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6-Basic SQL

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6-Basic SQL

Uploaded by

willdelete001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 4

Basic SQL
Company Database Schema
SQL Overview
• It was originally developed by IBM in 1970
• It is the standard relational database language
• It stands for Standard Query Language
• It is non-procedural language, you specify what information needed
rather than how to get it
• It has two types:
 Data Definition Language (DDL): Used it to define the structure of the
database. Define database, tables, attributes, datatypes, constraints…
Keywords: create, alter and drop

 Data Manipulation Language (DML): Used to manipulate data in the


database. Keywords: select, update, delete and insert
Basic SQL Retrieval Queries
Structure
Select <Attribute list>
From <Table list>
Where <Condition>

Example:
Select SSN, Fname, DOB
From Employee
Where salary > 100,000
Retrieve all Attributes, all Rows
• Retrieve all the attributes and rows from the table:
• Select * from employee
• Retrieve some attributes for all employees:
• Select SSN, Fname, Lname, Salary from employee
• Retrieve some attributes for some employees:
• Select SSN, Fname, Dnumber from employee where
salary=2000
• Select SSN, Fname, DOB from employee where salary=2000
and dnumber=3
Aliases for tables and attributes
• Alias for attributes:
• Select Fname as First_Name, Lname as Last_Name from Employee
• Alias for Tables:
• Select Fname as First_Name from employee as Emp
• Attribute reference by table name:
• Select employee.fname as First_name from employee
• Select emp.fname from employee as emp
Ordering of the retrieved tuples
• Order of resulted rows without condition
• Select * from employee order by SSN
• Order of resulted rows with condition
• Select * from employee where salary<3000 order by SSN
• Order the resulted rows with different attributes
• Select SSN, Fname, address from employee order by salary, Dno
• Default ordering is ascending if descending then:
• Select * from employee order by salary desc
• Select * from employee order by salary desc, dno asc
Retrieve Distinct Values

• Select salary from employee (Query 1)


• Select distinct (salary) from employee (Query 2)

Query 1 Salary Query 2


3000 Salary
2500 3000
3000
2500
3000
1200
2500
1200
Exercises:
• Retrieve project data for projects in department 10
• Select * from project where dnum=10
• Retrieve SSN for employees working in project number 1 with hours
greater than 10 hours
• Select ESSN from works_on where Pno=1 and hours> 10
• Retrieve SSN and Pno for employees working in either project
number 1 or 2 ordered by hours in descending way
• Select ESSN, Pno from works_on where pno=1 or pno=2 order by
hours desc
Select from Two Relations
• Retrieve project name and number along with the department
name controlling it

Select Pname, Pnumber,Dname from project join Department On


dnumber=dnum
Select from Two Relations
• Retrieve project name and SSN of employee working more than 10
hours in this project
• Select Pname, ESSN from works_on join project on
project.Pnumber=works_on.Pno where hours >10
Try it Yourself …..
• Retrieve each department and its location
• Select Dname, Dlocation from department join dept_locations on
department.dnumber=dept_locations.dnumber

• Retrieve each department and its location with manager


SSN= 333445555
• Select Dname, Dlocation from department join dept_locations on
department.dnumber=dept_locations.dnumber where mgr_ssn=333445555
Try it Yourself …..

•Retrieve employee name with his/her son or daughter data

•SelectFname,Lname, dependent_name, sex, bdate, relationship


from employee join dependent on ssn=essn where relationship=‘son’
or relationship=‘daughter’
Try it Yourself …..

• Retrieve employee name and salary with his/her department name

• Select Fname, Lname, salary, dname from employee join department on dno=dnumber
Select from Different Relations

• Retrieve department name and its locations and the name of its
manager with salary greater than 40000
Select Dname, dlocation,Fname+lname as manager_name from employee
join department on ssn=mgr_ssn join dept_locations on
department.dnumber =dept_locations.dnumber where salary> 40000
• Retrieve each department name and its location along with the
project name and location they manage

• Select dname, dloaction, pname, plocation from


department join dept_locations on
department.dnumber= dept_locations.dnumber
join project on
department.dnumber=project.dnum
• Retrieve each department name and its location along
with the project name and location they manage
provided that the department and project are in the
same location
• Select dname, dloaction, pname, plocation from
department join dept_locations on
department.dnumber= dept_locations.dnumber
join project on
department.dnumber=project.dnum Where
dlocation=plocation
• Retrieve employee name who have dependents and are working in
Administration department

Select fname, lname


from employee join dependent on ssn=essn
join department on dnumber=dno
where dname=‘ Administration’
Left and Right outer join
• Left outer join includes all rows even unmatched rows from the left
table written in the join clause
• Right outer join includes all rows even unmatched rows from the
right table written in the join clause
Dept_no Dept_name Student_ID St_name Dept_no
1 IS 100 Noha 1
2 CS 200 Bashayer 1
3 IT 300 Shahd 2
Left and Right outer join
Dept_no Dept_name Student_ID St_name Dept_no
1 IS 100 Noha 1
2 CS 200 Bashayer 1
3 IT 300 Shahd 2
• Select Dept_name, st_name from department left join student on
department.dept_no=student.dept_no

St_name Dept_no
Noha IS
Bashayer IS
Shahd CS
NULL IT
Left and Right outer join
Dept_no Dept_name Student_ID St_name Dept_no
1 IS 100 Noha 1
2 CS 200 Bashayer 1
3 IT 300 Shahd NULL
• Select Dept_name, st_name from department right join student on
department.dept_no=student.dept_no

St_name Dept_no
Noha IS
Bashayer IS
Shahd NULL
Cross Join or Cartesian Product
• In this type of join you don’t specify a join condition
• Unlike Inner, left, right outer join, cross join doesn’t have
On clause
• The number of rows resulted from cross join R1 and R2 is
R1x R2
• Syntax
 Select * from R1 cross join R2
Cross Join or Cartesian Product
Department Student
Dept_no Dept_name Student_ID St_name Dept_no
1 IS 100 Noha 1
2 CS 200 Bashayer 1
300 Shahd 2

Result of the cross join of the St_name Dept_name


following query: Noha IS
Noha CS
Select st_name, Dept_name from student
Bashayer IS
cross join department
Bashayer CS
Shahd IS
Shahd CS
Self Join
as Emp

Employee as manager

Retrieve each employee name and his/her supervisor


name
Select emp.fname as employee_name, manager.fname as
manager_name from employee as emp join employee as
manager On emp.super_ssn = manager.ssn

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