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Science 10 Q2 Module 1 Week 1 Revised

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10
Science
Quarter 2-Module 1
Electromagnetic Wave Theory

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Quarter 2 – Module 1: Electromagnetic Wave Theory

Second Edition, Revised 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Schools Division

Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, EdD

Development Team of the Module

Writer:
Rommel G. Cinco, Teacher I, Mabolo National High School

Content Editors:
Dr. Deogenes R. Adoptante, Principal I, Mambaling National HS
Mrs. Arnolfa A. Demellites, Principal I, Guba National HS

Language Editor:
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Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
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Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS – LRMDS

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Module
Electromagnetic Wave Theory
1
Introduction

Did you send text messages to somebody else? Or have you ever tried cooking in a microwave
oven? Did you know that these previously mentioned human activities make use of microwaves?
Microwaves carry energy, and so with the other kinds of electromagnetic waves. But what are
electromagnetic waves? How can these waves become useful to us?

At the end of this module, the learners should be able to answer the following
questions:

1. What are the properties of electromagnetic wave?

2. How are EM waves different from mechanical waves?

Learning competencies/objectives

1. Trace the development of the electromagnetic theory

2. Describe how electromagnetic (EM) wave is produced and propagated.

What I Know

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. A certain radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 675 kHz. What is the
wavelength of the radio waves. (Note: 1 kHz = 1000 Hz)
A. 280 m B. 324 m C. 400 m D. 444 m
2. All electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at
A. the same speed.
B. speeds that are proportional to their frequency.
C. speeds that are inversely proportional to their frequency.
D. none of the above.
3. The table below lists the speed of light in four different situations.

In which situations is light travelling in a vacuum?

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4. Which of the following statements best describes an electromagnetic waves with

a long wavelength?
A. It has a low frequency and can travel in a vacuum.
B. It has a high frequency and can travel in a vacuum.
C. It has a low frequency and can only travel in a medium
D. It has a high frequency and can only travel in a medium.
5. The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are
A. in phase and perpendicular to each other
B. in phase and not perpendicular to each other
C. out of phase and perpendicular to each other
D. out of phase and not perpendicular to each other
6. Consider an oscillator which has a charged particle and oscillates about its
mean position with a frequency of 300 MHz. The wavelength of electromagnetic
waves produced by this oscillator is ______. (Note: 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz)
A. 1 m B. 10 m C. 100 m D. 1000 m
7. Find the frequency of an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength 2.75 x 10 -8 m.
A. 1.10 Hz C. 9.17 x 1015 Hz
B. 1.09 x 10 Hz
16 D. 9.17 x 1016 Hz
8. A wave with a low frequency would have relatively ___________.
A. high energy and a short wavelength
B. low energy and a long wavelength
C. high energy and a long wavelength
D. low energy and a short wavelength
9. Which of the following graphs best represents the relationship of the frequency
of an electromagnetic wave to its wavelength?

10. Which of the following is NOT true for electromagnetic waves?

A. It transports energy
B. It transports momentum
C. It transports angular momentum
D. In vacuum, it travels with different speeds which depend on their
frequency
11. Find the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 5.00 ×
1014 Hz.
A. 1.5 x 10-6 m C. 5.64 x 10-7 m
B. 3.00 x 10-8 m D. 6.00 x 10-7 m
12. Compared to the speed of a sound wave in air, the speed of a radio wave in
air is ___________.
A. Greater C. The Same
B. Less D. All of the above
13. Electromagnetic waves are propagated through the interaction of
A. Nuclear and Electric Fields
B. Electric and Magnetic Fields
C. Gravitational and Electric Fields
D. Gravitational and Magnetic Fields

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14. These are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric
field and magnetic field.
A. Electromagnetic wave C. Microwave
B. Electromagnetic spectrum D. Radio wave
15. What is the speed of electromagnetic wave in a vacuum?
A. 0 m/s C. 1.13 x 103 m/s
B. 3.31 x 102 m/s D. 3.00 x 108 m/s

What’s In

In your Grade 7, you were able to learn the concepts of waves and its
characteristics. Let us review how will you remember these concepts.

A. Complete the sentence below with the correct word. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.

1. E _ _ _ _ _ travels in waves.
2. Transverse waves move up and down in patterns that have high points called
_ _ e _ _.
3. The low points of a transverse wave are called _ r _ u _ h.
4. The distance between any two throughs or peaks is called the _ _ v _ _ _ n _ _
_.
5. The height of a peak or through is called the a _ _ _ _ _ _ d _.
6. _ _ e _ _ e _ _ _ is the number of complete waves that pass by in one second.
7. Frequency is measured in _ _ _ t _ (which is written Hz)
8. L _ _ g _ _ _ d _ _ _ _ waves move by pushing forward and pulling back.
9. _ o _ _ _ waves are examples of longitudinal waves.
10. Waves on the surface of water are examples of t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ waves.

B. Label the diagram below.

A. __________________ wave B. _______________ wave

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What’s New

Making Some Waves

You have probably seen a wave, but have you created one? Let’s try and make
some waves.

Get a rope of any kind and tie one end of it to a fixed sturdy object near you.
Now, straighten the rope and hold the other end of it. Start moving your hands up
and down. Observe what happens to the rope. Were you able to make a wave? Draw
the wave you made on a separate sheet of paper.

Now, try to make a wave again but move your hands slowly. Observe what
happens. Draw the image of the wave you created.

This time, make a wave while moving your hands fast. Draw the image of the
wave.

Based on the activity, is there any difference on the waves you have created? Why
does each created wave look differently? _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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What is It

When you move your hands up and down while holding one end of the
rope, you create wave on the rope. The waves you created may look different
depending on how fast you move your hand.
Similarly, if you move an electrically charged object back and forth in
an empty space, you’ll create electromagnetic waves in space. But what is
an electromagnetic wave?

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE THEORY

Brief History of Electromagnetic Theory

Electricity and magnetism – in physics, these two words often go

together like horse and carriage, in electromagnetism and electromagnetic
induction. Let us meet the original players in the electromagnetism: Oersted,
Ampere, Faraday, Henry and Maxwell along with many others who laid the
groundwork for the understanding of the concepts of electromagnetic theory.
Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oersted discovered accidentally, 1820 that
magnetic needle is deflected when the current in a nearby wire varies – a
phenomenon establishing a relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Figure 1. Oersted’s setup on the discovery of electromagnetism

Andre-Marie Ampere, influenced by Oertsed’s discovery, performed a

series of experiments designed to elucidate the exact nature of the
relationship between electric current-flow and magnetism, as well as the
relationships governing the behaviour of electric currents in various types of
conductors. These experiments led Ampere to formulate his famous law of
electromagnetism, called after him Ampere’s Law that describes
mathematically the magnetic force between two electrical currents.

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Figure 2. Illustrative explanation of Faraday’s experiment

Michael Faraday made his first discovery of electromagnetism in 1821.

He took the work of Oersted and Ampere on the magnetic properties of
electrical currents as a starting point and in 1831 achieved an electrical
current from a changing magnetic field, a phenomenon known as
electromagnetic induction. He found that when an electrical current passed
through a coil, another very short current was generated in a nearby coil. This
discovery marked a decisive milestone in the progress not only of science but
also of society, and is used today to generate electricity on a large scale power
stations.

Joseph Henry, while working with electromagnets in 1829, made

important design improvements by insulating the wire instead of the iron core.
He was able to wrap a large number of turns of wire around the core and thus
greatly increase the power of the magnet. He had made an electromagnet that
could support 2 063 pounds, a world record at the time. He also searched for
electromagnetic induction and in 1831, he started to build a large
electromagnet for that purpose. He was the first to notice the principle of self-
induction. A brilliant physicist and mathematician, James Clerk Maxwell,
proposed Faraday’s electromagnetic induction to happen even in empty space.
The symmetry between the fields fascinated him so much. He added two basic
principles of electromagnetism: (1) a changing electric field in space produces
a magnetic field, (2) a changing magnetic field in space produces electric field.

Maxwell proposed that the alteration of electric and magnetic fields,

generating and propelling each other in space, can be thought of as a form of
moving energy. Maxwell further thought of this form of energy as a wave which
he called electromagnetic wave. Using mathematical computations based on
his theoretical assumption and the numerical results of Faraday’s
experiments, Maxwell concluded that the speed of electromagnetic waves
must be 3 x 108 m/s. It was only after the death of Maxwell which a German
physicist, Heinrich Hertz, designed an experimental set up that was electrical
in nature and able to generate and detect electromagnetic waves.

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Learning Task 1. Match the scientists given below with their contributions.

Scientists Contributions
_____ 1. Ampere a. Contributed in developing equations
that showed the relationship of
electricity and magnetism
_____ 2. Faraday b. Showed experimental evidence of
electromagnetic waves and their link to
light
_____ 3. Hertz c. Demonstrated the magnetic effect
based on the direction of current
_____ 4. Maxwell d. Formulated the principle behind
electromagnetic induction
_____ 5. Oersted e. Showed how a current carrying wire
behaves like a magnet

Electromagnetic Waves
We are surrounded with thousands of waves. They collide with our bodies
and some pass through us. Mostly are invisible but we can perceive some. The
warmth of the sun and the light that we see are just few of them. These waves share
similar characteristics, yet, they are unique in some ways. These waves are called
ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) WAVES.

EM waves are different from mechanical waves in some important ways. EM

waves are disturbance that transfers energy through a field. They can travel through
medium but what makes them strange is that they can also transmit through empty
space.

Radiation is the term used to describe the transfer of energy in the form of
EM wave. For a mechanical wave to travel, it must vibrate the medium as it moves.
This makes use some of the waves’ energy. In the end, it makes them transfer all
energy to the medium. As for EM waves, they can travel through empty space or
vacuum so they do not give up their energy. This enables EM waves to cross great
distances such as that from the sun to the Earth (which is almost vacuum) without
losing much energy. In vacuum, EM waves travel at a constant speed of 300,000,000
meters per second (3.0 x 108 m/s). At this rate, the rays of the sun take 8 minutes
to reach the Earth.

Electromagnetic waves can also transmit with a material medium. They can
also transfer energy to the medium itself. When they interact with matter, their
energy can be converted into many different forms of energy. With these
characteristics, electromagnetic waves are used for a wide variety of purposes.
To show that EM waves characterize similar movement as that of the
mechanical waves when they encounter a barrier, do the next activity.

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Learning Task 2

On and Off!

Objective:
Prove that electromagnetic waves can be reflected.

Materials
TV with remote control
Mirror with stand

Procedure:

1. Turn on the TV on and off using the remote control.

2. Position the mirror at an angle with which could reflect the waves from the
remote control to the TV.

3. Turn the TV on and off by aiming the remote control at the mirror.

Guide Question
1. How would you position the remote control in order to turn the TV on and
off?

2. What does this indicate?

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

The wave shown in Figure 3, illustrates properties that are used to describe
waves. A crest is the highest point of a wave. For an electromagnetic wave, this is
the point in time when the field is strongest. A trough is the lowest point of a wave.
For an EM wave, this is the point in time when the field is weakest.

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Figure 3. Parts of a Wave

Source:https://pa01000192.schoolwires.net/cms/lib/PA01000192/Centricity/Domain/13
5/Physics/PH%20Ch%2014/EandM%20Packet0001.pdf

Different types of radiation are defined by their wavelengths, amplitude, and

frequency.

• Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive

waves. In most cases, wavelength is measured according to the distance
between two successive wave crests or two successive troughs. A higher
frequency causes a shorter wavelength and greater energy.
• Amplitude is a measure of the energy a wave carries. It is determined by
measuring the distance from the midpoint of the wave to either a crest or a
trough.
• Frequency is the number of wavelengths that pass by a certain point in a
given time. A wave with high frequency generally has more energy than a
wave with lower frequency. Frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz). One hertz
equals one cycle per second. Thus, Hertz can be expressed as “number of
waves per second”. The higher the frequency, the closer the waves are together
and the greater the energy carried by the waves will be.

Learning Task 3. Below are the different terms to describe an electromagnetic wave
and rearrange the jumbled letters to form the correct term being described. Do this
on your answer sheet.

1. It is a disturbance in space. AVWE

2. It is the highest point in a wave. SECRT
3. It is the lowest point in a wave. THGOUR
4. It is the distance from the midpoint to the
highest (or lowest) point of a wave. MUPLTDIAE
5. It is the distance between two successive
identical parts of a wave ENETVWGHAL
6. It refers to the number of waves produced in
one second. RYNEQFCEU

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The Electric and Magnetic Fields Together

Accelerating electrons produce

electromagnetic waves. These waves
are a combination of electric and
magnetic fields. A changing
magnetic field produces an electric
field and a changing electric field
produces a magnetic field. As
accelerated electrons produce an
electric field of a wave, the varying
electric field produces the wave’s
magnetic field. Both the electric field
and the magnetic field oscillate
perpendicular to each other and to
the direction of the propagating wave.
Figure 4. Electromagnetic Wave
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/346777240049
468014/

Speed of EM Wave

All electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium but unlike other types
of waves, they can also travel in vacuum. They travel in vacuum at a speed of 3x10 8
m/s and denoted as c, the speed of light. The wave speed, frequency and wavelength
are related by the following equation:

v = f
where:
v = wave speed or c (speed of light) expressed in meters per second
(m/s)
f = frequency expressed in Hertz (Hz)
 = wavelength expressed in meters (m)

Since all the electromagnetic waves (EM) have the same speed and that is
equal to the speed of light, as wavelength increases, the frequency of the wave
increases.

Through the years, the advancement on the knowledge about electromagnetic

waves led us to a modern technological world.

Example Problems:
(Assume that the waves propagate in a vacuum)

1. What is the frequency of a wave with wavelength of 20 m?

Given: v=c=3 x 108 m/s

 = 20 m

Required: f = ?

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Solution:
From the original formula:
v=c=f
we will derive the formula for f which is
f = c/

substituting the values

f = 3 x 108 m/s
20 m
f = 1.5 x 107 Hz

2. What is the frequency of EM waves with wavelength of 5 x 10-7 m?

Given: v=c=3 x 108 m/s

 = 5 x 10-7 m

Required: f = ?
Formula:
v=c=f
f=c/
f = 3 x 108 m/s
5 x 10-7 m
f = 6 x 1014 Hz

3. Calculate the wavelength of radiation with a frequency of 610 kHz.

( Note: 1 kHz = 1000 Hz)
Given: v=c=3 x 108 m/s
f = 610 kHz x (1000 Hz/1 kHz) = 610,000 Hz

Required:  = ?
Formula:
v=c=f
=c/f
 = 3 x 108 m/s
6.1 x 105 Hz
 = 490 m

Learning Task 4. Calculate the following problems. Show your solution in your
answer sheet.
1. An electromagnetic wave that travels at a speed of 3.0 x 108 m/s in a vacuum
and have a frequency of 1.5 x 1010 Hz. Calculate its wavelength.
2. What is the wavelength of a ray having a frequency of 4.80 x 1017 Hz?
3. An EM wave has a frequency of 6.01 x 1014 Hz. What is the wavelength?

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What I Have Learned

GENERALIZATION

Now, let us sum up the concepts you have learned in

this module.

➢ A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy.

➢ James Clerk Maxwell formulated the Electromagnetic Wave
Theory which says that an oscillating electric current should
be capable of radiating energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
➢ Heinrich Hertz discovered the Hertzian waves which is now
known as radio waves.
➢ Hertz is the unit used to measure the frequency of waves.
➢ Electromagnetic (EM) waves have unique properties.
► EM waves can travel through a vacuum.
► EM waves travel at the speed which is constant in a
given medium and has a value of c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
in vacuum.
► EM waves are disturbances in a field rather than in a
medium.
► EM waves have an electric field that travels
perpendicular with the magnetic field.
► EM waves form when moving charged particles
transfer energy through a field.

What I Can Do

Answer the following.

1. How are frequency and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave
related?

2. How are electromagnetic waves propagated?

3. An electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 9.95x107 Hz. What is its

wavelength?

4. What is the frequency of a wave whose wavelength is 4.10 x 10-12 m?

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5. Calculate the frequency of an electromagnetic wave that has the speed

of 3.00 x 108 m/s and a wavelength of 2 mm. (1 mm =

Assessment

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. Write the letter on your answer
sheet.

1. As the speed decreases, if we change the medium of electromagnetic waves

from air to water, the frequency
A. Also decreases C. Remains the same
B. Also increases D. May increase or decrease
2. Which of the following is NOT true for electromagnetic waves?
A. They can be reflected
B. They transport energy
C. They consist of changing electric and magnetic waves
D. They travel at different speeds in vacuum, depending on their frequency
3. Electromagnetic waves travel
A. With medium
B. Without medium
C. In a disturbed path
D. With medium and without medium
4. Which statement best describes a proton that is being accelerated?
A. It is attracted to other protons.
B. It produces electromagnetic radiation.
C. The magnitude of its charge increases.
D. It absorbs a neutron to become an electron.
5. What is the speed of a EM wave in a vacuum?
A. 0 m/s C. 3.00 x 108 m/s
B. 1.13 x 10 m/s
3 D. 3.31 x 102 m/s
6. Who was this scientist famous of his theory of electromagnetism, which
showed that light was electromagnetic radiation?
A. Faraday B. Hertz C. Maxwell D. Oersted
7. A wave has a frequency of 5.0 x 10 hertz in a vacuum. What is the
14

wavelength of this wave?

A. 1.5 x 1023 m C. 2.0 x 10-15 m
B. 1.7 x 106 m D. 6.0 x 10-7 m
8. Electromagnetic waves are propagated through the interaction of
A. Nuclear and electric fields
B. Electric and magnetic fields
C. Gravitational and electric fields
D. Gravitational and magnetic fields
9. How much time does it take for an EM wave to reach a subject 6.0 meters
across a room?
A. 2.0 x 10-7 s C. 5.0 x 10-8 s
B. 2.0 x 10-8 s D. 5.0 x 10-9 s

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10. Which characteristic is the same for all types of EM waves traveling in a
vacuum?
A. Frequency B. Period C. Speed D. Wavelength
11. When an EM wave travels from one medium to another, what happens to its
frequency?
A. Increases B. Decreases C. Stays the same D. A & B
12. Who discovered the relationship between magnetism and electricity that
serves as the foundation for the theory of electromagnetism?
A. Andre Ampere C. Hans Christian Oersted
B. Charles Coulomb D. Luigi Galvani
13. The distance between two crests or two troughs of a wave is called
__________.
A. Amplitude B. Frequency C. Hertz D. Wavelength
14. This scientist demonstrated the magnetic effect based on the direction of
current. Who is this scientist?
A. Faraday B. Hertz C. Maxwell D. Oersted
15. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about electromagnetic waves?
A. People emit electromagnetic waves in the form of infrared energy
B. A vibrating electric field is an example of an electromagnetic wave.
C. Sound waves are electromagnetic waves with very low frequencies.
D. The speed of an electromagnetic wave depends on its frequency and
wavelength.

Additional Activities

To further understand the electromagnetic wave theory watch

the video clips:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWCN_uI5ygY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTjSdnEcJV8
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZnYE3kvhhA

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References and Links

Printed Materials:

Glencoe Physics Principles & Problems. The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Inc., 2013

Kirkpatrick et. al. Physics: A World View, International Student Edition. The
Tomson Corporation, 2007.

Littell, McDougal. Science, Integrated Course 1, Teacher’s Edition.

Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell, 2005.

Padua, AL., Crisostomo RM., Practical and Explorational Physics Modular

Approach. Vibal Publshing House, Inc., Copyright 2003

Yong, et al. Physics Insights, Low Price Edition. Jurong, Singapore: Pearson
Education (Asia) Pte Ltd.

Acosta, H., L. Alvarez, D. Angeles, R. Arre, MP. Carmona, A. Gatpo, et al.

Science – Grade 10 Learner’s Material. Pasig City, Philippines: Rext
Bookstore, Inc. and Department of Education, 2015.
Hewitt, L., P. Hewitt, J. Suchocki. Conceptual Physical Science, Third
Edition. Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD,
2004.

Electronic Sources:

http://www.imaginationstationtoledo.org http://www.can-

do.com/uci/ssi2001/emspectrum.html

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/em.cfm

http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems2.html

http://www.scienceinschool.org/2009/issue12/microwaves

http://enviroadvocacy.com/measure-your-campaign/

http://sciencevault.net/11hscphys/82worldcommunicates/823%20em%
20waves.htm

http://www.colorado.edu/

http://school.discoveryeducation.com/lessonplans/interact/
electromagneticspectrum.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/electromagnetism-timeline-1992475

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https://pa01000192.schoolwires.net/cms/lib/PA01000192/Centricity/Do
main/135/Physics/PH%20Ch%2014/EandM%20Packet0001.pdf
Department of Education. “K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science (Grade 3 to 10)”
Accessed October 2019
“https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/Science-
CG_with-tagged-sci-equipment_revised.pdf” LRMDS Portal. Science
Modules. December 29, 2014. Accessed October 13, 2019.
http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/6838

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WHAT I CAN DO
1. Frequency is determined by the amount of wavelength that pass in one
second. Electromagnetic waves frequency emitted by an object
increases as the temperature increases. The longer the wavelength the
shorter the frequency.
2. The changing magnetic field, in turn, induces an electric field so that a
series of electrical and magnetic oscillations combine to produce a
formation that propagates as an electromagnetic wave. ... At the same
frequency, the magnetic field oscillates perpendicular to the electric
field.
3. 0.301 m
4. 7.31 x 1019 Hz
5. 1.5 x 1011 Hz
Learning Task 4 Learning Task 3
1. Wave
1. 2.0 x 10-2 m 2. Crest
3. Through
2. 6.3 x 10-10 m 4. Amplitude
3. 5.0 x 10-7 m 5. Wavelength
6. Frequency
Learning Task 2. Learning Task 1
1. The remote control should be aimed at the mirror 1. c
such that the incident beam strikes it at an angle 2. d
that will direct the reflected beam towards the TV. 3. b
2. It indicates that EM waves can also be reflected just 4. a
like mechanical waves. 5. e
WHAT’S NEW
Answers may vary
WHAT’S IN
A. 1. energy 2. crest 3. trough 4. wavelength 5. amplitude
6. frequency 7. hertz 8. longitudinal 9. sound 10. transverse
B. 1. transverse 2. longitudinal
PRETEST
1. d 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. d 10. d 11. d
12. c 13. b 14. a 15. d
Answer Key
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