vehicle:
def name(self, name):
return name

v = Vehicle()
print(v. class . name )
**************************************

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Example 1: Using type() and name attribute
class Vehicle:
def name(self, name):return name

v = Vehicle()
print(type(v). name )
**************************************Example 1: Using zip and dict methods
index = [1, 2, 3]
languages = ['python', 'c', 'c++']

dictionary = dict(zip(index, languages))print(dictionary)

*********************************Example 2: Using list
comprehension index = [1, 2, 3]
languages = ['python', 'c', 'c++']

dictionary = {k: v for k, v in zip(index, languages)}print(dictionary)

**************************************Difference between type() and instance()

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Let's understand the difference between type() andinstance() with the example
code below.

class Polygon:
def sides_no(self):pass

class Triangle(Polygon):def
area(self):
pass

obj_polygon = Polygon()obj_triangle =
Triangle()

print(type(obj_triangle) == Triangle) # true

print(type(obj_triangle) == Polygon) # false

print(isinstance(obj_polygon, Polygon)) # true

print(isinstance(obj_triangle, Polygon)) # true
***********************************************
Example 1: Using strip()my_string = "
Python "

print(my_string.strip())

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*************************************Example 2: Using regular expression
import re

my_string = " Hello Python "

output = re.sub(r'^\s+|\s+$', '', my_string)

print(output)
**********************************
Example 1: Using os module
import os

# file name with extension

file_name = os.path.basename('/root/file.ext')

# file name without extension print(os.path.splitext(file_name)[0])

***********************************
Example 2: Using Path module
from pathlib import Path

print(Path('/root/file.ext').stem)
***********************************

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Using enum module from enum
import Enum

class Day(Enum):MONDAY
=1
TUESDAY = 2
WEDNESDAY = 3

# print the enum member

print(Day.MONDAY)

# get the name of the enum member

print(Day.MONDAY.name)

# get the value of the enum member

print(Day.MONDAY.value)
***************************************Example 1: Return values using comma
def name():
return "John","Armin"

# print the tuple with the returned valuesprint(name())

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# get the individual items name_1, name_2
= name()print(name_1, name_2)
*********************************
Example 2: Using a dictionary
def name():
n1 = "John"
n2 = "Armin"

return {1:n1, 2:n2}

names = name()
print(names)

*********************************Example 1: Using a for loop

The content of the file my_file.txt is

honda 1948
mercedes 1926
ford 1903 Source
Code

def file_len(fname):

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 with open(fname) as f: for i, l in
enumerate(f):
pass
return i + 1

print(file_len("my_file.txt"))
*************************************** Example 2: Using list comprehension
num_of_lines = sum(1 for l in open('my_file.txt'))

print(num_of_lines)
***********************************Use of del
del deletes items at a specified position.my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

del my_list[1]

print(my_list)
********************************Use of remove
remove() deletes the specified item.

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my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

my_list.remove(2)

print(my_list)
***********************************Use of pop
pop() removes the item at a specified position and returnsit.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(my_list.pop(1))

print(my_list)

*************************************
Example 1: Using globimport glob,
os

os.chdir("my_dir")

for file in glob.glob("*.txt"):print(file)

************************************

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Example 2: Using osimport os

for file in os.listdir("my_dir"):if

file.endswith(".txt"):
print(file)
************************************
Using os.walkimport
os

for root, dirs, files in os.walk("my_dir"):for file in files:

if file.endswith(".txt"):print(file)
**************************************Example 1: Using os module
import os.path, time

file = pathlib.Path('abc.py')
print("Last modification time: %s" %
time.ctime(os.path.getmtime(file)))
print("Last metadata change time or path creation time:
%s" % time.ctime(os.path.getctime(file)))
***********************************************
*****

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Example 2: Using stat() methodimport datetime
import pathlib

fname = pathlib.Path('abc.py') print("Last modification

time: %s" %
datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(fname.stat().st_mtime)
)
print("Last metadata change time or path creation time:
%s" %
datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(fname.stat().st_ctime))
***********************************************Example 1: Using pathlib module
import pathlib

# path of the given file print(pathlib.Path("my_file.txt").parent.absolute())

# current working directory

print(pathlib.Path().absolute())
********************************************Example 2: Using os module
import os

# path of the given file

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print(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath("my_file.txt")))

# current working directory print(os.path.abspath(os.getcwd()))

****************************************Example 1: Using zip (Python 3+)
list_1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list_2 = ['a', 'b', 'c']

for i, j in zip(list_1, list_2):print(i, j)

*************************************Example 2: Using itertools (Python
2+) import itertools

list_1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]list_2 = ['a',

'b', 'c']

# loop until the short loop stops

for i,j in itertools.izip(list_1,list_2):
print i,j

print("\n")

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# loop until the longer list stops
for i,j in itertools.izip_longest(list_1,list_2):print i,j
*************************************Example 1: Using os module
import os

file_stat = os.stat('my_file.txt')
print(file_stat.st_size)
***************************************Example 2: Using pathlib module
from pathlib import Path

file = Path('my_file.txt')
print(file.stat().st_size)
******************************
Example 1: Reverse a Number using a while loopnum = 1234
reversed_num = 0

while num != 0: digit = num %

10
reversed_num = reversed_num * 10 + digitnum //= 10

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print("Reversed Number: " + str(reversed_num))
*************************************Example 2: Using String slicing
num = 123456 print(str(num)[::-
1])

***********************************
Example 1: Calculate power of a number using a whileloop
base = 3
exponent = 4

result = 1

while exponent != 0:result *=

base exponent-=1

print("Answer = " + str(result))

Example 2: Calculate power of a number using a for loopbase = 3

exponent = 4

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result = 1

for exponent in range(exponent, 0, -1):result *= base

print("Answer = " + str(result))

***********************************************
Example 3: Calculate the power of a number using pow()function
base = 3
exponent = -4

result = pow(base, exponent)

print("Answer = " + str(result))

************************************
Example 1: Count Number of Digits in an Integer usingwhile loop
num = 3452
count = 0

while num != 0:num //=

10
count += 1

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print("Number of digits: " + str(count))
*************************************

Example 2: Using inbuilt methodsnum = 123456

print(len(str(num)))
************************************
Python program to check if two strings are anagrams usingsorted()
str1 = "Race"str2 =
"Care"

# convert both the strings into lowercasestr1 = str1.lower()

str2 = str2.lower()

# check if length is same if(len(str1) ==

len(str2)):

# sort the strings sorted_str1 =

sorted(str1)sorted_str2 = sorted(str2)

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 # if sorted char arrays are sameif(sorted_str1 ==
sorted_str2):
print(str1 + " and " + str2 + " are anagram.")else:
print(str1 + " and " + str2 + " are not anagram.")

else:
print(str1 + " and " + str2 + " are not anagram.")
********************************************Example 1: Using list slicing
my_string = "talent battle is Lit"

print(my_string[0].upper() + my_string[1:])
***********************************************
**
Example 2: Using inbuilt method capitalize()
my_string = "talent battle is Lit"

cap_string = my_string.capitalize()print(cap_string)
**************************************

Example 1: Using recursion

def get_permutation(string, i=0):

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 if i == len(string):
print("".join(string))

for j in range(i, len(string)):words = [c for c

in string]

# swap
words[i], words[j] = words[j], words[i]

get_permutation(words, i + 1)

print(get_permutation('yup'))
****************************************Example 2: Using itertools
from itertools import permutations

words = [''.join(p) for p in permutations('pro')]print(words)

*****************************************Countdown time in Python

import time

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def countdown(time_sec):while time_sec:
mins, secs = divmod(time_sec, 60)
timeformat = '{:02d}:{:02d}'.format(mins, secs)print(timeformat, end='\r')
time.sleep(1)
time_sec -= 1

print("stop")

countdown(5)
******************************************

Example 1: Using a for loop

count = 0

my_string = "Talent battle"my_char = "t"

for i in my_string: if i ==
my_char:
count += 1

print(count)

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*******************************************

Example 2: Using method count()

my_string = "Talent battle"my_char = "r"

print(my_string.count(my_char))
**********************************Example 1: Using set()
list_1 = [1, 2, 1, 4, 6]

print(list(set(list_1)))

************************************** Example 2: Remove the items that are duplicated

in two
lists
list_1 = [1, 2, 1, 4, 6]
list_2 = [7, 8, 2, 1]

print(list(set(list_1) ^ set(list_2)))
*****************************************Using decode()
print(b'Easy \xE2\x9C\x85'.decode("utf-8"))
***************************************

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