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Practical 1

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210339616031
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Advanced Computer Network - Lab (03606384) Enrollment No: 210339616031

PRACTICAL -1
AIM:- Explain the working of IGMP protocol.

Definition-

IGMP is a network layer protocol within the Internet Protocol Suite, specifically
part of the IP version 4 (IPv4). It is used by hosts to report their multicast group
memberships to any neighboring multicast routers.

Description-

 Multicast is an efficient way to send data to multiple recipients without


duplicating the data stream for each recipient. Instead of sending separate
copies of data to each host, the sender can send a single copy, and routers
replicate the data only to those hosts that have explicitly joined the multicast
group.
 IGMP operates between hosts and multicast routers to manage group
memberships. When a host wants to receive multicast traffic for a particular
group, it sends an IGMP join message to its local router. The router keeps
track of the group memberships and forwards multicast traffic only to the
hosts that have joined the corresponding groups.

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Advanced Computer Network - Lab (03606384) Enrollment No: 210339616031

Advantages-

o Efficient Bandwidth Usage


o Resource Optimization
o Real-time Applications
o Reduced Network Load
o Scalability

Disadvantages –

o Limited Support in IPv4


o Security Concerns
o Complexity in Large Networks
o Lack of Native Encryption
o Dependency on Network Infrastructure

Applications-

o Video Streaming
o Online Gaming
o Live Broadcasting
o Software Updates
o Collaborative Environments
o IPTV (Internet Protocol Television)

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Advanced Computer Network - Lab (03606384) Enrollment No: 210339616031

Working-

The working of the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) involves the
interaction between hosts, routers, and switches in a network to manage multicast
group memberships. Here's a detailed overview of the IGMP protocol's working:

 Host Joining a Multicast Group: When a host wants to receive multicast


traffic for a particular group, it sends an IGMP join message to its local
router.The IGMP join message includes information about the multicast
group the host wants to join.
 IGMP Join Message: The IGMP join message includes the following
information:
o Multicast group address: The address of the multicast group the host
wants to join.
o Host's IP address: The IP address of the host sending the join message.
 Router Processing IGMP Join: The local router receives the IGMP join
message from the host. The router updates its multicast group membership
table, which keeps track of which hosts have joined which multicast groups.
 IGMP Query: Periodically, routers send IGMP query messages to the local
network segment. IGMP queries are used to discover which hosts are
interested in receiving multicast traffic. If a router doesn't receive an IGMP
report (join) from a host within a certain time, it assumes the host is no
longer interested in the multicast group.
 Router Forwarding Multicast Traffic: When the router receives multicast
traffic for a particular group, it checks its multicast group membership table.
The router forwards the multicast traffic only to the hosts that have joined
the corresponding multicast group.
 Host Leaving a Multicast Group: If a host is no longer interested in
receiving traffic for a specific multicast group, it sends an IGMP leave
message to its local router.
 IGMP Leave Message: The IGMP leave message includes the multicast
group address for which the host is leaving.
 Router Processing IGMP Leave: The router receives the IGMP leave
message from the host. It updates its multicast group membership table to
reflect that the host has left the multicast group.

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Advanced Computer Network - Lab (03606384) Enrollment No: 210339616031

 Router Query for Departed Hosts: After receiving an IGMP leave message,
the router may send an IGMP query to check if any other hosts are still
interested in the multicast group. If no host responds to the query, the router
stops forwarding multicast traffic for that group on the corresponding
network segment.
 Timeout and Expiry: If a router doesn't receive any IGMP messages (join or
leave) for a specific multicast group after a certain timeout period, it may
assume that there are no interested hosts and stop forwarding traffic for that
group.

It’s types-

IGMPv1 (Internet Group Management Protocol version 1): The original


version of IGMP. Basic support for host memberships in multicast groups.

o Version – Set to 1.
o Type – 1 for Host Membership Query and Host Membership Report.
o Unused – 8-bits of zero which are of no use.
o Checksum – It is the one’s complement of the sum of IGMP messages.
o Group Address – The group address field is zero when sent and ignored
when received in membership query message. In a membership report
message, the group address field takes the IP host group address of the
group being reported.

IGMPv2 (Internet Group Management Protocol version 2): Improved version


with additional functionality. Includes support for leaving a multicast group and
group source filtering.

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Advanced Computer Network - Lab (03606384) Enrollment No: 210339616031

o Max Response Time – This field is ignored for message types other than
membership query. For membership query type, it is the maximum time
allowed before sending a response report. The value is in units of 0.1
seconds.
o Checksum – It is the one’s complement of the sum of IGMP message. It
determines the entire payload of the IP datagram in which IGMP message is
encapsulated.
o Group Address – It is set as 0 when sending a general query. Otherwise,
multicast address for group-specific or source-specific queries. The behavior
of this field depends on the type of the message sent.

IGMPv3 (Internet Group Management Protocol version 3): Provides more


advanced features, especially for source-specific multicast (SSM).Allows hosts to
specify interest in receiving traffic from specific sources.

o Max Response Time – This field is ignored for message types other than
membership query. For membership query type, it is the maximum time

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Advanced Computer Network - Lab (03606384) Enrollment No: 210339616031

allowed before sending a response report. The value is in units of 0.1


seconds.
o Checksum – It is the one’s complement of the one’s complement of the sum
of IGMP message.
o Group Address – It is set as 0 when sending a general query. Otherwise,
multicast address for group-specific or source-specific queries.
o Resv – It is set zero of sent and ignored when received.
o S flag – It represents Suppress Router-side Processing flag. When the flag is
set, it indicates to suppress the timer updates that multicast routers perform
upon receiving any query.
o QRV – It represents Querier’s Robustness Variable. Routers keeps on
retrieving the QRV value from the most recently received query as their
own value until the most recently received QRV is zero.
o QQIC – It represents Querier’s Query Interval Code.
o Number of sources – It represents the number of source addresses present in
the query. For general query or group-specific query, this field is zero and
for group-and-source-specific query, this field is non-zero.
o Source Address[i] – It represents the IP unicast address for N fields.

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