• Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions of
mathematics. • Explain the nature of mathematics as a language. • Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly. • Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language. Characteristics of mathematical language
• Precise • Concise • Powerful • Nontemporal • Has vocabulary and parts of speech Parts of Speech for Mathematics ❖Mathematics has syntax and structure which can be categorized into five forms: ❖Numbers – very first symbols that can be used to represent quantity. These are nouns (objects) in the English language. ❖Operation symbols like +,Ʌ, and ꓦ can act as a connectives in a mathematical sentences. ❖Relation symbols such as =, ≤ and ~ are used for comparison and act as a verbs in the mathematical language. ❖Grouping symbols such as (), {}, and [] are used to associate groups of numbers and operators. ❖Variables are letters that represent quantities and act as pronouns. • Mathematical expression refers to objects of interest acting as the subject in the ordinary language. A sentence with a complete thought is a mathematical sentence which can be regarded as true or false. Example 1 1. The following are examples of mathematical expressions: • 4, -5,5+2,2e (All do not state complete thoughts) 2. The following are mathematical sentences: a. 5 plus 2 is equal to the square root of 49. 5+2= 49 Here the symbol “+” is a connective while “=“ is the verb. The sentence is true. b. 10 divided by 2 is less than 3. 10÷2<3, The symbol “÷” is connective while the operator “<“ act as the verb. The statement is false. Example 2 • Solution • Which of the following are sentences/ • A. This is an English sentence with “is” as the verb. • Manila is the capital of the Philippines, The truth value is T since it is true that Manila is the capital of the Philippines. • The province of Cavite. • This is not a complete thought because it does • The number 5 is a composite number, not contain any verb. • (𝑥 + 1)2 • This is a mathematical sentence with “is” acting as verb. The statement is false. • 𝑥−1=3 • This is a mathematical expression which do not contain any relational symbols. • This is a mathematical sentence with a symbol “=“ acting as verb, This sentence is true only for x=10. Basic Concepts of Mathematical Language: Sets, Functions, and Binary Operations • Functions SETS • - is a collection of objects which are called • A function f assigns each element x of set elements of the set. A to a unique element, y of set B. In symbols, y= f(x) • 2 ways to represents the elements of the set • Can be described in the following ways: • Roster Method lists down all the elements • Verbally • Equations or formulas • Set Builder Notation presents the elements • Diagrams by stating their common properties. It is also useful when describing infinite sets. • Ex. Set A is the set of counting numbers greater than 6. Set notation: • A=ሼ𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 6ሽ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠. Equal and Equivalent sets Set • Two sets A and B are equal (written A=B) if they have exactly the same members or elements.
• Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent ( written A≅ 𝐵) if they have the same number of elements: that is , n(A)=n(B)
• Ex. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎 are equal since they have the same elements. • 4,5,6 and 4,4,5,6 are equal • Set of all names of students in the class and the set of their student ID numbers are equivalent sets. (they have the same number of elements but they have different elements so the sets are not equal) Subsets and set operations • Universal set- for a given situation, U, is the set of all objects that are reasonable to consider in that situation.
• Complement of a set A, A’, is the set of elements in the universal set that are not in A. A’={x|x∈ 𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈/A}
• U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
• Set A= {2,4,6,8}
• A’= {1,3,5,7}
• Subset
• If every element of a set A is also an element of a set B, then A is called subset of B. A ⊆ 𝐵
• A={Cold, Flu}
• {Cold,Flu} ; {Cold}; {Flu}; ∅
Intersection and Union Sets • Intersection of 2 sets- is the set of all elements that are in both sets. A ∩ 𝐵
• Union of two sets A and B,A∪ B, is the set of all elements that are in either set A or set B (or both) • A={5,10,15,20} B={5,20,30,45} • A∪ B={5,10,15,20,30,45} Exercise 2 • A={nausea, nights sweats, nervousness, dry mouth, swollen feet} • B={weight gain, nausea, nervousness, blurry vision, fever, trouble sleeping} • C={dry mouth, nausea, blurry vision, fever, weight loss, eczema} • 1. A ∩B 7. B-C • 2. B ∩C 8. (A-B)-C • 3. A ∩B ∩C 9. B-A • 4. A ∪B 10. C-B • 5.A ∪C • 6. A ∪B ∪C Set subtraction • The difference of set A and set B is the set of elements in set A that are not in set B. A-B • A={nausea, nights sweats, nervousness, dry mouth, swollen feet} • B={weight gain, nausea, nervousness, blurry vision, fever, trouble sleeping} • A-B={night sweats, dry mouth, swollen feet} • Exercise: a. B-C b. (A-B)-C Infinite sets • Infinite sets can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with a proper subset of itself. • A set is countable if it is finite or there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set and the set of natural numbers. • - uncountable if it is not countable. • Ex. • Countable- natural numbers • Uncountable-real numbers BINARY Operations • Is an operation that takes two input elements from a set and gives a unique result that also belongs to the same set. Ex. Operation addition, 3+5=8, “+” take two real number and gives result to a real number. BINARY Operations • The binary operations * on a non-empty set A are functions from A × A to A. The binary operation, *: A × A → A. It is an operation of two elements of the set whose domains and co-domain are in the same set.
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponential is some of the binary
operations. Properties of Binary Operation • Closure property: An operation * on a non-empty set A has closure property, if a ∈ A, b ∈ A ⇒ a * b ∈ A.
• Additions are the binary operations on each of the sets of
Natural numbers (N), Integer (Z), Rational numbers (Q), Real Numbers(R), Complex number(C). • The additions on the set of all irrational numbers are not the binary operations. Properties of Binary Operation • Multiplication is a binary operation on each of the sets of Natural numbers (N), Integer (Z), Rational numbers (Q), Real Numbers(R), Complex number(C). Multiplication on the set of all irrational numbers is not a binary operation. • Subtraction is a binary operation on each of the sets of Integer (Z), Rational numbers (Q), Real Numbers(R), Complex number(C). • Subtraction is not a binary operation on the set of Natural numbers (N). Properties of Binary Operation • A division is not a binary operation on the set of Natural numbers (N), integer (Z), Rational numbers (Q), Real Numbers(R), Complex number(C). • Exponential operation (x, y) → xy is a binary operation on the set of Natural numbers (N) and not on the set of Integers (Z). Types of Binary Operations • Commutative A binary operation * on a set A is commutative if a * b = b * a, for all (a, b) ∈ A (non-empty set). Let addition be the operating binary operation for a = 8 and b = 9, a + b = 17 = b + a.
• Associative The associative property of binary operations hold if, for a non-empty set A, we can write (a * b) *c = a*(b * c). Suppose N be the set of natural numbers and multiplication be the binary operation. Let a = 4, b = 5 c = 6. We can write (a × b) × c = 120 = a × (b × c). Types of Binary Operations • Distributive Let * and o be two binary operations defined on a non-empty set A. The binary operations are distributive if a*(b o c) = (a * b) o (a * c) or (b o c)*a = (b * a) o (c * a). Consider * to be multiplication and o be subtraction. And a = 2, b = 5, c = 4. Then, a*(b o c) = a × (b − c) = 2 × (5 − 4) = 2. And (a * b) o (a * c) = (a × b) − (a × c) = (2 × 5) − (2 × 4) = 10 − 6 = 2.
• Identity If A be the non-empty set and * be the binary operation on A. An element e is the identity element of a ∈ A, if a * e = a = e * a. If the binary operation is addition(+), e = 0 and for * is multiplication(×), e = 1.
• Inverse If a binary operation * on a set A which satisfies a * b = b * a = e, for all a, b ∈ A. a-1 is invertible if for a * b = b * a= e, a-1 = b. 1 is invertible when * is multiplication.
