PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

(WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS)

PREMID LECTURE PART 1

CHEMISTRY Motion of Gas: Constant Random Motion

- Physical science
- Study of the composition, structure,
properties, and behavior of matter
- The central science
- “The ABC of pharmacy practice”
MATTER
- Matter is the fundamental substance that
constitutes the physical universe. It is anything
that has mass and volume.
- Made up of particles TRANSFORMATIONS OF MATTER
- Exists in four (4) fundamental states: Solid, Matter can change from one state to another
Liquid, Gas, & Plasma. through various processes:
- Plasma is also known as Mesophase. ● Melting: The transformation of a solid into a
liquid.
STATES OF MATTER ○ Example: Ice melting into water.
● Freezing: The transformation of a liquid into a
1. SOLIDS:
solid.
● Definition: Solids have a fixed shape and
○ Example: Water freezing into ice.
volume. Their particles are tightly packed
● Evaporation: The transformation of a liquid
together and have minimal movement.
into a gas.
● Examples: Ice, rocks, metals, and wood.
○ Example: Water evaporating from a puddle.
● Properties:
● Condensation: The transformation of a gas
○ Incompressible (cannot be easily compressed)
into a liquid.
○ Rigid (maintain their shape)
○ Example: Water vapor condensing into dew.
○ Have a fixed volume
● Sublimation: The direct transformation of a
○ Particles are arranged in a regular pattern.
solid into a gas without passing through the
Motion: Vibration
liquid
state.
2. LIQUIDS:
○ Example: Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)
● Definition: Liquids have a fixed volume but
subliming into carbon dioxide gas.
take the shape of their container. Their
● Deposition: The direct transformation of a gas
particles are close together but can move past
into a solid without passing through the liquid
each other.
state. Example: Frost forming on a window
● Examples: Water, milk, juice, and oil.
● Properties:
○ Incompressible CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
○ Fluid (can flow) Matter can be classified based on its
○ Take the shape of their container composition:
○ Particles are arranged in a random pattern.
Motion: Gliding 1. Pure Substances:
● Elements: Substances made up of only one
3. GASES: type of atom.
● Definition: Gases have no fixed shape or ○ Examples: Gold, oxygen, hydrogen.
volume and expand to fill their container. ● Compounds: Substances made up of two or
Their particles are far apart and move freely. more different elements chemically combined.
● Examples: Air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ○ Examples: Water (H ₂ O), sodium chloride
helium. (NaCl).
● Properties:
○ Compressible 2. Mixtures:
○ Fluid ● Homogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures with a
○ Expand to fill their container uniform composition throughout.
○ Particles are arranged in a random pattern. ○ Examples: Saltwater, air, sugar solution.

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● Heterogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures with a combustible and can be burned to produce heat
non-uniform composition. and light.
○ Examples: Oil and water, sand and gravel, ■ Solubility: The ability of a substance to
pizza. dissolve in a solvent. Example: Salt is soluble
in water but insoluble in oil.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER ■ Oxidation: The loss of electrons. Example:
Properties are characteristics that describe Iron rusts when it oxidizes.
matter. They can be classified into two ■ Reduction: The gain of electrons. Example:
categories: Copper oxide can be reduced to copper
metal by heating it with carbon.
● Physical properties: Properties that can be leOra (Lose of Electrons, Oxidize Reducing
observed or measured without changing the Agent)
chemical composition of the substance. geRoa ( Gain of Electrons, Reduce oxidizing
Agent)
○ Extensive properties: Depend on the amount
of matter present (e.g., mass, volume, TYPES OF CHANGES
length, energy). Changes in matter can be classified into two
■ Mass: The amount of matter in a substance. categories:
■ Volume: The amount of space occupied by a ● Physical change: A change in the state or
substance. appearance of a substance without changing its
■ Length: The distance between two points. chemical composition.
■ Energy: The ability to do work or cause ○ Examples:
change. ■ Phase changes: Melting, freezing, boiling,
condensation, sublimation, deposition.
○ Intensive properties: Do not depend ■ Changes in shape or size: Cutting, crushing,
(Independent) on the amount of matter present bending, stretching.
(e.g., density, temperature, boiling point, ■ Changes in state of matter: Dissolving, mixing,
melting point, color, odor, taste, luster, filtration, distillation.
malleability, ductility).
■ Density: The mass per unit volume of a TYPES OF CHANGES
substance. (g/ml) ● Chemical change: A change in the chemical
■ Temperature: A measure of the average composition of a substance, resulting in the
kinetic energy of the particles in a formation of new substances.
substance. ○ Examples:
■ Boiling point: The temperature at which a ■ Chemical reactions: Burning, rusting, cooking,
substance boils. digestion, decomposition,
■ Melting point: The temperature at which a fermentation, photosynthesis, respiration.
substance melts. ■ Color changes: A change in color often
■ Color: The wavelength of light reflected by a indicates a chemical reaction, such as the
substance. browning of an apple or the rusting of iron.
■ Odor: The smell of a substance. ■ Gas production: The release of gas, such as
■ Taste: The sensation of a substance on the when baking soda is mixed with
tongue. vinegar or when a metal reacts with an acid.
■ Luster: The shine or reflectivity of a substance. ■ Precipitate formation: The formation of a
■ Malleability: The ability of a substance to be solid substance from a solution, such as
hammered into thin sheets. when silver nitrate is added to sodium chloride.
■ Ductility: The ability of a substance to be ■ Energy changes: The release or absorption of
drawn into wires. energy, such as heat or light, often
indicates a chemical reaction.
○ Chemical properties: Properties that Vitamin C – least stable
describe how a substance reacts with other
substances to form new substances. ATOMIC THEORY
■ Reactivity: The ability of a substance to The concept of the atom, as the smallest
undergo chemical reactions. Example: indivisible particle of matter, has evolved over
Sodium metal is highly reactive and can react centuries. Basic unit of matter.
violently with water.
■ Combustibility: The ability of a substance to Here’s a brief overview of the key developments
burn in oxygen. Example: Wood is in atomic theory:

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● Ancient Greece: Philosophers like Democritus Hydrogen has three isotopes: protium,
and Leucippus proposed the idea of atoms. deuterium, and
(Atomos – indivisible) tritium.
● Dalton's Atomic Theory (1803): John Dalton
proposed a more concrete atomic theory:
○ Billiard ball model.
○ Elements are composed of tiny particles called
atoms.
○ Atoms of the same element are identical,
while atoms of different elements are different. ● Isotone - same neutron but different element.
○ Chemical reactions involve the combination or ● Isobar - same mass number but different
separation of atoms. element.
● Discovery of Subatomic Particles:
○ Electrons (1897): Joseph John Thomson, also SUBATOMIC PARTICLES, MASS NUMBER,
known as J.J. Thomson, discovered AND ATOMIC NUMBER
electrons, negatively charged particles.
○ Raisin Bread Model. ● Isobars: are atoms from various chemical
○ 1836x lighter than proton. It has negligible elements with the same atomic mass/mass
weight. number.
○ Protons (1911): Ernest Rutherford discovered Examples:
protons, positively charged particles.
○ Bold foil experiment.
○ The number of protons is equal to no. of
electron.
○ Neutrons (1932): James Chadwick discovered
neutrons, neutral particles.
○ Nucleons – proton and neutrons
○ Neils Bohr- Planetary Model.
○ Schrodinger – Quantum Mechanic Model/3D
model. ● Isotones: are atoms that have the same
neutron number but different proton number
Formulae: Examples:
MASS # = Proton + Neutron
Neutron = Mass no. ̶ Proton

Mass number
1
1� Atomic number
(No. of protons)

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES, MASS NUMBER,

AND ATOMIC NUMBER
● Nucleus: Protons and neutrons are located in
the tiny, dense nucleus of the atom.
● Electron Cloud: Electrons occupy the vast
space surrounding the nucleus.
● Atomic number: The number of protons in an
atom's nucleus, which defines the element.
● Mass number: The sum of protons and
neutrons in an atom's nucleus, which
determines the atomic mass.
● Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with
different numbers of neutrons. Same proton.
(and thus different mass numbers). Example:

SABRHEA M. LAKIBUL (BSPH - 1 C)

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