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Launcher Space Craft

Launch vehicles are used to transport satellites into space. They typically involve multiple stages that separate during flight. The key event is staging, where the spent lower stage separates from and ignites the upper stage. Successful staging depends on proper functioning of vehicle systems and separation of stages without structural damage or recontact. Countries require launch facilities and infrastructure to support vehicle assembly, fueling, and launch operations for placing satellites into different orbit types.

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39 views2 pages

Launcher Space Craft

Launch vehicles are used to transport satellites into space. They typically involve multiple stages that separate during flight. The key event is staging, where the spent lower stage separates from and ignites the upper stage. Successful staging depends on proper functioning of vehicle systems and separation of stages without structural damage or recontact. Countries require launch facilities and infrastructure to support vehicle assembly, fueling, and launch operations for placing satellites into different orbit types.

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John Safuan
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Launch Vehicles Navigation for Satellite Launch Vehicles are used to transport and put satellites or spacecrafts into

space. Giant rockets that carry satellites, robotic spacecraft and manned spacecraft in to the space are known as Launch vehicles. Year of first Launch 1957 1958 1965 1970 1970 1971 1980 1988 1992 1992 2009

Country Soviet Union United State France Japan China United Kingdom India Israel Russia Ukraine Iran

This list includes countries with an independent capability to place satellites in orbit, including production of the necessary launch vehicle. Note: many more countries have the capability to design and build satellites but are unable to launch them, instead relying on foreign launch services. This list does not consider those numerous countries, but only lists those capable of launching satellites indigenously, and the date this capability was first demonstrated.

Figure 1

A typical launch vehicle may involve several separation events such as strap-on separation, stage separation; heat shield separation, ullage rocket separation and spacecraft separation (see Figure 1). In a multistage rocket configuration the most important event is staging. The staging process during the flight of a launch vehicle comprises of a series of events, which takes place in transferring the regime of an ongoing stage to that of the next stage. Obviously, the process commences from the detection of the burn out of the ongoing stage, and continues with the ignition of the next stage and the separation of the spent stage. Ignition of the next stage and the separation of the spent stage may takes place concurrently or with a time difference and in any order, depending on vehicle configuration and mission requirements, and they may be programmed before lift off or on the basis of real time in flight monitoring. During the staging process, the orientation control of the vehicle has to be maintained within specified limits to be defined on consideration of controllability, structural integrity and avoidance of recontact. Successful staging depends on the proper functioning of the various vehicle systems under the environments and disturbances acting on the vehicle. Separation involves pyroactuated severance of the designated vehicle elements and imparting of the required relative velocity between the separating bodies through passive or active means. The pyro actuator has to have the capacity with specified minimum margin to do the severence and yet it should not generate shock levels strong enough to derange the modules of the vehicle. The modules located in the vicinity of the severence zone are susceptible to the severence shock. The relative velocity between the separating bodies is generated either by releasing a set of precompressed springs or by firing auxiliary rockets. In this activity, angular motion is also unavoidably imparted to the separating bodies. Facilities for Launcher Satellite need necessary infrastructure for launching satellite into low earth orbit, polar orbit and geostationary transfer orbit. The launch complexes must provide complete support for vehicle assembly, fuelling, checkout and launch operations. Apart from these, it needs facilities for launching sounding rockets meant for studying the earth's atmosphere.

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