Grade -11, Artificial Intelligence

Prepared by- Ms. Ramya

CHAPTER-1, AI FOR EVERYONE

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a method that enables a machine to carry out all
cognitive tasks that would typically be performed by humans, such as
perceiving, learning, and reasoning.
“The Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent Computer programs is Artificial intelligence” –JOHN MC CARTHY
[Father of AI]

World Famous AI Machines

IBM Watson
An IBM supercomputer called Watson uses artificial intelligence (AI) with
sophisticated analytical software for the best results as a “question-answering”
machine.
Chatbot – Alexa, Sire, Google’s Home
A chatbot is a software program or a computer programme that mimics human
conversation through voice or text exchanges. More users are using chatbot
virtual assistants to complete simple tasks in business-to-business (B2B) and
business-to-consumer (B2C) situations.
Boston Dynamics AI Robot
Boston Dynamics focuses on developing robots with superior dexterity,
intelligence, and mobility. Boston Dynamics has introduced the second of its
industrial robots. Stretch, a commercially produced warehouse box-moving
robot, is now on display after the company introduced Spot, a four-legged robot
dog, on the market in 2020.

History of AI
Artificial Intelligence In the year 1950,
Since Alan Turning established the “Turning Test” to measure intelligence in
the 1950s of the previous centuries, the field of modern artificial intelligence
has gained momentum.
Artificial Intelligence In the year 1955,

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 The term “artificial intelligence “was first used by John McCarthy, considered
the father of artificial intelligence. McCarthy has made the most of modern
artificial intelligence, along with Alan Turing, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon,
and Marvin Minsky.
Artificial Intelligence In the year 1970,
During the 1970s, the computer era expanded. These devices were more
efficient, less expensive, and could store more data. They were incredibly
capable of abstract thought, self-recognition, and natural language processing.
Artificial Intelligence In the year 1980,
The funding for research and algorithmic tools came over these years. Deeper
user experience improved computers and boosted learning abilities.
Artificial Intelligence In the year 2000,
Many failed attempts, unfortunately! By the year 2000, the technique had
become widely accepted. The milestones were recognised as things that needed
to be done. Despite a lack of government funding and popular support, AI
might yet succeed.

Artificial Intelligence Based Application:

Gmail – automatically separating emails into “Spam” and “Not Spam”

categories. Your time is greatly reduced by spam emails being automatically
sent to the spam folder.
YouTube –
YouTube will suggest videos to view based on their subject and, to a large
extent, these suggestions will match the videos you have selected.
Flipkart or Amazon –
You’re being advised to purchase products of your choice by Flipkart or
Amazon.

Difference between Conventional programming and Machine Learning

While both traditional programming and machine learning (ML) coding are
computer programmes, their approaches and goals are different. Like your
school uniform and your dress casual, both are made of fabric but serve
different purposes.
Conventional Programming –
Conventional Programming refers to manually created program which uses
input data , runs on a computer and produces the output.
Take a look at an example. Below are the steps to convert Celsius scale to
Fahrenheit scale.
Step -1: Take input (Celcius)
Step-2: Apply the conversion formula: Fahrenheit = Celcius * 1.8 + 32
Step -3: Print the Output (Fahrenheit)

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Machine Learning or AI Approach –
Machine learning, the algorithm automatically creates the rules from the data.
Data preparation, natural language user interfaces, automatic outlier
detection, recommendations, causality, and importance recognition, and many
more areas can all see a rise in the value of your embedded analytics. All of
these characteristics contribute to accelerating user insights and lowering bias
in decisions.
For example, if the same Python program above is to be written using the
Machine Learning approach, the code will look like this:
Step 1: Feed lot many values in Celcius (i.e. -40, -10, 0, 8, 15, 22, 38)
Step -2: Feed corresponding Fahrenheit values (i.e. -40, 14, 32, 46, 59, 72,100)
Step -3: Pass these 2 sets of values to Machine Learning (ML) algorithm.
Step- 4: Now you ask the ML program to predict (convert) any other celcius
value to Fahrenheit, and program will tell you the answer.
How is machine learning related to AI?
AI is a field of study that aims to develop intelligent computers with human-
like abilities, such as speech recognition, vision, information assimilation,
planning, and problem-solving. In general, AI encompasses all disciplines or
technologies that seek to build intelligent machines. Without being formally
programmed, machine learning enables machines to learn, forecast, and
advance on their own. To put it simply, machine learning is all about learning.
A typical ML system begins in a “slow state” (similar to that of a toddler) and
eventually becomes “superior” by learning from examples (like an adult).
What is Data? Define it.
Data is a representation of information that can be processed or transmitted by
humans or machines. Examples include information about students, schools,
sports teams, businesses, and animals. A collection of information, such as
statistics, words, images, photos, audio or videoclips, maps, measurements,
observations, or even just a simple description of something, is called data.
Types of Data
1.Structured Data
2.Unstructured Data
Structured Data
❖ The most common kind of “structured data” is “quantitative data”.
❖ Most of us deal with this kind of data on a daily basis.
❖ Structured data contains established data types and formats that make
it easy to insert into database columns and spreadsheet fields.
❖ They are well-organized and simple to analyse.
Examples of structured data is name, age, address etc.
Unstructured Data
❖ The most common definition of “unstructured data” is qualitative data.
❖ This cannot be handled or analysed using traditional relational database
(RDBMS) techniques.
Examples of unstructured data include text, video, audio, mobile activity,
social media activity, satellite imagery, surveillance imagery and the list go on.

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Terminology and Related Concepts
Machine Learning
“Machine learning is the science of getting computers to act without being
explicitly programmed.” –
Stanford University
“Machine learning algorithms can figure out how to perform important tasks by
generalizing from examples.” –
University of Washington
The term “machine learning” (ML) is now used to refer to an application of AI
that gives the system the capacity to learn from experience and advance
utilising the data at its disposal.
Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement learning:
Machine learning is often divided into three categories – Supervised,
Unsupervised and Reinforcement learning.

Supervised Learning
A strategy to develop artificial intelligence (AI) known as supervised learning
involves training a computer system on input data that has been labelled for a
certain output.
Unsupervised Machine Learning
A method known as unsupervised learning discovers patterns in untagged
data. The idea is to drive the machine to create a concise internal model of its
environment through imitation, which is a key learning strategy for humans,
and then draw creative inspiration from it.
Reinforcement Machine Learning

A machine learning training method called reinforcement learning rewards

desired behaviours and/or penalises undesirable ones. A reinforcement
learning agent can typically perceive and comprehend its surroundings, act,
and learn by making mistakes.

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Deep Learning and Neural Networks
A neural network is an artificial intelligence technique that instructs
computers to analyse data in a manner modelled after the human brain. It is a
kind of artificial intelligence technique known as deep learning that makes use
of interconnected neurons or nodes in a layered structure to mimic the human
brain. Artificial neural networks used in deep learning are modelled after brain-
like neural networks. The theory behind ANN in deep learning is that the
human brain forms the correct connections to carry out its functions, and that
this pattern can be replicated using silicon and wires in place of living neurons.
Artificial Neural Network
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are layers of computer programme
components called neurons (also known as nodes), coupled to other neurons in
a layered fashion. Until they can categorise the data as an output, these
networks transform the data from one neuron to another. Another method to
create a computer programme that learns from data is the neural network. The
three distinct nodes known as input, hidden, and output make up the neural
network structure that is used the most frequently.

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Input Node –
The input node is the layer of the neural network where information or initial
data from the outside world is entered. After that, the data is sent to the
concealed node, where calculations can start.
Hidden Node –
At this point, there is no link to the outside world. The machine uses the data
it obtained from the input node at this stage to perform computation and
processing on it. More than one concealed layer is possible.
Output Node –
The final step is the output node, when computations are completed, and data
is made available to the output layer for subsequent transport back into
the physical world.
Deep Learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that is entirely based on artificial
neural networks. Since neural networks resemble the functioning of the human
brain, deep learning is also a form of brain impersonation. We don’t have
to explicitly programme everything in deep learning. It’s crucial to understand
that not everything in deep learning needs to be explicitly programmed.
Let us now understand the difference between Machine Learning and Deep
Learning:

Machine Learning Deep Learning

1. Works on small amount of 1. Works on Large amount
Dataset for accuracy. of Dataset.
2. Dependent on Low- 2. Heavily dependent on High-end
end Machine. machines.
3. Divides the tasks into sub- 3. Solve problem end to end.
tasks, solves them individually
and finally combines the
results.
4. Takes less time to train. 4. Takes longer time to train.
5. Testing time may increase. 5. Less time to test the data.

Here are a few examples of Deep Learning at Work: Automated Driving –

To detect objects like stop signs and traffic lights robotically, automotive
experts are employing deep learning. Deep learning is also utilised to recognise
pedestrians, which lowers the likelihood of accidents.

Aerospace and defense –

Another application of deep learning is in the identification of satellite-observed
objects and the location of safe and risky areas for troops.
Medical Research –
Cancer researchers utilise deep learning to automatically identify cancer cells.

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Industrial Automation –
By automatically determining when individuals or things are too close to heavy
machinery, deep learning is assisting in enhancing worker safety around such
equipment.
What machine learning can and cannot do?

Here are a few examples of Machine Learning that we use every day:
Virtual Personal Assistant –
like Siri, Alexa, Google Home etc.
Predictions while commuting –
like Traffic Forecasts on Google Maps.
Video Surveillance –
Modern video surveillance systems use artificial intelligence (AI) to detect
crimes before they occur. They observe people’s strange behaviour, such as
prolonged periods of inactivity, stumbling, or snoozing on benches, etc.
Social Media Services –
Facebook suggests friends to you based on your connections with them and
how frequently you visit their accounts. A list of Facebook members who you
can add as friends is provided based on ongoing learning.
Filtering of email spam and viruses –
Emails are organised in accordance with some guidelines for email spam.
Receiving emails is managed by mail filtering, which also finds and deletes
emails containing dangerous codes like viruses, Trojans, or malware.
Product recommendations –
After you shop online for a product, you frequently receive emails from related
merchants. The products are either comparable or suit your preferences, which
undoubtedly improves the buying experience.
Online Fraud Detection –
Machine learning is lending its potential to make cyberspace a secure place
by tracking monetary frauds online.
Jobs in AI
1.Data Analytics
2.Research Scientist
3.Researcher
4.Software Engineer
5.AI Engineer
6.Data Mining and Analysis
7.Machine Learning Engineer
8.Data Scientist
9.Business Intelligence (BI) Developer
10.Big Data Engineer/Architect

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