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15 views7 pages

Dar Assignment

Uploaded by

ajaytompe23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are the answers based on the provided document:

1. Definition of an Object in R:

An object in R refers to any data structure that stores values, expressions, or functions. Everything in
R is an object, including vectors, matrices, arrays, lists, and data frames.

Naming Rules for an Object:

Names should start with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, dots, or underscores.

Names cannot start with a number or contain special characters (e.g., @, !, etc.).

Reserved words cannot be used as object names (e.g., if, else, for).

2. Creating an Object with Values 1 to 10:

x <- 1:10

The object x now contains the sequence of numbers from 1 to 10.

Output of 1:12:

1:12

This creates a sequence of integers from 1 to 12:

[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3. Definition of a Function:

A function in R is a block of code written to carry out a specific task. Functions can take arguments,
process them, and return a result.

Full Body Syntax of a Function:

function_name <- function(arg1, arg2, ...) {

# Function body

result <- some_operations

return(result)

4. Creating a Function to Store Values from 1 to 10 in an Object Called scan:

store_scan <- function() {

scan <- 1:10

return(scan)

This function assigns the values from 1 to 10 to the object scan.

5. Using a Function to Perform Mathematical Operations with 1:2:

1:2 + 3:4

This adds corresponding elements from the two sequences, returning:

[1] 4 6
6. Different Types of Loop Statements with Syntax:

Repeat Loop:

a <- 1

repeat {

print(a)

a <- a + 1

if(a > 5) {

break

While Loop:

a <- 1

while (a <= 5) {

print(a)

a <- a + 1

For Loop:

for(i in 1:5) {

print(i)

7. Different Data Types in R:


Numeric: Holds decimal values, e.g., x = 10.5.

Integer: Holds whole numbers, e.g., y = as.integer(3).

Logical: Contains TRUE or FALSE values, e.g., z = TRUE.

Character: Holds text or string data, e.g., name = "R".

Complex: Holds complex numbers, e.g., w = 1+2i.

Functions to find the type of an object:

class(x)

typeof(x)

is.numeric(x), is.integer(x), is.character(x) etc.

8. Explanation of a Vector:

A vector is a one-dimensional array that can hold data of the same type. Vectors in R are useful for
storing sequences of values like numbers or characters.

Advantages of Using Vectors:

Vectors are efficient and support vectorized operations, meaning that operations on vectors are
applied to all elements without the need for loops.
9. Difference Between Matrix and Array:

Matrix: A two-dimensional data structure where each element has the same data type.

Array: A multi-dimensional generalization of a matrix where data can be spread across more than
two dimensions.

10. Difference Between Matrix and Data Frame:

Matrix: All elements must be of the same data type.

Data Frame: Can contain multiple data types across columns (e.g., numerical, characters, logical).

11. Difference Between Vectors and Lists:

Vector: Stores elements of the same type.

List: Can store elements of different types, including other lists.

12. Data Frame Creation:

df <- data.frame(

names = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie", "David", "Eve"),

age = c(25, 30, 35, 40, 45)

13. Function to Print First Two Rows of a Data Frame:


head(df, 2)

14. Date and Time in R:

R provides various ways to handle dates and times using Date, POSIXct, and POSIXlt classes.

Accessing Date Components:

Sys.Date() # Current date

format(Sys.Date(), "%Y") # Year

format(Sys.Date(), "%m") # Month

format(Sys.Date(), "%d") # Day

Accessing Time Components:

Sys.time() # Current time

format(Sys.time(), "%H:%M:%S") # Hour, minute, second

15. Importing and Exporting File Formats in R:

Importing:

read.csv("file.csv") # For CSV files

read.table("file.txt") # For text files

Exporting:

write.csv(df, "output.csv")

write.table(df, "output.txt")
.

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