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Mathematics Equations and Inequalities

Summary of the equations and inequalities notes

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29 views4 pages

Mathematics Equations and Inequalities

Summary of the equations and inequalities notes

Uploaded by

msibisiyabonga691
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Key Concepts
1. Equations:
• An equation is a mathematical statement that asserts the equality of two expressions,
separated by an equal sign (=).
• Equations can involve constants, variables, and operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and exponentiation.
2. Inequalities:
• An inequality is a mathematical statement that compares two expressions using
inequality symbols:
• < (less than), > (greater than), ≤ (less than or equal to), ≥ (greater than or
equal to), and = (not equal to).
• Inequalities can have multiple solutions and are often graphed on a number line.

1. Linear Equations
A linear equation is an equation of the form:
ax+b=0
where a and b are constants, and x is the variable.
• Solving a Linear Equation: To solve for x, isolate x on one side of the equation by
performing the same operations on both sides.
Example:
3x+5=11 3x=11−5⇒3x=6⇒x=36=2
• Applications: Linear equations model real-world situations, such as calculating the cost of
items, speed, distance, and time problems.

2. Simultaneous Linear Equations


Simultaneous equations involve solving two or more linear equations at the same time, where the
values of the variables satisfy all equations simultaneously.
• Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equations:
1. Substitution Method:
• Solve one equation for one variable and substitute that expression into the
other equation.
2. Elimination Method:
• Add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable, making it easier to
solve for the other.
Example using substitution: x+y2x−y=7=4 Solve the first equation for y: y=7−x Substitute
y=7−x into the second equation: 2x−(7−x)=4⇒2x−7+x=4⇒3x=11⇒x=311 Substitute x=311
into x+y=7: 311+y=7⇒y=7−311=321−311=310

3. Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation is an equation of the form:
ax2+bx+c=0
where a, b, and c are constants, and a=0.
• Methods of Solving Quadratic Equations:
1. Factoring: Express the quadratic equation as a product of two binomials and solve
for x.
2. Quadratic Formula: Use the formula to find the solutions. x=2a−b±b2−4ac
3. Completing the Square: Transform the equation into a perfect square trinomial and
solve for x.
• Example: Solve x2+5x+6=0 by factoring:
(x+2)(x+3)=0
So, x=−2 or x=−3.
• Discriminant: The discriminant (b2−4ac) helps determine the number and type of solutions:
1. If b2−4ac>0, there are two real solutions.
2. If b2−4ac=0, there is one real solution.
3. If b2−4ac<0, there are two complex solutions.

4. Inequalities
An inequality is a relation between two expressions that may not be equal. It uses symbols like <,
≤, >, and ≥.
• Solving Linear Inequalities: Solving linear inequalities follows similar steps as solving
linear equations, but you must reverse the inequality sign when multiplying or dividing by a
negative number.
Example: Solve 2x+5>11:
2x>11−5⇒2x>6⇒x>26=3
• Graphing Inequalities on a Number Line:
• For x>3, plot an open circle at 3 and shade the region to the right.
• For x≥3, plot a closed circle at 3 and shade the region to the right.
• Quadratic Inequalities: Solve quadratic inequalities by first solving the corresponding
quadratic equation and then testing intervals to find where the inequality is true.
Example: Solve x2−4x+3≤0:
• First, solve the corresponding quadratic equation x2−4x+3=0: (x−3)(x−1)=0 So, x=3
or x=1.
• Test intervals (−∞,1), (1,3), and (3,∞) to determine where the inequality holds.

5. Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities


• Absolute Value Equations: An equation involving absolute value can be written as:
∣x∣=a
This implies that x=a or x=−a, where a≥0.
Example:
∣x+3∣=5
This gives two cases:
x+3=5⇒x=2
and
x+3=−5⇒x=−8
• Absolute Value Inequalities: For inequalities involving absolute values, solve by
considering the two cases for the expression inside the absolute value.
Example: Solve ∣x−2∣≤4: This implies:
−4≤x−2≤4
Add 2 to all parts of the inequality:
−2≤x≤6

6. Applications of Equations and Inequalities


• Word Problems: Equations and inequalities can be applied to real-world situations like
cost, motion, work, mixtures, and other scenarios.
Example: A car rental company charges a base fee of $20 and $5 per hour. Write an
inequality to represent the total cost C of renting the car for h hours that is less than or equal
to $50:
20+5h≤50
Solve for h:
5h≤30⇒h≤6

Summary of Key Formulas


• Linear Equation: ax+b=0
• Quadratic Equation: ax2+bx+c=0
• Quadratic Formula: x=2a−b±b2−4ac
• Discriminant: b2−4ac
• Inequality Symbols: <,≤,>,≥
• Absolute Value: or ∣x∣=a⟹x=a or x=−a

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