1.

What voltage range is classified as Kenya and IEC standards

 Low Voltage - (not exceeding 1000v)
 Medium Voltage - (exceeding 1000v but not exceeding 52000v)
 High Voltage -(Exceeding 52000v but not exceeding 230 000v)
 Extra High Voltage -(exceeding 230 000v)
2. Penalty
Fine not exceeding Kshs. 1million or imprisonment of not exceeding 12months or
both the fine and imprisonment

3. Objection
Have a right to object but refer the matter to person issuing instructions

4. What is the minimum legal clearance for

 Line conductors and auxiliary conductors of low and medium Voltage
 Earth conductors and guard wires
- Across a public or public road - 5800cm (20ft)
- In other positions - 5200(18ft)
-Nominal Voltage not exceeding 66kv - 6100cm (21ft)
-Exceeding 66kv and Exceeding 110kv - 6400(22ft)
-Exceeding 110kv but not exceeding 165kv -6700cm (23ft)
- Exceeding 165kv -7000cm (24ft)
5. What is the safely clearance in a substation for the equipment/apparatus?
11kv 8ft
33kv 9ft (2.7m)
132kv 11ft 3inch (3.4m)
220kv 15ft 0inch (4.6m)
6. What is the safely clearance while working in a structure supporting overhead
power line charged at:
11kv 3ft (0.9m)
33kv 4ft (1.2m)
 132kv 9ft (2.7m)
220kv 15ft (4.6m)
7. How do you indicate to a working partner the area where they are suppose to
Work in a sub-station?
- Use a barrier or roped off
8. What information is conveyed by the caution and danger notices? Where would
you use them?
- Caution warns against interfering with the apparatus
- Warning calls for danger against coming in contact with live apparatus
9. After isolating any section of the system to be worked on, why is it necessary to
Earth it before work commences?
- It’s a safety requirement part of life
10. How do you connect any part of the system to the earth?
- By use of approve earth equipment
11. How would you apply earth leads
- Earth first followed by nearest conductor
12. Give the three safety documents we have
-EPTW, SFT, LOA
13. Who is allowed to issue permit –to-work?
- An authorized person
14. What is the responsibly of the PTW recipient to the rest of the working party?
- In charge of the work
15. If you have received a PTW and for some reasons you have to leave the work
place, what will you do?
- Withdraw working party, clear PTW and give for cancellation
16. If an 11kv conductor has been switched off, would it be safe to touch? Why?
17. In case a storm is approaching would it be safe to remain in the substation or
continue with work on overhead line?
- No!. Work should be suspended
18. How do you move along object in the substation
- In a horizontal position
CLASSES 13 AND 14

1. What is the minimum ground clearance for following voltage levels

- 11kv 8ft (2.4M0
-33kv 9ft (2.7m)
-132kv 11ft 3inch (3.4m)
-220kv 15ft 0inch (4.6m)
2. How would you let the working party know where they are going to work in a
Sub station? By using a barrier or screening the live sections
3Where would you place danger and caution notices while working on an isolated
equipment in a substation?
Danger signs are place on the apparatus that are live or that can be made live
without warning or that have not been tested and proved dead.
Caution notices are placed on apparatus that should not be interfered with,
whether they are live or dead, for example a A/B switch which acts as an isolation
point.
4. How would you transport ladder in a substation, and how would you keep it if you
were to leave it in a substation?
A ladder should be transported in the horizontal position and as near the ground as
practically possible. It should be securely locked to a suitable place when not in use.
5. If you were to work on a structure with live conductors, what would be the safe
working clearance for the following voltage levels?
- 11kv 3ft (0.9m)
- 33kv 4ft (1.2m)
- 132kv9ft (2.7m)
- 220kv 15ft (4.6m)
6. How would you need to keep the sub station gates locked?
A substation should always be locked to deter any unauthorized person from
accessing it. The class required for accessing the substation is 17, otherwise the
party must be accompanied by an Authorized person.
7. What PTW do you need for driving a vehicle in the substation? What
precautionary measure do you need to observe?
 8. What precautionary measure do you need to undertake before you climb a pole?
The pole should be sounded by digging at least a foot below the ground surface. If
a “hollow” sound is produced during the sounding process that pole should not be
climbed.
9. If the pole to be climbed has been affected by decay what steps do you need to
take? It should be securely guyed and if necessary splinted. Only one person should
climb and he should make proper use of his safety belt, which he shall examine on
each occasion before use.
10. How many people are supposed to be involved in a job which requires the use of
the ladder? What are the specific duties? 4 people; the one who is climbing, two
on either side to support the ladder and one at the foot of the ladder to ensure it
doesn’t slip.
11. What safety equipment and attire do you require when you are going to climb a
pole? Full PPE (helmet, overall and safety boots), a body harness and a rope to tie
up the ladder at the very top.

CLASSES 6 AND 7

1. Why is it necessary to earth equipment before you start working?

2. What is the difference between a CME and additional earth? And who applies
them
3. After equipment has been switched off is it safe to touch it?
4. How do we secure the earthing harness to the general mass earth?
5. Explain the process of applying the earthing lead on isolated overhead line
6. How would you establish that equipment is dead?
7. How do you establish a point of isolation?
8. Which warning devices do you use in the process of isolation? How do you use
them?
CLASS 8

1. How would you differentiate an 11kv A/B switch from a 33kv A/B switch?
-the name plate on the switch
-the size of the insulators on the switch itself
2. ****What is the general condition under which you are allowed to open an A/B
switch? Porcelain should not be puntured
3. What precautions do you need to observe when you are called upon to operate an
A/B switch? 1. The earthing should be well secured.
2. The operator must wear rubber gloves of an approved type
3. The pamaly should be in place and in good condition
4. What is the difference between an OYT/RVE and A/B switch
5. What is the function of oil in OYT? Insulation, cooling and arc quencher
6. If the oil was below the sight glass what would you do?
7. Explain the process of isolating an OYT?
8. What is the function of an SEF relay on the OYT?
9. Under what condition would you operate the bypass switch on the OYT?
10. What is the procedure for removing the Tx taplins of HT fuses? Using a link stick
of approved type, Remove load fuses, then the HV taplins which should be
completely removed and kept in safe custody.
CLASSES 9, 10 AND 11

1. What is PTW A form of declaration, signed and given by an Authorized preson to

a Competent Person in charge of the work to be carried out on any earthed HV
apparatus, for the purpose of making known to such a person exactly what
apparatus is dead, isolated from all live conductors, has been discharged, and
connected to earth, and on which it is safe to work. It may also be issued to
persons in charge of work in proximity to HV apparatus.
2. Why is it necessary to issue a PTW before work commences? To make known to
the person in charge of the work what apparatus is dead, isolated from all live
conductors, discharged and has been earthed and on which it is safe to work.
3. For what type of work would one be issued with a part “A” PTW? Work that is in
proximity of HV apparatus. The apparatus themselves have not been switched off
or isolated. E.g. weeding in a substation.
4. For what type of work would one be issued a part “B” PTW? Work on apparatus
that have been switched off, isolated from and live conductors, tested and proved
dead, discharged and connected to earth. E.g maintenance on a transformer.
5. Who issues a PTW? A PTW is issued by an Authorised person.
6. If the PTW recipient has to leave before work is completed, what does he do with
the PTW? The recipient must withdraw all men who were working under him,
clear the PTW, and surrender the PTW to the Authorised person who issued it for
Cancellation.
7. If the authorized person who issued a PTW will not be available when the work is
completed, what happens to the PTW? The Authorized person can hand over his
responsibility to another Authorised person.
8. What do you do with the PTW when the work is completed? The person in charge
of the work Clears the PTW and hands it over to the Authorised person who
issued the PTW to clear it.
9. What is the role of the Control Engineer in the process of issuing a PTW? The
role of the Control Enginner is to Sanction the PTW. He also keeps a copy of the
issued permit, and also ensures that before normalization, all relevant permits
have been cancelled.
10. What is an SFT? A Sanction-for- Test is a form of declaration, given by a Senior
Authorised person to an Authorised person in charge of testing on HV apparatus
for the purposes of making known to such a person exactly what apparatus is to
be tested and the conditions under which such tests are to be carried.
11. Who issues it? A senior authorised person.
12. What is the difference between SFT and PTW? A SFT allows the authorised
person to remove the CME declared in the form without the consent of the System
controller. A PTW does not allow the removal of CME declared before the PTW
is cancelled.
 13. For what type of work would one be issued with an ELOA? Work that do not
qualify for a PTW or SFT and for which verbal instructions are not considered
sufficient. Testing relays, testing Batteries
14. How would you know that you have correctly received information from control?
By repeating what you have heard to the control engineer, who would then
confirm that, that is what he said.
15. What is the function of an AVR? Automatic Voltage regulator – a device the
continuously monitors the output voltage and commands an increase or decrease
in input voltage to match the set values.
16. Explain how you would bypass an AVR? Put the AVR in the neutral tap and set
operation to manual.
17. After reconductoring a section of the system, what commissioning test would be
required to carry out?

PTW is not required to change fuses fitted to HV metal clad switch gear, provided the
work is carried out by an Authorized person.

CLASSES 4, 5, AND 12

1. If an indoor circuit breaker has spilled oil what is the first step would you take?
2. What is the purpose of an interlock? Interlocks ensure that a specific order of
operation to an apparatus or set of apparatus is followed, either during switching
on or off.
3. Who is allowed to defeat an interlock? Senior authorised person CLASS 1.
4. What type of interlock systems do you have at
 Mbaraki Substation
 Rabai Sub-station
 Kipevu Sub-station
 Lessos sub-station
 Eldoret Sub-station
 Kisumu Sub-station
  Muhoroni sub-station
 Chemosit sub-station
 Musaga sub-station
5. What is the function of DC supplies in the substation? DC supplies the voltage
required to trip a circuit breaker when they receive a trip command. It also
provides temporary back up supply (via inverters) to relays in case the local
station supply is lost.
6. What would you do if you found out that batteries in a substation had gone flat?
Trip all circuit breakers and inform the System control.
7. What is the function of relays? A relays continuously monitors the condition of
the circuit assigned to it and compares it to a preset condition in the relay. If they
match, then it raises a flag – which can be an alarm or a trip signal to an
associated circuit breaker.
8. What is the function of CVT’s and VT’s. CVT (Capacitive voltage Transformer)
is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltages to lower
voltages used for metering and for protective relays. VTs are used to step down
high voltages and to provide negligible load to the circuit being measured.
9. Why is it necessary to isolate VT’s when you are going to work on Tx?
10. If the A/C supplies in a substation were interrupted for along time what is likely
to happen? The DC supplies would be drained.
11. When which relays have operated would you not try put back transformer on
load? Bucholtz, winding temperature, oil temp, differential,
12. When CB trips frequently on over current relays while carrying within its
capacity, what would you expect?
13. Before you can parallel two transformers what checks do you need to carry out?
-same voltage ratio
-same vector group
-same percent impedance
14. Describe the operation of a weight operated fault thrower switch?
15. When a Tx temperature is rising what would be wrong?
-high loading
 -insulation failure
16. Under normal circumstances why wouldn’t you try to put back after a trip?
-bucholtz trip
17. In how many positions can you rack in an indoor CB? Normal operation to the
bus bar and earthing a feeder or busbar.
18. What is the purpose of reactors and capacitors in the system net work?
-reactors absorb reactive power to lower system voltage while capacitors generate
reactive power to raise the voltage.
19. Before you start working on CB which is remotely controlled, what precautions
do you need to take? Set the CB operation to local, or defeat any operations by
isolating the supplies to it
20. Why is it necessary to open the natural link before work starts or windings’ of a
Tx. Which has been earthed through a resistance, reactance or the suppression
coil?
21. If you went to a substation and discovered that the neutral earth of some
equipment were broken, what step would you take?
. Jackson Lidahuli.Snr Techn, System Control, Lessos
2) Discussion:
During switching, class 2 or 3 rubber gloves and overshoes must be worn and the handle
must be kept away from the body. Switches without an insulator in the operating rod shall
not be operated while energized. Before beginning any switching involving a GOAB,
inspect the following:
 An insulator is installed in the operating rod and it is intact
 The ground grid and handle grounding is intact and no parts of the ground grid are
visible above ground
 The switch appears to be in good operating order, it is either fully open or fully
closed and arc suppressors appear to be in good condition
The following steps shall be followed to properly operate a GOAB switch:
Step 1: After receiving and verifying switching instructions from the dispatcher look over
the switch you will be operating before executing the instructions. Verify that the switch
is in the position that the dispatchers’ records indicate. ie: If your instructions are to close
it verify that it is open. If you are going to open it verify that it is closed. If everything is
in order continue to the next step. If there are any discrepancies notify the dispatcher and
do not continue with the switching until issues are resolved

Step 2: Wearing all required IPE and PIPE including overshoes, unlock the switch
handle. Step 3: Using a continuous deliberate motion move the switch to the desired
position. As the switch handle is being moved horizontally, it twists the operating rod.
This moves the switch assembly to the opened or closed position. When operating the
handle it must be moved swiftly with enough strength to assure that the blades are
completely open or closed; however, do not jerk the handle as that may damage the
switch.

Step 4: Lower the handle to the vertical position.

Step 5: Step away from the pole and visually inspect the blades to assure that all are in
the open position with proper clearance or completely closed. If all appears okay, move
to Step 6. If there are any concerns about the switch not being open or closed properly
notify the dispatcher immediately so a decision can be made as to whether the switching
should be executed again or change the switch back to its original position and halt all
switching until adjustments or repairs can be made.
Step 6: Lock the handle.
Step 7: Report to the dispatcher that you have completed his instructions.

All workers who are using the operating handles on air break switches and disconnects on
energized lines and equipment shall use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE), FR clothing and Class 2 insulating gloves. Before operating, the switch and
grounding arrangement shall be visually checked. Workers shall keep the non-insulated
parts of their body clear of the switch handle, operating rod and structures.

Air-Break Switch Disconnectors shall also be checked to ensure that -

- a Category label is fitted and the duty is appropriate to the operation intended,
- all operating blades are in the expected position,
- the insulators show no sign of damage,
- where a fixed metal operating handle is fitted, it is connected to the earth mat on
which the operator stands, andan insulator is fitted in the switch operating rod,
and the insulator has not accidentally been shorted out and rendered ineffective by
being bridged with conducting material.
- the HV steelwork earth is insulated and the insulation is in sound condition,
- the HV steelwork earth and the operating switch rod have not been accidentally
- shorted out and rendered ineffective by being bridged with conducting material,
- the HV steelwork earth and the operator handle earth are at opposite sides of the
pole,
- there are no wire fences attached to or compromising the earth arrangements of
the installation,
- Approved insulated rubber gloves and a safety helmet shall be worn,
- the operating position is clear, has good access and is directly in line with the
switch-operating handle.