INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FOR

HEAT TRANSFER CO-EFFICIENT

(FORCED CONVECTION)

ROORKEE EQUIPMENT & MODELS PVT. LTD.

Khasra No. 1106 & 1107, Salempur Industrial Estate, Ramnagar, ROORKEE-247 667 (U.K.)
Ph: 01332-264344, Mob: +91-9997200000, Email: [email protected]
 Heat Transfer in Forced Convection

Aim: To determine the heat transfer coefficient in forced convection of air in a tube.

Introduction:
In many practical situations and equipments, we invariably deal with flow of fluids in
tubes e.g. boiler, super heaters and condensers of a power plant, automobile radiators, water and
air heaters or coolers etc. the knowledge and evolution of forced convection heat transfer
coefficient for fluid flow in tubes is essentially a prerequisite for an optional design of all thermal
system

Convection is the transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing of one portion of fluid with the
other. Convection is possible only in a fluid medium and is directly linked with the transport of
medium itself.

In forced convection, fluid motion is principally produced by some superimposed velocity

field like a fan, blower or a pump; the energy transport is said due to forced convection.

Description:
The apparatus consists of a blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounded by a Nichrome band heater. Four thermocouples are embedded on the test section and
two thermocouples are placed in the air stream at the entrance and exit of the test section to
measure the air temperature. Test pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower along with
the orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. Input to the heater is given through a
dimmerstat and measured by meters.

It is to be noted that only a part of the total heat supplied is utilized in heating the air. A
temperature indicator with cold junction compensation is provided to measure temperatures of
pipe wall at various points in the test section. Airflow is measured with the help of orifice meter
and the water manometer fitted on the board.

Procedure:
1. Switch ON the mains system
2. Switch ON blower.
3. Adjust the flow by means of gate valve to some desired difference in the manometer level.
4. Switch ON heater
 5. Start the heating of the test section with the help of dimmerstat and adjust desired heat
input with the help of Voltmeter and Ammeter.
6. Take readings of all the six thermocouples at an interval of 10 min until the steady state is
reached.
7. Note down the heater input.

Precaution
1. Keep the dimmer stat at zero position before switching ON the power supply.
2. Increase the voltmeter gradually.
3. Do not stop the blower in between the testing period.
4. Do not disturb thermocouples while testing. Operate selector switch of the thermocouple
gently. Don’t exceed 200 watts
Operate selector switch of the temperature indicator gently

Specification:
Pipe diameter (Do) : 32 mm
Pipe diameter (Di) : 28 mm
Length of test section (L) : 400 mm
Blower : 85 No. FHP motor
Orifice Diameter (d) : 14 mm
Dimmer stat : 0 to 2 amp, 230 volt, AC
Temperature indicator : Digital type and range 0 - 200 c
Voltmeter : 0 -100 /200v
Ammeter : 0 – 2 amp
Heater : Nichrome wire heater wound on
Test Pipe (Band Type) 100 watt
Type Thermocouple : Copper/Constantan wire
Heater to Distance Thermocouple T1 : 50mm

Heater to Distance Thermocouple T2 : 150mm

Heater to Distance Thermocouple T3 : 250mm

Heater to Distance Thermocouple T4 : 350mm

1) ‘C’ Channel

2) Motor

3) Blower

4) Adapter

6) Orifice

7) Air Inlet Temperature

8) Mica Covered Heater

9) Heater Socket

10) Foam Packing

11) Stainless Steel Cladding

12) Monometer

T1:- Air Inlet Temperature

T6:- Air Outlet Temperature

T2 - T4:- Pipe Wall Temperature

Formula:

Ao = Area of Cross Section Orifice in m2


Ao = ------- x d2
4
Q = Volume flow rate in m3 / sec
________________
Q = Cd x Ao x 2 x g x h x (w / a)
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.68
Ao = area of cross section of orifice in m2
w = Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
a = density of air at ambient temp. = 1.03 Kg/m3
h = manometer reading in meter

ma = mass flow rate of air in Kg / sec

ma = Q x a
Where,
a = Density of air at Amb. temp. = 1.03 Kg/m3
∆T = Temperature rise in air in 0C or 0K
∆T = (T6 – T5)

Qa = Heat carried away by Air in kJ / sec or Watts

Qa = ma Cp ∆T
Where,
Cp = specific heat of air= 1.005 KJ / K Kg
Ta = Average Temperature of Air in 0C
(T5 + T6)
Ta = ----------------
2
Ts = Average Surface Temperature in 0C
T1+ T2 + T3+ T4
Ts = -----------------------
4
As = Test Section Surface Area in m2
As =  x Di x L
Where,
Di = Inner diameter of the test pipe in meter
L = Length of the test section in meter
h = Heat Transfer Coefficient in W / m2k
q
h = -------------------
As (Ts – Ta)

Ac = Cross Test Section Area in m2


Ac = ------- x Di2
4
V = Mean Velocity of Flow through tube in m / sec
Q
V = -------
Ac
Re = Reynold’s Number
V Di
Re = ------------

Where,
 = Kinematic Viscosity at bulk mean
Temp. i.e. (T1 + T6) in m2/ s

Pr = Prandtl Number
Pr = 0.7 at Avg. Temperature
Nu = Nusselt Number

Nu = 0.023 x Re0.8 x Pr0.3

h = heat transfer coefficient calculated by using the correlations

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >10000

Nu = 0.036 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >2300

hxD
Nu = ------------
K
Where,

K = thermal conductivity of air at avg. temp. in w / m k

Conclusion:-
Heat transfer coefficient in forced convection of air in a tube is found out to be -----
 TEMPERATURE OF SURFACE ON Air
Heat Input
THE PIPE Temperature
Sl.
Inlet Outlet
V I q=VXI T1 T2 T3 T4 Ts
T5 T6

220 0.3 66
EXAMPLE 72 61 53 42 57 33 41

Orifice Pressure Manometer

q
h Exp = ----------- h Theoretical
h1 h2 Hw = h2-h1 ….... A(Ts-T)

0.034 0.088 0.054 74.63 70.7

Calculation (for example) :

T1=72, T2=41, T3=31, T4=29, T5=19, T6=28

Surface area of pipe, As = 0.040192

Manometer reading, Hw = 5.4cm or 0.054m

Head of air,

Hair = Hw x (w / a)

= (1000/1.0782) x 0.054

= 50.08 m

Discharge of air Q :

___________
Q = Cd x Ao x 2 x g x Hair

0.64 x 3.14 x 0.015 x 0.015 _____________

= ------------------------------------- x 2 x 9.81x 50.08
4

= 0.00354 m3 /sec

Velocity of flow, v = -------------------------------------

Cross sectional area of pipe, Ac

= 0.00354/0.000804

= 4.403 m/sec.

V x Di

Reynold’s no. , Re = ---------------

4.403 x 0.032
 = ------------------------ = 7849.35

17.95 x 10-6

Nusselt no. , Nu = 0.023 x Re0.8 x Pr0.3

= 0.023 x (7849.35)0.8 x (0.7) 0.3

= 26.98

Nu x K

h(theo) = ------------

26.98 x 0.0223

= ----------------------

0.032

= 18.81 W / m2k

h(exp) = ------------------------

0.0402(43.25-23.5)

= 61/0.79

= 76.83 W / m2k