CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR BOOK

By : Intan Maharani Dewi (235360001)

MODAL VERBS :
SRUCTURE AND USE

What are modal verbs?

These are Auxiliary verbs that
provide additional and specific
meaning to the main verb of
the sentence :

 Can
 Could
 May
 Might
 Shall
 Should
 Ought to
 Will
 Would
How do we use modals ?

SUBJECT MODALS VERB

Example : Noven could play the guitar

They are do not accept conjuction

They do not need other auxiliary verb

Form
There is no “s” in singular
There is no “do / does” in the
question
There is no “don’t / doesn’t” in the
negative

Example :
He can swim
He cans swim / He can skis
Would you like to sing with me?
Do you like to sing with me?
 You can’t be serious
You don’t be serious

Form
Modal verbs do not have invinities or –ing
forms
to can / caning to must / musting
Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive
without to
 She must sleep (strong obligation)
 They should have gone the other way
(recommendation)
 She could play tennis in her youth (ability in
the past)

Form
Modal verbs do not have all the tenses
Modal verbs use other verbs to complete the
the tenses :
Can is completed with be able to
Must is completed with have to

What do they express ?

They can have more than one meaning depending on
the situations.
 Single Concept Modal : they have one meaning
 Double Concept Modal : they have two meanings
 Modals in Past : they are used to express a
situations in the past

Categories :
Single Concept Double Concept Modals in Past
Modals Modals

Will May Would have

Might Must Could have

Should Would Might have

Ought to Shall Should have

Had better Could May have

Can Must have

Single Concept Modal

Modal Concept Examples
Will Future He will go to
Singapore next
month.

Might Small probability He might ask you for

a date.

Should Recommendation You should turn on

the translate before
watching the film.
Ought to Formal recommendation You ought to come to
the ceremony.

Had better Warning You had better check

up to the hospital.

Double Concept Modal

Modal Concept Examples
May (1) Permission May I borrow your
pencil?

May (2) Good probability She may invite you

to her party.

Must (1) Responsibility You must practice

harder for join the
competition.

Must (2) Assumption You must be his

daughter.

Would (1) Past (used to)

Would (2) Present unreal

Double Concept Modal

Modal Concept Examples
Shall (1) Educate expression
offer

Shall (2) Contractual

obligation

Could (1) Unreal ability

Could (2) Past ability

Can (1) Present ability

 Can (2) Permission

PROBABILITY/ ABILITY PERMISSION OBLIGATION OFFERS

POSSIBILITY /ADVICE

CAN He can Can I visit my

play friend?
football

CAN’T She can’t be his I can’t eat Can I borrow

wife. She’s too spicy food the hat? No, I
young can’t.

MIGHT It might snow

tomorrow

COULD It could snow I could Could I see

tomorrow climb the your ID card
tree when please,sir?
I was
child

MAY . May I leave

the meeting?

MUST You must be his You must study

brother because before the test
you look alike

HAVE TO I have to go now

SHALL You shall check Shall I

up on Monday. help you?

SHOULD/ You should eat

it. It’s delicious.
OUGHT TO

HAD BETTER You had better

drink more.

WOULD I Would
you like a
cup of
tea?
Modals in the Past

They are modals referred to actions that

happened in the+past.
MODAL HAVE + verb in past participle
It must have been a difficult decision
He should have invited her to his birthday party

MODAL PERFECT USES EXAMPLES

MUST HAVE + P.P. Logical conclusion on a He must have been in

past event the garden when I
called.

MAY/MIGHT HAVE + Deduction on a past We may have passed

P.P. event the math exam, but it
was in Japanese.

COULD HAVE + P.P. Possibility to do She could have taken

something, gone the flight.
unfulfilled

COULDN’T HAVE + P.P. Certainly that You couldn’t have

something couldn’t seen her.
have happened

WOULD HAVE + P.P. Desire to do If I had guessed the

something, but future, I would have
impossibility to do it for taken some
external causes precautions againist
what would happen.

SHOULD/OUGHT TO Lament on something You should have

HAVE + P.P. that should have been listened to your
done parents.

SHOULDN’T HAVE + Critique on something They shouldn’t have

P.P. that shouldn’t have done that. It was rude.
happened

NEEDN’T HAVE + P.P. Something that wasn’t I needn’t have read

 necessary doing that novel.

Modals-like verbs :
A few verbs which often serve as modals too.
They need to be conjugated.
Modals Concept Example
Like to Enjoy I like to watch TV

Want to Desire John wants to

buy a car

Need to Necessity We really needed

to talk to you

Have to Obligation Susan had to pay

the rent

Have got to Have to I’ve got to go

now

Look forward to Future plan I look forward to

seeing you again

EXERCISE

Type the correct modal verb into the box.

can couldn't have to might must ought to shouldn't was able

It's very cold today. Do you think it snow later?

1. You leave your door unlocked when you go out.

2. They have filled the car with petrol before they set off.
 3. My motorbike broke down in the middle of nowhere, but luckily I

to fix it.

4. Mum says we watch TV after we've finished our

homework.

5. You don't pick me up at the station. I can get a taxi.

6. This is impossible, it be a mistake!

7. Jim have seen me because he walked past without

saying 'Hello'

8. I'm sure that Nina explain everything when she

returns.

9. Tom's teacher says that he play the violin pretty well

in half a year.

Choose the correct option for each gap below.

1. Nobody knows exactly why the window cracked. But we think it

been an accident.
2. Fara looked very happy. She passed her driving test.
3. I didn’t know you were going to Mia’s party yesterday. You told
me.
4. I can’t believe Arya hasn’t arrived yet. He taken the wrong train.
5. You been ill yesterday. Jamie saw you at the supermarket.
6. I don’t know where they went but they gone to Jakarta or Banten.
7. You paid more attention. Now we are lost.
8. The window was broken so the thieves got in through that
window.
9. I’m sorry but my father isn’t here. He left.
10. We really enjoyed the movie. You come with us.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE :
SENTENCE TYPES

Sentence Types
 Simple
 Compound
 Complex
 Compound-Complex

Basic Elements of Every Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE
Mary Plays badminton

Simple Sentence
 Simple sentences contain one independent clause.
 It contains a subject and a verb
Example :
 She brushes her teeth in the morning
 The baby laughed
Simple Sentence with compound subject
 Adi and Ana study English
 Matt and Anne play badminton
Simple Sentence with compound subject and
compound predicate
 Adi and Ana study English and math
 Matt and Anne play badminton and tennis

Compound Sentence
 Compound sentences contain 2 independent clauses,
and are linked by a coordinating conjunction or
conjunctive adverbs.
 Coordinating conjunction can include : for, and, nor,
but, or, yet, and so.
 Conjunction adverbs can include : moreover,
however, otherwise, and therefore.
 Conjunction adverbs “float” : conjunctive adverbs
are sometimes called “floating” adverb because they
can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or
at the end of a clause.

Example :
 She brushes her teeth in the morning, so her teeth
are nice and clean.
She brushes her teeth in the morning. Her teeth are nice and clean.

Independent clause Independent clause

 The baby laughed at the cartoon, and he played with
his toys.
The baby laughed at the cartoon. He played with his toys.

Independent clause independent clause

Complex Sentences
 Complex sentences contain 1 independent clause
and 1 more subordinate clause.
 Subordinate clauses are linked by either a
subordinating conjunction (although, after, because,
since, when, etc) or a relative pronoun (who,which,
that, etc).

Example :
 She brushes her teeth in the morning after waking
up

Independent clause dependent clause

 The baby laughed because the cartoon was funny.

Independent clause dependent clause

Compound-Complex Sentences
Compound complex sentences contain 2 or more
independent clauses, and 1 or more dependent
clause that is linked with a coordinating
conjunction.
Example :
 I woke up in the morning and I brushed my teeth
even though everyone else was sleeping.
EXERCISE 1
Identify the type of sentence in the following whether they are
simple compound and complex sentences.

1. She is young but she has white hair.

2. Deer can run very fast for they are very active and
have nimble feet.
3. He lost everything that was unbearable.
4. This is the school where you have studied.
5. I saw a man who was old and weak.
6. The person is a renowned writer.
7. A green plant can prepare its food.
8. The mother beat the child for his disobedience.
9. Shimla worked very hard but she did not pass.
10. He finished his home assignment and went to play.
11. I imagined that I lived in a palace.
12. People who are quarrelsome cannot be happy.
13. The farmers who are opposing the bill cannot go
home unsatisfied.
14. They are protesting as if they are very unhappy.
15. Many tries but few get success.
16. He arrived before the drama had begun.
17. He who always does his duty is loved by all but a
man who does not work is hated by all.
18. God made the world and man made the boundaries.
19. If you have patience, you will get everything.
20. I agree with you for it is made for the
welfare of the society.
 EXERCISE 2
In the following examples, determine the sentence type!
1. We took a taxi home after the party.
2. The judge was not impressed by your alibi.
3. As soon as I heard the news, I rushed straight to the hospital.
4. Hyunsuk watches football on television, but he never goes to a
game.
5. If you give your details to our secretary, we will contact you when
we have a vacancy.
ABRIDGMENT IN CLAUSES (ELLIPTIC
SENTENCES POSITIVE NEGATIVE
CONTRAST)

Elliptic Sentence
NAME MEANING TYPE PATTERN EXAMPLE

Soo Juga Positiv And + S + Aux + Fina painted the

e too paper and so did
senten Dina
ce

Too Juga Positiv And + so + Aux Roni likes cheese

e +S and James does
senten too
ce

Either Juga Negati And + S + Aux + Emily hasn’t

ve not + either finished the
senten homework and
ce Erica hasn’t
either

Neither Juga Negati And + neither + Evelyn won’t

ve Aux + S come to the
senten party and neither
ce will Fred

Positive Negative Contrast

(+) but + S = Aux + not
Marine goes shopping everyday, but her sister
doesn’t.
(-) but + S + Aux
The girls don’t like to be in the hallroom but
the boys do.

EXERCISE
Below with ‘’so’’ and ‘’too’’
1. Arneo is my best friend and (Adillah)
2. I will go to malang tomorrow and (my parents)
3. They will buy fruits at the market and (I)
4. She takes a math course and (he)
5. Iko played a mobile game last night and (my brother)
CONJUNCTION

WHAT IS CONJUNCTION?
A conjunction is a word that connects elements of a sentence, such as words,
phrases, or clauses. The three types of conjunctions are: subordinating
conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
Subordinating conjunctions break sentences into word clusters called dependent
(or subordinate) clauses. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone and must be
connected to an independent clause to make a complex sentence. Subordinating
conjunctions connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.

COMMON COORDINATING CLAUSES

after if only until

although in order that when

as now that whenever

as if once where

as long as provided whereas

as though rather than wherever

because since whether

before so that while

even if that within

even though though besides

if without unless
Examples :

 As Sherly blew out the candles on top her birthday cake, she caught her hair
on fire.
 Rara begins to sneeze whenever she opens the window to get a breath of
fresh air.
 When the doorbell rang, my dog Skeeter barked loudly.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
Coordinating conjunctions are single words that connect similar parts of a
sentence, such as adjectives, nouns, and clauses. The acronym FANBOYS is
often used to refer to coordinating conjunctions.

For And Nor But On Yet So

1. For: Using the conjunction “for” indicates a relationship between two main
clauses by indicating that one clause is the reason that the other is happening.
For example, you could say: “I want to go to the pizza parlor, for it is my
birthday.
2. And: Using “and” indicates additional information of equal weight to the
information provided in the first clause. For example, you could say “I went
to the grocery store and bought snacks for the party.”
3. Nor: “Nor” connects two clauses that have negative modifiers. For example,
it would be correct to say “I don’t get enough sleep, nor do I try.”
4. But: The conjunction “but” precedes information that opposes the first main
clause in some way. For example, you could say: “I want to go outside, but I
don’t have any sunblock.”
5. Or: “Or” indicates a difference between two equal options. For example, you
could say “I can’t decide whether I want chocolate or vanilla.”
6. Yet: “Yet” introduces a new idea that contradicts the main clause. For
example, you could say “I’m always eating, yet I’m always hungry.”
7. So: “So” joins two equally-weighted thoughts that imply cause and effect.
For example, you could say, “There wasn’t a wait at the DMV, so I decided
to go this morning.”
CORRELATIVE CONJUCTON
Correlative conjunctions connect similar parts of a sentence, such as adjectives,
nouns, and clauses. However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions are combinations of coordinating conjunctions, not only a single
word. They always come in pairs and link grammatically equivalent items.

As….as Both….and Either.…or

Neither….nor Not only….but also Rather….than
Whether….or

Examples:
 I like orange juice as much as I like avocado juice.
 Neither me nor my friend want to see the new Disney movie.
 Do you care whether we have noodles or rice for lunch.
 My uncle paint the wall in both white and blue.
 He not only works hard but also prays hard.
 I will eat either noodle or rice for dinner.
 I would rather stay at home than go out.

EXERCISE
A. Fill with suitable conjunction!
1. Whose keys are these? They are Mike's. I noticed them only he left.
2. it happened, I was in my room.
3. She has been studying French she was a child.
4. She came back sooner he had expected.
5. He didn't eat the salad he doesn't like onions.
6. She has an umbrella it rains.
7. he will agree to do it remains to be seen.
8. I didn't hear he said.
9. Yesterday she came to work at ten o'clock. The manager asked her she was late.
10. The man brought the box is in the hall.
B. Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the
parenthesis:
1. I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)
2. This is the place _________ we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
3. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
4. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often.
(though, as, once)
9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)

C. Complete each sentence using the correct correlative conjunction pair

from the parenthesis:

1. I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. (whether /

or, either / or, as / if)
2. _________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude.
(either / or, whether / or, when / I’m)
3. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I found out we had to leave
again. (no sooner / than, rather / than, whether / or)
4. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ it can be healthy.
(whether / or, not / but, just as / so)
5. _________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice
cream for dessert. (if /then, when / than, whether / or)
6. _________ flowers _________ trees grow _________ during warm weather.
(not only / or, both / and, not / but)
7. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy
winter break. (whether / or, not only / but also, either / or)
8. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult _________ (not / but, both /
and, either / or)
9. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as / if, either / or, as /
as)
10. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often / and, neither /
nor, both / and)
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTIONS

Parallel structure
 Words, phrases, or clauses joined by the
coordinate conjunctions
And, or, but, both…and, (N)either…(N)or, not
only…but also.
 Where information in a sentence is given in the
form of a list or series, ll components must be
grammatically parallel or equal.
 There may be only two components or many
components in a list; however, if the first is, for
example, an infinitive, the rest must also be
infinitives.

Parallelism = kesamaaan
A. Tenses
S + V + O + conj + S + V + O
B. Words
Word(s) + conj + word()s
 Parallelism in Tenses
Tenses Parallel Example

Present Simple Present Tense Before I go to

V1/Vs/is,am,ar (V1/Vs,es is,am,are) school, I have
e breakfast
Present Continuous T.
(is,am,are + Ving)

Present Perfect T.
(have/has + V3)

Present Perfect Cont.

(have/has+been+Ving)

Present Future Tense

(will+V1)

Present Modal (modal 1

+ V1)
(shall,will,can,may,must
)

Past Past Tense When you

(V2/was,were) came here, I
V2 was, were
was reading
Past Continuous Tense
book.
(was/were+Ving)

Past Perfect Tense

(had+V3) After I had
done the
Past Future Tense
homework, I
(would+V1)
took a bath.
Past Modal (Modal
 2+V1) (should, would,
could, might, must)

Parallel in Word(s)
WORD(S) CONJ WORD(S) EXAMPLE
Noun Noun I like running
and playing
Adjective Adjective
badminton.
Adverb Adverb
She is not only
Verb Verb beautiful but
also softheart.
Ving Ving
Both his uncle
V2 V2 and aunty are
farmers.
Noun phrase Noun phrase
(article+adj+N) (article+adj+N)
CAUSATIVES

Causatives verbs are used to indicate that one person

causes a second person to do something for the first
person.
 Have / get

Active = S + have + complement + V1

(any tense) orang
Active = S + get complement + to V1
(any tense) orang/benda
Passive = S + have/get + complement + V1
(any tense) benda

Example :
1. Nefy got the car washed.
2. Jessy had her laptop repaired by a mechanic.
 Make

S + Make + O + V1
(any tense)

Example :
1. Our teacher always makes us stay in our
classes
2. The seller made my aunt leave the market.
3. I made Jenn call her friend on the phone.
4. The doctor made the patient laid on the bed.

 Let
S + let + O + V1
S + permit/allow + O + V1

Example :
1. My mother let my brother play with his friends.
2. My father allowed me to buy a new smartphone.
3. The doctor let a patient leave the hospital.

 Help
S + help + O + V1/ to V1
Example :
1. Heny helped Ray clean / to clean the house.
2. I helped mother cook / to cook dinner.

EXERCISE
Change the sentences so they use the structure 'have
something done' or 'get something done'.
 1. I washed my car. (have)
___________________
2. I cut my hair. (get)
_______________
3. I typed the documents. (have)
________________________
4. I fixed the washing machine. (get)
___________________________
5. I cut the grass. (have)
_________________
6. I painted my bedroom. (get)
_______________________
7. I repaired my laptop. (have)
_______________________
8. I edited the video. (get)
___________________
9. I cleaned the bathroom. (get)
_______________________
10. I printed the photo. (have)

Change the sentences so that they use the structure 'have

someone do something' or 'get someone to do something'.
Start with 'I'.

1. The cleaner cleaned the house. (have)

______________________________
2. The taxi driver collected us. (have)
____________________________
3. Jenn arrived on time. (get)
______________________
4. The mechanic fixed the brakes. (have)
_______________________________
5. The teacher explained the lesson. (have)
________________________________
6. My husband looked after our children. (get)
____________________________________
7. The waiter brought some water. (have)
_______________________________
8. The doctor took your temperature. (have)
__________________________________
9. The dentist cleaned my teeth. (have)
______________________________
10. My sister took her cat. (get)
___________________________
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

TYPE OF CLAUSE
 Time
 Place
 Cause
 Condition
 Contrast : concessive
 Adversative
 Purpose
 Result
 Comparison
 Manner
 SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION
Beginning the Clause
Type of Clause Sub Conjunction Sentence

Time When, while, since, I can see you when I

before, after, until, as walk your street.
soon as, as long as, by the
He was writing an
time(that), now that, once.
essay while the lunch
was cooking.

I haven’t seen him

since he moved to
another country.

They will arrive

before you get here.

Place Where We live where the

road crosses the train
Wherever
rail.

Cause Because, since, as, now, She could not come

that, where as, in as much because/since/as she
as, s long as, on account was busy.
of the fact that, owing to
Now that she passed
th fact that, because of the
the competition, she
fact that, due to the fact
can get her reward.
that
Whereas we have
disobeyed the law, we
will be punished.

Condition if, unless, on condition If it rains, we won’t

that, provided that, have the party.
providing that, in the
event that, in case that,
We won’t have the
party unless the
 weather is good.

We’ll have the party

providing that it
doesn’t rain.

Contrast : consessive Although, though, even Although i felt very

though, even if, in spite tired, i tried to finish
of/despite (the fact that), my homework.
notwithstanding that the
fact
Not with standing the
fact that the president
was weak at that time,
law and order were
maintained.

Adversative while, where, whereas Some people spend

(kontras,berlawanan their spare time
) listening, while others
watch television.

Purpose That, in order that, so They climbed higher

(informal), so that, for the that (so that, in order
purpose that that) they might get a
better view

He is saving his
money so that he can
go abroad.

Result So + adj/adv + that He is so handsome

(adj) that she attracts
Such (a) + noun + that
a lot of attention
So that
 She acts so
beautifully (adv) that
everyone applauded
her performance

Comparison As/ not so + adj / adv + as She works as hard as

her mother works.
Er/more + adj/adv + than

She doesn’t work so

(as) hard as her
mother works.

She works harder

than her mother.

Manner As if, as though She looks as if he

(especially after look, needs no money.
seem, act).
He left the class as
though angry.

EXERCISE
Choose the correct subordinating conjunction to fill the space at
the beginning of the adverb clause.
1. You should give the iron time to heat up you
iron your clothes.
2. Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long
time.
3. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the
mountains the ground is rough and hard.
4. We keep our fruits in the fridge it doesn’t go
bad.
5. the dolphin live in the sea, it is not a fish –
it’s mammal.
6. You may get malaria you are bitten by a
mosquito.
7. You shouldn’t drive drinking alcohol.
8. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing
they don’t get hurt.
9. You will have to pay higher insurance you
buy a sports car.
10. You should check the price tag you
decide to purchase.
11. I feel much better taking a shower.
12. Finish your homework going to bed.
13. You should pick up your brother from school
you finish your lunch.
14. I prefer to drive I have a chance to
travel.
15. Don’t bother to call me you have any
problem.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

The modals : will, would, can and could,

might
Word : If

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

 Type 1 (the real : future possible, factual and
habitual)
It is used when the speaker expresses an
action or situation which usually occurs, or will
occur if the circumstances in the main clause
are met.
 Type 2 and 3 (the unreal : contrary to fact or
hypothetical)
It expresses a situation (past, present, or
future) that would take place or would have
taken place if the circumstances expressed
were or had been different now or in the past.

Pattern for :
Type 1 (real conditions: possibly true) PRESENT

Future Time :
If + S + simple present tense , S + will,can,may,must +
V1

Habitual :
If + S + simple present tense, S + simple present tense

Command :
If + S + simple present tense , Command form(V1)

EXAMPLE OF TYPE 1 (PRESENT)

Future Time Habitual Command
If I have the If the doctor has If you go to the
money, I will buy morning office post office, please
a new car hours, he visits his mail this letter for
patients in the me!
hospital in the
afternoon.
We will have John usually Please call me if
plenty of time to walks to school if you hear from
finish the project he has enough time Jane
before dinner if it
is only 10 o’clock
now

Pattern for :
Type 2: (Unreal Condition/not true) PAST

Present or Future Time

If + S + Simple Past Tense, S + would/could/might + V1
 Example :
 If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
Fact : (I don’t have the time so I am not going to the beach with
you)
 He would tell you about it if he were here
Fact : (he won’t tell you about it because he’s not here)
 If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him.
Fact : (he speaks very quickly so you can’t understand
Pattern for:
Type 3: (Unreal Condition/not true) PAST PERFECT
Past Time
If + S + past perfect + S + would/could/might + have
+ V3

Example :

a. If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Fact= (we didn’t know that you were there so we didn’t write you a letter)

b. She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyers. Fact= (she
didn’t sell the house because she didn’t find the right buyers)

c. If we hadn’t lost our way, we would have arrived sooner. Fact= (we lost our
way so we didn’t arrive early)

PAST UNREAL CONDITION WITHOUT IF

Had + S + V3, S + would/could/might + have + V3

Example :
Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Had she found the right buyers, she would have sold the house.

EXERCISE
Put in the correct phrases and form a conditional sentence (type
I,II,III). Watch the underlined verbs.

Example : if he studied harder, he (to pass) his driving test. Answer : if he

had studied harder, he would have passed his driving test.

1. If we meet at 10.00, we (to have) plenty of time.

2. Tina would find the juice if she (to look) in the fridge.
3. The zookeeper would have punished him with a fine if she (to feed) the
animals.
4. If you spoke louder, your classmates (to understand) you.
5. Dani (to arrive) safe if he drove slowly.
6. If you (to swim) in this lake, you’ll shiver from cold.
7. You (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your homework.
8. The door will unlock if you (to press) the green button.
9. If Fizi (to ask) his teacher, he’d had answered his questions.
10.I (to call) the officer if I was/were you.
AS IF/AS THOUGH AND
HOPE/WISH

As if/as though

 Indicate something unreal or contrary to fact

 The verb must be in the past tense or past perfect
 The past tense of be in contrary to fact must be were.

Pattern

S + verb (present) + (as if/as though) + S + verb (past)

S + verb (past) + as if/as though + S + verb (past perfect)

Example

 The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (it is not
winter)
 Angelique walks as though she studied modelling. (she didn’t study
modelling)
 He acts as though he were rich. (he is not rich)
 Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. (she didn’t
win the grand prize)
 Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. ( he didn’t see a ghost)
 He looked as though he had run 10 miles (he didn’t run ten miles)

FUTURE WISH
S + wish + (that) + S + could/would + V1 Were
V-ing

• We wish that you could come to the ceremony tonight. (you can’t come)

• I wish that you would stop singing that song. (you probably won’t stop)

• He wishes that He were coming with us. (He is not coming with us)

PRESENT WISH

S + wish + (that) + S + simple past tense

 I wish that I had enough money to buy the limited edition jacket. (i don’t
have enough money)
 We wish that you were old enough to come with us. (you are not old
enough)
 We wish that we didn’t have to go to class today. We have to go to class)
 PAST WISH

S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/could have + V3

 I wish that I had cleaned the shoes yesterday. (I didn’t clean the shoes)
 He wishes that he could have been there. (he couldn’t be there)
 They wish that they had had more time last night. (they didn’t have more
time)

The Verb Wish to Describe a Present Desire :

 My cat is sick

The verb = is

Verb in the past = was were

Change to negative = weren't

The whole sentence = I wish my cat weren't sick.

 I can't swim. :(

The verb = can't swim

Verb in past = couldn't swim

Change to positive = could swim

The whole sentence = I wish I could swim.

 I'm gaining weight. :(

The verb = am gaining (present progressive)

Verb in past = was were gaining (past progressive)

 Change to negative = weren't gaining

The whole sentence = I wish I weren't gaining weight.

EXERCISE

Exercise #2 – Choose the correct word or phrase!

1. Jill's eyes are red. She ---- she has cried.

o looks as if
o looks like

2. Ben ---- very smart for his age. Actually he can be considered to be mature.

o looks
o looks as though

3. It ---- rain, so let's not go anywhere but stay indoors.

o looks like
o looks to

4. The surface of the table ---- it has been hit with something hard.

o feels as if
o feels like

5. You ---- something is bothering you, my dear. Is there a problem?

o look as if
o look

6. The soup ---- horrible, but Molly was too polite to refuse to eat it.

o tasted
o tasted as though

7-8. Your perfume makes me ---- hungry because it ---- vanilla.

o feel feel as though

o smells like smells as if

9. The noise coming from outside ---- a UFO that we know from science fiction films.

o sounded as though
o sounded like
10. It ---- strange that there is no one to serve us in the shop.

o seems
o seems like

Exercise #2 - Using Wish in the Present

Remember to avoid using was with wish. Good luck.

1. Fikri is poor. Fikri wishes he (be/not) poor.

2. My bedroom is small. I wish it (be) bigger.

3. She hates her job. She wishes she (have) a different one.

4. I can't sing. I wish I (can/sing).

5. I have to get up early for my job. I wish I (not/have to) get

up early.

6. It's raining now. I wish it (not/rain).

7. I'm so tired. I wish I (sleep) now instead of working.

8. The students have a lot of homework. They wish they

(not/have) homework.

9. He can't cook. he wish he (can/cook).

10. The rope is short. I wish it (be) longer.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND NOUN
CLAUSES

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
 Is a clause which modifies a noun in the sentence
 Used to form one sentence from two separate sentences
 That can be used as the conjunction for all, but in the formal

English we use the following:

Conjunction Use in formal English

Which Things, place, time

Who People (s)

Whom People (o)

Whose + noun Possessive

When Time

Where Place
PATTERN OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

S + Conj + V + O + V + O

S + V + O + Conj + S + V + O

Example of Adjective Clause

a. The man is a doctor. He is wearing white shirt.

The man who is wearing white shirt is a doctor
b. I want to meet the boy. I phoned him this morning.
I want to meet the boy whom i phoned this morning.
c. The woman is a teacher. Her bag is black.
The woman whose bag is black is a teacher
d. The table was broken. It is in the corner of this room. The table which is in
the corner of this room was broken.
e. Surabaya is the capital city of East Java. I was born in that town.
Surabaya where I was born is the capital city of East Java.
f. Sunday is holiday. People like to go on that day. Sunday when people like to
go is holiday.

NOUN CLAUSE
 Is a clause which changes the noun
 It can be a subject or object

3 kinds of Nounclause conjunction

1. Statement (that/-)
2. Yes/no question (whether/if)
3. Wh-questions (wh-questions)
Pattern of Noun Clause

S (Conj+S+V+O) + be/V + O

S + be/V + O (Conj+S+V+O)

Example of Noun Clause

 I know it. You miss me

I know you miss me (O)
 What does she need?. It is still unknown
What she needs (S) is still unknown
 I she a teacher?. I am not sure.
I am not sure if she is a teacher (O)

EXERCISE
Exercise 1: Change the questions to a noun clause.
1. What time is it?

I would like to know ______________________________________.

2. Why don’t they like go dancing?

__________________________________________________ is a mystery.

3. Who left open the door of the car?

He doesn’t saw ____________________________________________________.

4. Who is the lady in the black dress?

I wonder to know __________________________________________________.

5. Whose car is this?

Does he know _____________________________________________________?

6. What time did the flight arrive?

She would like to know _____________________________________________.

7. How much cost the T-shirt?

Tom didn’t ask ____________________________________________________.

8. Which one is the capital of India?

________________________________ was the question that the teacher made.

9. When is mother’s day?

Melissa doesn’t remember ___________________________________________.

10. Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?

Her mother can understand __________________________________________.

EXERCISE 2
Make sentences which contain adjective clauses ! –watch your use of commas

1. She asked me about life insurance. I know very little about it.

2. We saw her daughter. She looked like an angel.

3. My brother can operate a computer. He’s 12.

4. That man is the principal of my son's school. I don’t know his name.

5. I visited the South Street Seaport. There were a lot of tourists there.

6. I borrowed money from my uncle. He has a clothing store.

7. We went to Riverside Park. We saw a lot of dogs and children there.

8. The hurricane wrecked our house. This was devastating for my mother.

9. Mrs. Conner asked me to watch her baby. I don’t know her very well.

10.Mr. Smith left his wallet at the supermarket. He is very absent-minded.

11.I went to my dentist. He told me to brush more often.

12.I enjoy going to Jones Beach. The sand is very clean there.

13.He told her to have seven children. She thought this was a terrible idea.

14.I looked at my niece. She was crying loudly.

15.I went fishing. It was a relaxing way to spend the day
DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH

If the reporting verb is in present, there is no change of tense but

if the reporting verb is in past, the tense must be changed.

Example :

a. DS = Peter says, “I am lonely”

IS = Peter says that he is lonely.
b. DS = Peter said, “I am lonely”
IS = Peter said that he was lonely

The Change of Tense

No. Tense in Direct Speech (DS) Tense in Indirect Speech (IS)

1 PRESENT PAST

V1 (DO/DOES) V2

2 PAST PAST PERFECT

V2 DID HAD + V3

3 PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

HAS/HAVE + V3 HAD + V3

4 TOBE PRESENT TO BE PAST

IS/AM/ARE WAS / WERE

5 FUTURE PAST FUTURE

WILL WOULD

6 FUTURE MODAL PAST MODAL

 CAN

MAY COULD

MUST MIGHT

SHALL HAD TO

SHOULD

7 PAST MODAL MODAL PERFECT

COULD COULD HAVE + V3

etc etc

The Change of Adverb

No Adverb in DS Adverb in IS

1 Now Then

2 Here There

3 Today That day

4 Tomorrow The following day (the day after)

5 Next The … after (the following …)

6 Yesterday The day before (the previous…)

7 Last… The … before (the previous…)

8 This / these That / those

CONJUNCTION
 S + V1/V2

1. Statement/affirmative (THAT)
2. Yes/no question (IF/WHETHER)
3. Wh question (WH-Q + S + V + O)
4. Imperative (To + V1 + O)
5. Prohibition (Not to V1 + O)

PATTERN

S + V1/V2

1. THAT + S + V + O (affirmative/berita)

Exp:

DS = Jane said, “ I must stay at home now”

IS = Jane said that she had to stay at home then

2. IF/ WHETHER + S + V + O (yes/no question)

Exp:

DS = Jack asked Jane, “are you angry with me?”

IS = Jack asked whether she was angry with him (or not).

3. WH...+ S + V + O (wh-questions)

Exp:

DS = Father asked, “where do you live, Sarah?”

IS = Father asked Sarah where she lived.

4. To + V1 + O (Imperative)

Exp:

DS = Mother said “ buy me some flour!”

IS = Mother ordered me to buy her some flour

5. Not + to + V1 (prohibition)
Exp:

DS = “Don’t smoke here!” the girl said

IS = the girl asked me not to smoke there.

EXERCISE 1

Choose the correct answer!

1. 'She is my best friend,' he said. He said that she ......................... his best friend.
a. is
b. was
c. has been
2. 'She is waiting for us,' he said. /He said that she ............................... for them.
a. is waiting
b. was waiting
c. has been waiting
3. 'I have visited all the continents,' he said. / He said that he ............................. all the
continents.
a. visited
b. has visited
c. had visited
4. 'She has been living alone for years,' he said. / He said that she ............................... alone
for years.
a. was living
b. has been living
c. had been living
5. 'She will help us,' he said. / He said that she .............................. help them.
a. will
b. would
c. could
6. 'I want to go,' he said. He said that he .................................. to go.
 a. wants
b. wanted
c. had wanted
7. 'I don't want to go,' she said. / She said that she .............................. to go.
a. didn't want
b. doesn't want
c. don't want
8. 'I have watched that movie,' he said. / He said that he ...................... that movie.
a. have watched
b. had watched
c. has watched
9. 'She must leave now,' he said. / He said that she ............................... leave then.
a. must
b. had to
c. Either could be used here
10. I can't help you,' he said. / He said that he ................................. help me.
a. can't
b. couldn't
c. wouldn't
11. 'They will have gone,' he said. / He said that they .................................
a. will have gone
b. would go
c. would have gone
12. 'I am busy,' he shouted. / He shouted that he ...................................... busy.
a. is
b. was
c. has been

Exercise 2: Change into indirect speech

Read the following sentences and convert them into indirect speech.

1. Rania told to me, “When are you leaving?”

2. “Where do you live?” the stranger asked Udin.
3. The teacher said to Ela, “Why are you laughing?”
4. Dhronacharya said to Arjun, “Shoot the bird’s eye.”
5. “Call the first convict,” said the jury.
6. “Call the ambulance,” said the man.
7. Neti said to me, “I shall do the work.”
8. My friend said to me, “You were wrong.”
9. Mr Richard said to me, “Please wait here till I return.”
10.The captain said to me, “Bravo! You have played well.”
11.Raj said, “Alas! My pet died.”
12.Fathan said, “I may go there.”
13.Gian said to Egy, “Do you hear me?”
14.My sister said, “Let me come in.”
15.Grandpa said to me, “May God bless you.”
SUBJUNCTIVE
(URGENCY VERB)
(URGENCY ADJECTIVE)
Is the simple form of the verb when used after certain verbs indicating that
one person wants another person to do something.

Exp:

a. We urge that he leave now

b. We urge him to leave now
Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:

 to advise (that)
 to ask (that)
 to command (that)
 to demand (that)
 to desire (that)
 to insist (that)
 to propose (that)
 to recommend (that)
 to request (that)
 to suggest (that)
 to urge (that)

URGENCY VERBS

Advise Demand Prefer Require

Ask Insist Propose Stipulate

Command Move Recommend Suggest

Decree Order Request Urge

Subject + Verb (any tense) + that + Subject + (V1)

EXAMPLE OF URGENCY VERBS :

 The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.

 The university requires that all its students take this course.
 The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
 Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
 We proposed that he take a vacation.
 I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.

URGENCY ADJECTIVES
Advised Necessary Recommended Urgent

Important Obligatory Required Imperative

Mandatory Proposed Suggested

It + be + adjective + that + Subject + V1(any tense)

EXAMPLE OF URGENCY ADJECTIVES

 It is necessary that he find the book.

 It was urgent that she leave at once.
 It has been proposed that we change the topic.
 It is important that you remember this question.
 It has been suggested that he forget the election.
 It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.

Subjunctive Exercise 1
All of the examples below require the subjunctive form. Choose the correct answer.
1. What did your customer say about the quote?

o She requested that I matched a competitor's price.

o She requested that I match a competitor's price.
o She requested me to match a competitor's price.

2. The law is always changing and

o it's extremely important that we are aware of any changes.

o it's extremely important that we be aware of any changes.
o it's extremely important being aware of any changes.

3. The customer was extremely upset.

o He demanded refunding his money.

o He demanded that we refunded his money.
o He demanded we refund his money.

4. I can’t take any days off around Christmas.

o Our supervisor insists that we not take vacation during the holidays.
o Our supervisor insists that we don't take vacation during the holidays.
o Our supervisor insisted that we didn't take vacation during the holidays.

5. What did John suggest?

o He suggested that we consulted an expert before deciding.

o He suggested us that we consult an expert before deciding.
o He suggested that we consult an expert before deciding.

6. We don’t want to lose any more employees.

o It's important we to keep our staff motivated and happy.

o It's important that we keep our staff motivated and happy.
o It's important keeping our staff motivated and happy.

7. Kevin knows what he’s talking about.

o I recommend that you take his advice.

o I recommend you to take his advice.
o I recommend that you takes his advice.

Subjunctive Exercise 2
Some of the examples below require the subjunctive form. Choose the correct answer. Note
that not all of the correct answers will be in the subjunctive.
1. I have some free time this afternoon.

o Do you want that I help you with your report?

o Do you want me to help you with your report?
o Do you want I help you with your report?

2. During the meeting, …..

o I proposed that we restructure the department.

o I proposed them to restructure the department.
o I proposed that we restructured the department.

3. I asked Paula for help but ________

o she refused to help me.

o she refused that she help me.
o she refused helping me.

4. I think __________

o It's good you be taking on more responsibility.

o It's good that you be taking on more responsibility.
o It's good that you're taking on more responsibility.

5. Please don’t be late for the meeting.

o It's important that we will make a good impression.

o It's important we make a good impression.
o It's important making a good impression.

6. Someone in my department __________

o demanded she was paid more.

o demanded she be paid more.
o demanded that they paid her more.

7. At my monthly meeting with my supervisor, she ___________

o suggested that I got an additional certification.

o suggested me to get an additional certification.
o suggested that I get an additional certification.