GENERAL APTITUDE

By Dev Chitransh
 INDEX
1. ANALOGY
2. ODD MAN OUT
3. NUMERICAL SERIES
4. CODING AND DECODING
5. NUMBER CODING
6. TALLEST-YOUNGEST RELATION
7. NUMBER PUZZLE
8. DISTANCE AND DIRECTION SENSE TEST
9. MATHEMATICAL OPERATION AND REASONING
10.HUMAN RELATION
11. VERIFICATION OF TRUTH OF STATEMENT
 INDEX
12.PROFIT AND LOSS (INCLUDING INTEREST)
13.LETTER SERIES
14.SPEED AND TIME AND DISTANCE
15.AREA OF TRIANGLE
16..MENSURATION(INCLUDING AREA AND PERIMETER)
17.PROBABILITY
18.WORK AND TIME
 Class - 1

ANALOGY
 ANALOGY

Analogy means similarity or something

similar means having similar features.

There are 3 types of analogy

1. Word Analogy
2. Number Analogy
3. Alphabet Analogy
 WORD ANALOGY
This type of analogy covers every type of relationship
that we can think.
In word analogy, the candidates are required to discover
the relationship between the words given in question
pair and then complete the second pair following the
same pattern.
Examples:- Choose the word which will complete the second pair in
the same way as first pair

Newspaper : Press :: Cloth : ?

(a) Tailor (b) Fibre (c) Mill (d) Textile

Answer - (c) as, newspaper is prepared in press, in the same way, cloth is manufactured in the mill
 NUMBER ANALOGY
In this the candidate has to find the relationship between them and then find the
number or group of numbers which will replace the question mark in the other pair on
other side.
The relationship in this analogy of following types
Even and odd numbers
Multiplication and division of numbers
Addition and subtraction of numbers
Square and cube roots of numbers

Examples:- Complete the second pair in the same way as first

20 : 11 :: 102 : ?

(a) 49 (b) 52 (c) 65 (d) 85

Answer - (b) the first relation = 20/2+1 = 10+1 = 11 same , 102/2+1 = 51+1 = 52
 ALPHABET ANALOGY
The candidate has to remember the position of letters in English alphabetical order
and find out the relationship between the given letters in the first pair and then find
a set of letters to fit in place of question mark in second pair.
The relationships between the letters can be of following types
Vowels or consonants
Increasing/decreasing position of letters.
Reverse order of position of letters.
Skipped letter relation.

Examples:- AFKP : BGLQ : : CHMR : ?

(a) DINS (b) DNIS (c) DFKP (d) DJOT

Answer - (a) Firstly, we will check the relation between first pair i.e. AFKP and BGLQ
 Class - 2

ODD MAN OUT

 ODD MAN OUT
The candidate has to find the element that does not belong to the
group. Odd man out is also known as Classification.

Same as Circle the Odd One Out

Odd man out may be broadly divided into the following types:-
Word Classification
Real Image Classification
Letter Classification
Number Classification
 WORD CLASSIFICATION

The candidate is given a group of words in which

all except one are related to one another in a
particular manner and thus form a group.

Examples:-Choose the odd one

(a) Square (b) Circle (c) Parallelogram (d) Rectangle

Answer - (b) Except circle, all other given shapes are made up of straight lines
 REAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION

The candidate is required to choose that image

which is different from other three images

Examples:-Choose the odd one

Answer - (d) Except (d), all others are symbols of Indian armed forces i.e. Indian army, Indian navy and
Indian air force. While (d) is the symbol of CBSE Board.
 LETTER CLASSIFICATION
There is a similarity or pattern among the letters
in the group and the candidate has to identify the
pattern and select the one which does not follow
the common pattern in the group.
Examples:-Choose the odd one

(a) LNJ (b) RTP (c) NPK (d) FHD

Answer - (c) letters group NPK follows different pattern from others. Hence, NPK does not belong to the
group.
 NUMBER CLASSIFICATION
there is a similarity among the given numbers or group of numbers. The
candidate has to identify the odd number which does not belong to the group.

The number classification is generally based on the following similarities

Square and square root of a number Prime number
Cube and cube root of a number Divisibility test of a number
Even and odd number Sum of digits of a number
Examples:-Choose the odd one

(a) 27 (b) 35 (c)18 (d) 9

Answer - (b) Except 35, all others are multiples of 9, but 35 is the multiple of 5 and 7.
 Class - 3

NUMERICAL SERIES
 NUMERICAL SERIES
Numerical series is a sequential arrangement of numbers
following a certain defined pattern
Here we deal with questions in which a series of numbers is given.

Candidates are asked either to find a missing term or to find the

wrong term of the series.

There are mainly two types of questions which are asked:-

To Find a Missing Term
To Find the Wrong Term
 HOW TO FIND A MISSING TERM
We are given a series of numbers including one or
more missing numbers. This series follows a
pattern, keeping this pattern in mind, we have to
find the missing terms.
Examples:- 831, 842, 853, 864, 875, ?

(a) 896 (b) 876 (c) 886 (d) 880

Answer - the missing term is 886.

 HOW TO FIND A WRONG TERM
we are given a series of numbers. Whole series
except one number follow a certain rule. We
have to find the number/term which does not
follow the rule.
Examples:-10, 14, 28, 32, 64, 68, 132

(a) 28 (b) 32 (c) 64 (d) 132

Answer - So, 132 is wrong term, it must be replaced by 68 X 2 =136

 Class - 4

CODING AND DECODING

 CODING AND DECODING
Coding means to hide something in some specific letters or
characters.

Decoding means to decode a password type line to get the

meaning of it

There are two types of problems based conditions:-

Letter Coding
Substitution Coding
 LETTER CODING
Alphabetical Order from Left to Right

Alphabetical Order from Right to Left

 LETTER CODING

Candidates are required to detect the coding pattern

and answer the questions asked based on that coding
pattern.

Examples:-In a certain code language GAME is written as

HCPI. Then, what will be code for word
STAMP?

(a) TDVQU (b) TVQDU (c) TVDUQ (d) TVDQU

Answer - (d) is the correct answer

 SUBSTITUTION CODING

In this ,some particular words are coded with certain

substituted word and on the basis of substituted
word, the code of given word is derived.

Examples:-If ‘yellow’ is called ‘blue’, ‘blue’ is called ‘red’, ‘red’ is called ‘pink’, ‘pink’ is
called ‘black’ and ‘black’ is called ‘orange’, then what is the colour of
‘blood’?

(a) Yellow (b) Pink (c) Blue (d) Orange

Answer - (b) We know that, colour of blood =red
But according to the question, red =pink
Therefore, the colour of blood =pink
 Class - 5

NUMBER CODING
 NUMBER CODING

A numerical code value is assigned to a word through

a specific rule. Assigned code value may be according
to the place value of alphabetical order or may be
another form of numerical value.

Examples:-If CUP =40, then KITE =?

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 45

Answer - (d) Using forward letter positions
As, C(3) U(21) P(16) =3 +21+16 =40
Similarly, K (11) I (9) T (20) E(5) =11+9+20+5 =45
 Class - 6

TALLEST-YOUNGEST
RELATION
 TALLEST-YOUNGEST RELATION

In such problems relative position of an object or person

with respect to another one is given and candidates are
required to determine, the position of other object or
person in the same group with respect to one another.

Examples:- Roshan is taller than Hardik who is shorter than Shubham, Niza is taller
than Harry but shorter than Hardik. Shubham is shorter than Roshan. Who
is the tallest?

(a) Roshan (b) Shubham (c) Hardik (d) Harry

Answer - (a) Order of their height in descending order is as
Roshan > Shubham > Hardik > Niza > Harry
Clearly, Roshan is the tallest person in the group.
 Class - 7

NUMBER PUZZLE
 FINDING NUMBERS/DIGITS AFTER REAARANGEMENT
Generally five/six numbers of three digits are given and the
digits of these numbers have to be rearranged according to
the question. Finally, the candidate is required to find out a
certain number/digit on the basis of new arrangement.

Examples:-If in the following numbers, first and last digits are interchanged, then which
one of the given options will be the least number?

418 319 179 589 409

(a) 179 (b) 589 (c) 319 (d) 418

Answer - (d)
 INSERTING A MISSING NUMBER
In such type of problems, some numbers are arranged in a certain pattern,
which can follow the rule of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
squaring or cubing of consecutive numbers etc. Based on these different
operations we have to find the missing character in the given problems.

Examples:-Find the missing number in the following figure.

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8

Answer - (c) Clearly, pattern associated with given question is e=(b−a)×(d−c)
= Difference between left and right numbers × Difference between bottom and top numbers
So, missing number = (5-3)x(7-4)=2x3=6
 Class - 8

DISTANCE AND DIRECTION

SENSE TEST
 BASED ON FINAL DIRECTIONS

These questions are based on finding the final direction of an

object with respect to it's starting point.

Examples:-Suman walks 15 km towards North. She turns

right and walks another 15 km. She turns right
and walks another 15 km. In which direction is
she from the starting point?

(a) North (b) South (c) East (d) West

Answer - (c) Let O be the starting point and A be the ending point of Suman. It is clear from the diagram
that, she is in East direction from her starting point.
 BASED ON DISPLACEMENT

In this type of questions, we have to find out the final distance

between the starting and the final points

Examples:-. A person starts from a point A and travels 3 km

Eastwards to B and then turns left and travels
thrice that distance to reach C. He again turns left
and travels five times the distance he covered
between A and B and reaches his destination D.
The shortest distance between the starting point
and the destination is
(a) 12km (b) 15km (c) 16km (d) 18km
Answer - (b)
 BASED ON DIRECTION AND DISPLACEMENT

In this type of questions, we have to determine both the

distance and direction.

Examples:-Shyam goes 5 km in the North from his

school. Now, turning to the left, he goes
to 10 km and again turns to left and goes
to 5 km. How far is he from his school
and in which direction?

(a) 10 km, South (b) 10 km, North (c) 10 km, West (d) 10 km, East
from school from school from school from school
Answer - (c)
 Class - 9

MATHEMATICAL OPERATION
AND REASONING
 MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
In this type, we deal with questions having four fundamental,
mathematical operations– addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication
(×) and division (÷) and also statements such as ‘less than (<)’,
‘greater than (>)’, ‘equal to (=)’, ‘not equal to (≠)’, etc.

The candidate is required to substitute the real signs in place of

artificial symbols to solve the questions. We need to follow the
VBODMAS rule for simplification of mathematical operations.

Examples:-If + means ÷,– means ×, × means +, ÷ means –, then give the value for
45+9-3X15/2

(a) 40 (b) 36 (c) 56 (d) 28

Answer - (d) By using VBODMAS
5 X 3+ 15- 2 =15+ 15 -2 =30 -2 =28
 MATHEMATICAL REASONING
Mathematical reasoning test is designed to test the ability of a
candidate to solve the various mathematical problems which are
encountered in day to day life. To solve the problems on
mathematical reasoning, a candidate should have a knowledge of
concepts of arithmetic or basic Mathematics.

Examples:-The difference of the ages of Rohit and Axar is 12 yr. The ratio of
their ages is 3 : 5. The age of Axar is

(a) 32 yr (b) 24 yr (c) 28 yr (d) 30 yr

Answer - (d) Let present ages of Rohit and Axar be 3x and 5x, respectively.
5x-3x =12
=2x =12 =x=6 Now The age of Axar =5x =5X6=30yrs
 Class - 10

HUMAN RELATION
 Human Relation
Human relations means any relation between two or more persons.
In order to solve these questions one should have an adequate knowledge of ‘blood relations’.
These relations may be divided into two main categories

Maternal Relations-Relations on the mother’s side are called maternal relations.

Paternal Relations-Relations on the father’s side are called paternal relations
 Language Based Questions

Candidates are required to draw the relationship diagram and

determine the relation between two specified persons.

Examples:-Poonam said to her friend, ‘‘Yesterday I

attended the birthday party of the son of the
only son-in-law of my mother’s mother.’’ How
is Poonam related to the man?

(a) Niece (b) Daughter (c) Sister (d) Mother

Answer - (c) Clearly, Poonam attended the birthday party of her brother.
So, Poonam is the sister of the man.
 Symbol Based Questions
Candidates are required to convert these symbols in a
systemetic meaningful language, so that complex symbolic
language may deliver a meaningful relation between given
objects.
‘A+B ’ means that A is the father of B, ‘ A-B ’
means that A is the wife of B, ‘ AXB ’ means that
Examples:-A is the brother of B, ‘ A/B ’ means that A is the
mother of B and ‘A=B ’ means that A is sister of
B. On the basis of this information, what does
P+Q-R means?
(a) P is the father-in-law (b) P is the son of R (c) P is the uncle (d) P is the
of R of R brother of R
Answer - (a) Clearly, P is the father of Q and Q is the wife of R. So,
P is the father-in-law of R.
 Class - 11

VERIFICATION OF TRUTH
OF STATEMENT
 Language Based Questions
the candidates are required to focus only on truth of the
facts that always hold. questions are asked in context of a
particular thing or factor that is always characterised by a
specific part or feature.

Examples:- A mirror always

(a) Reflects (b) Retracts (c) Distorts (d) Refracts

Answer - (a) Clearly, a mirror always reflects.
 Class – 12

PROFIT AND LOSS

(INCLUDING INTEREST)
Important Terms ---

● Cost Price (CP) The price at which article is purchased or manufactured is known as cost
price.

● Selling Price (SP) The price of an article at which it is sold, is known as selling price.

● Marked Price (MP) The printed price printed on the article is known as marked price. It is
also known as list price or printed price.

● Profit If selling price of an article is more than its cost price, then there is a profit or gain.
Profit = SP − CP [Since SP > CP]

● Loss If selling price of an article is less than its cost price, then there is a loss.
Loss = CP − SP [Since SP < CP]

● Discount The deduction given on marked price of an article is known as discount.

Discount = Marked Price (MP) − Selling Price (SP)
Lets see an example to understand the concepts better.

Example 1 - If A buys a TV for 5000 rupees and sells it to C for 6500 rupees
and C sells it to B at 20% profit. Find A’s profit or loss per cent and C’s
selling price.

Here, CP for A = 5000 and SP for A = 6500 [SP > CP]

 Class – 13

LETTER SERIES
The most basic type of letter series involves the alphabetical sequence.

Patterns in Letter Series:

- Letter series problems often revolve around identifying patterns or rules governing the
sequence.
- Patterns can be based on alphabetical order, reverse order, skipping letters, or following a
specific rule.

Alternate Series:
- There might be more than one series interleaved with each other.
- Example: A, C, E, B, D, F, ...

Pairing Series:
- The series may involve pairs of letters or groups.
- Example: AB, CD, EF, GH, ...

Positional Series:
- The position of the letter in the alphabet may be relevant.
- Example: A, B, D, G, K, ...

Mirror or Palindrome Series:

- The series may form a mirror image or a palindrome.
- Example: ABCBA, ABBAA, ...
EXAMPLES:

Ans : C Explanation: In this series the third letter is

Ans: A repeated ass the first letter of the next
Explanation: The first letter is following one series and the other segment. The middle letter A remains
two letters are following another series . static. The third letter are in alphabetical
order, beginning with R.
 Class – 14

SPEED, TIME AND DISTANCE

Understanding the relationships between time, speed, and distance and practicing a variety of problems is
crucial for mastering this topic. Keep these key points in mind to efficiently solve problems related to time,
speed, and distance.

Definitions:
Time (t): Duration taken to cover a distance.
Speed (s):Rate of motion, measured as distance covered per unit time.
Distance (d):The total length of the path travelled.

Average Speed:
- For a journey with multiple speeds, average speed is the total distance divided by the total time.
Problems Involving Average Speed:
- When different speeds are involved, use the formula for average speed.
Time, Speed, Distance in Trains
- Consider the length of the trains when they are moving in the same direction or opposite directions.
Boat and Stream Problems:
- When moving upstream, subtract the stream's speed; when moving downstream, add the stream's speed.
Relative Speed:
•When two objects are moving in the same direction, their relative speed is the difference of their individual
speeds.
•When moving in opposite directions, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds.

EXAMPLE: Amit covers first 27 km in 9 h and second 27 km in 3 h, then find his average speed in
whole journey in meter/second.
 Class – 15

AREA OF TRIANGLE
Introduction

• Area is the measure of the amount of space enclosed by a two-dimensional figure. It is typically measured in square units.

• Perimeter is the total length of the boundary or the sum of all the sides of a two-dimensional figure.
Example:
If the height of an equilateral triangle is 6 cm, then find its area and perimeter.

Try Yourself:
 Class – 16

MENSURATION
INCLUDING AREA AND PERIMETER
Mensuration is a branch of geometry that deals with the measurement of
geometric figures and their parameters such as length, area, volume, and other
related quantities.
 Example : Find the distance between the two parallel sides of a trapezium , if the area of
trapezium is 500 cm2 and two parallel sides are 30 m and 20 m respectively.

The distance between two parallel sides is 20 m.

Try Yourself:
If one side and one diagonal of a rhombus are 10 cm and 16 cm respectively, then its area (in
cm2 ) is
(a) 60

(b) 64

(c) 96

(d) 100
 Class – 17

PROBABILITY
Definition: Probability is a measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
•Range: It ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates that the event is impossible, and 1 indicates that the event is certain.
•Sample Space (S): The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
•Event (E): Any subset of the sample space.
•Probability of an Event (P(E)): The ratio of the number of outcomes favorable to the event to the total number of
outcomes in the sample space.

1. Random Experiment:
- Simple Explanation: It's like doing something where you know all the things that could happen, but you're not sure
which one will happen. For example, rolling a dice.

2. Outcomes:
- Simple Explanation: Outcomes are just the different things that could happen when you do something. Like when you
roll a dice, the outcomes are the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

3. Sample Space (S):

- Simple Explanation: Sample space is just a fancy term for listing out all the possible outcomes of something you're
doing. For rolling a dice, the sample space is all the numbers from 1 to 6.
4. Event:
- Simple Explanation: An event is just a group of possible outcomes. So, if you're rolling a dice, getting an even number like 2
or 4 would be an event.

5. Impossible Event:
- Simple Explanation: This is when something just can't happen. Like if you're rolling a dice, getting a 7 is impossible because
there's no 7 on a dice.

6. Sure Event:
- Simple Explanation: This is when something is definitely going to happen. Like if you're rolling a dice, getting a number less
than 7 is a sure event because you're guaranteed to get a number between 1 and 6.

7. Equally Likely Events:

- Simple Explanation: These are events where each outcome has the same chance of happening. Like when you roll a fair
dice, each number has the same chance of showing up.

8. Mutually Exclusive (Disjoint) Events:

- Simple Explanation: These are events that can't both happen at the same time. For example, if you're rolling a dice, you
can't get both an even number and an odd number at the same time.

9. Exhaustive Events:
- Simple Explanation: These are events that cover all the possibilities. So, if you're rolling a dice, saying you'll either get an
even number or an odd number covers all the possible outcomes.
Example 2.

From a well shuffled pack of cards one card is drawn at random. Find the
probability that it is an ace.

(a)1/4 (b) 1/13 (c)4/17 (d) 2/13

Solution (b) Let S be the sample space. We know that, there are 52 cards
in a pack of cards.

∴ n (S)= 52
Let A1 be the event of drawing an aces.
We know that there are four aces in a pack of 52 cards.
∴ n (A1) =4 ∴Required probability = n (A1) /n (S) =4/52 = 1/13
Probability Rules:
1.Addition Rule: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
2.Multiplication Rule for Independent Events: P(A ∩ B) = P(A) * P(B)
3.Complement Rule: P(A') = 1 - P(A)
4.Conditional Probability: P(A | B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)

Bayes' Theorem:

Binomial Distribution

Let, in binomial distribution the probability of success of an event is p and probability of failure is q. If E is an event
and let the number of success is X , Then the probability ( ) P of happening of an event E of r times in n experiment
 Class – 18

WORK AND TIME

Work and Time:

- Work: Work means the job that needs to be done within a certain time.
- Factors Affecting Time Required: The time taken to finish a job depends on how many people are working on it and
how efficient they are.

- Key Formulas and Facts:

- If someone can finish a job in a certain number of days, then their daily work rate is and
vice versa

- If the efficiency ratio of two people A and B is x:y , then the ratio of time taken by A and B will be y:x .

- When comparing the work done by different groups of people over different periods with different work hours, a
relationship can be established using the formula
Pipes and Cisterns:

- Filling Pipes:
- If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then it fills ( 1/ x ) of the tank in one hour.

- Emptying Pipes:
- If a pipe can empty a tank in x hours, then it empties - ( 1 /x ) of the tank in
one hour.

Example

A can complete a job in 20 days, and B can complete the same job in 30 days. How many days will it take
for A and B to complete the job together?

A’s one day’s work = 1 / 20

Similarly, B’s one day’s work = 1 / 30
Thus, the work done by A and B together in one day = (1/20) + (1/30) = (3+2)/ 60 = (5/ 60)=
1/12

∴ A and B together will complete the work in 12 days.