VTAMPS 17 SECONDARY 2 SET 4

LOGICAL THINKING

1. Suppose there are some chickens and rabbits in a cage. The number of rabbits is five times
the number of chickens. The total number of rabbits’ legs is 450 more than that of chickens.
How many rabbit(s) is / are there in the cage?
2. Given that the scale of the map is 1𝑐𝑚: 150𝑚 and the actual area of the bridge is 70𝑚2 , what
is the area of the bridge on the map in 𝑐𝑚2 ?

3. Given integers 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 such that 4(𝑥 − 8)2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, find the value of 𝐵 + 𝐶.

4. For real numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 that satisfy (5𝑎 + 𝑏): 𝑎 = 29: 4 and 𝑏: 𝑐 = 3: 4, find 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐.

5. Let ⊗ be an operation symbol such that the following equations hold:

3⊗5=3×5
4⊗8= 4×6×8
7 ⊗ 15 = 7 × 9 × 11 × 13 × 15

459!
It is known that 𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2) × ⋯ × 1. Find the value of (6⊗458)×(7⊗459).

ALGEBRA
1 1
6. Given real number 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1087, find the value of √𝑥 + .
√𝑥

7. Find the value of real number 𝑞 if

2𝑝 + 4 𝑞−7
+4=
{ 7 2 .
3𝑝 + 𝑞 = −16

8. Factorize 𝑥 2 − 100 + 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦.

274
9. For 1-digit numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, find the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 if 0. ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑥𝑦2 = .
333

10. How many positive integral solution(s) is/are there for 𝑥 if 8𝑥 − 41 < 23?
 NUMBER THEORY

11. Find the number of positive simplified proper fractions with denominator 1147.

12. If (𝑥 − 5) is a factor of polynomial 28𝑥 2 − 623𝑥 + 𝑐, find the value of 𝑐.

13. Given today is Friday, which day of the week will it be after 89588 days?

14. Find the value of the expression

√99 − 2√99 − 2√99 − 2 ⋯.

15. Find the sum of all positive factors of 1590.

GEOMETRY

16. Referring to the figure below, line 𝐴𝐷 and line 𝐵𝐸 intersect at point 𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵//𝐷𝐸. It is given
that 𝐴𝐵 = 12, 𝐵𝐶 = 17, 𝐷𝐸 = 24, 𝐴𝐹 = 12 and 𝐸𝐹 = 45. Find the area of pentagon 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹.

17. A solid cuboid is formed by merging 1080 cubes with side length 1cm. Find the minimum
value of the total surface area of the cuboid.

18. Find the area enclosed by the 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis and the straight line 8𝑥 + 27𝑦 = 72.

19. Given the polar coordinates of the points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are (29,140°), (7,230°) and (13,320°)
respectively, find the area of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶.

20. Given two points 𝑇(11,21) and 𝐻(3,5) on the plane, if 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on line segment 𝑇𝐻
such that 𝑇𝑀: 𝑀𝐻 = 3: 5, find 𝑥 + 3𝑦.

COMBINATORICS

21. 153 cards are marked from 1 to 153 and 3 of these cards are drawn at random. Find the
probability that at least one of the cards drawn is a multiple of 2 or 9.
22. A flight of stairs has 11 steps. Caren can go down 1 step, 2 steps, 3 steps or 4 steps at a time.
How many different way(s) is/are there for Caren to go down the stairs?

23. There are a total of 35 questions in a quiz with the following point rules: 15 points will be
given for a correct answer and 7 points will be deducted for a blank or a wrong answer. At
least how many questions do we need to answer correctly to get more than 260 points?

24. Given a standard 52-card deck comprises of 13 ranks in each of the 4 suits, find the
probability of 3 cards drawn randomly from the deck having the adjacent rank? (For
example, 3 cards of ranks 6, 7 and 8).

25. It is known that 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are integers and all of them are greater than 7. Find the number of
solution sets for 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 43.
 VTAMPS 17 SECONDARY 2 SET 4 SOLUTION MANUAL

LOGICAL THINKING

1. Suppose there are some chickens and rabbits in a cage. The number of rabbits is five times
the number of chickens. The total number of rabbits’ legs is 450 more than that of chickens.
How many rabbit(s) is / are there in the cage?
Answer: 125
Solution:
Let 𝐶 be number of chickens and let 𝑅 be the number of rabbits. Then

𝑅 = 5𝐶

or

𝑅
𝐶=
5

and

4𝑅 = 2𝐶 + 450

Thus, by substitution,

𝑅
4𝑅 = 2 ( ) + 450
5
20𝑅 = 2𝑅 + 2250
18𝑅 = 2250
𝑅 = 125.

2. Given that the scale of the map is 1𝑐𝑚: 150𝑚 and the actual area of the bridge is 70𝑚2 , what
is the area of the bridge on the map in 𝑐𝑚2 ?
7
Answer: 2250
Solution:
12 1 𝑥
2
= =
150 22500 70
70 7
𝑥= =
22500 2250
3. Given integers 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 such that 4(𝑥 − 8)2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶, find the value of 𝐵 + 𝐶.
Answer: 192
Solution:
4(𝑥 − 8)2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
4(𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 64) = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
4𝑥 2 − 64𝑥 + 256 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐵 + 𝐶 = −64 + 256 = 192

4. For real numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 that satisfy (5𝑎 + 𝑏): 𝑎 = 29: 4 and 𝑏: 𝑐 = 3: 4, find 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐.
Answer: 4: 9: 12
Solution:
5𝑎 + 𝑏 29
=
𝑎 4
Then 𝑎 = 4.
So
5(4) + 𝑏 = 29
20 + 𝑏 = 29
𝑏=9
But
𝑏: 𝑐 = 3: 4
Hence
𝑐 = 12.

Therefore

𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐 = 4: 9: 12

5. Let ⊗ be an operation symbol such that the following equations hold:

3⊗5=3×5
4⊗8= 4×6×8
7 ⊗ 15 = 7 × 9 × 11 × 13 × 15

459!
It is known that 𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2) × ⋯ × 1. Find the value of (6⊗458)×(7⊗459).

Answer: 120
Solution:
459!
(6 × 8 × ⋯ × 456 × 458) × (7 × 9 × ⋯ × 457 × 459)
459!
=
6 × 7 × 8 × 9 × ⋯ × 456 × 457 × 458 × 459
= 5!
= 120
 ALGEBRA
1 1
6. Given real number 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1087, find the value of √𝑥 + .
√𝑥
Answer: 33
Solution:
2
1 1
( √𝑥 + ) =𝑥+2+
√𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑥 + 2 + = 1087 + 2
𝑥
1 2
(√𝑥 + ) = 1089
√𝑥
1 2
(√𝑥 + ) = 332
√𝑥
1
√𝑥 + = 33
√𝑥

7. Find the value of real number 𝑞 if

2𝑝 + 4 𝑞−7
+4=
{ 7 2 .
3𝑝 + 𝑞 = −16
Answer: 11
Solution:
Let’s simplify the 1st equation by multiplying 14 to it, that is,
2𝑝 + 4 𝑞−7
14 ( + 4) = ( ) 14
7 2
4𝑝 + 8 + 56 = 7𝑞 − 49
4𝑝 = 7𝑞 − 113
Let’s rewrite the 2nd equation as
3𝑝 = −𝑞 − 16
Let’s proceed by multiplying 4 to the 2nd equation and 3 to the 1st equation, that is,
4(3𝑝) = 4(−𝑞 − 16)
12𝑝 = −4𝑞 − 64
and
3(4𝑝) = 3(7𝑞 − 113)
12𝑝 = 21𝑞 − 339
Equating both, we get
21𝑞 − 339 = −4𝑞 − 64
25𝑞 = 275
𝑞 = 11.
8. Factorize 𝑥 2 − 100 + 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦.
Answer: (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 10)(𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 10) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 10)(𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 10)
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 100 + 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 − 100
= (𝑥 − 2𝑦)2 − 102
= (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 10)(𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 10)
274
9. ̅̅̅̅̅ =
For 1-digit numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, find the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 if 0. 𝑥𝑦2 .
333
Answer: 10
Solution:

274
= 0.822822822822822 …
333
Hence,
𝑥 = 8, 𝑦 = 2
Therefore
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 + 2 = 10

10. How many positive integral solution(s) is/are there for 𝑥 if 8𝑥 − 41 < 23?

Answer: 7
Solution:
8𝑥 − 41 < 23
8𝑥 < 64
𝑥<8
𝑥 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

There are 7 positive integral solutions.

NUMBER THEORY

11. Find the number of positive simplified proper fractions with denominator 1147.

Answer: 1080
Solution:
Note that
1147 = 31 × 37.
Then by Euler’s Totient Function,
1 1
𝜙(1147) = 1147 (1 − ) (1 − )
31 37
30 36
= 1147 ( ) ( )
31 37
 = 30 × 36
= 1080
12. If (𝑥 − 5) is a factor of polynomial 28𝑥 2 − 623𝑥 + 𝑐, find the value of 𝑐.
Answer: 2415
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = 5, then
(28 × (5)2 ) − 623(5) + 𝑐 = 0
700 − 3115 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 = 2415

13. Given today is Friday, which day of the week will it be after 89588 days?
Answer: Saturday
Solution:
89 ≡ 5 ≡ −2 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 7)
893 ≡ (−2)3 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 7)
893 ≡ −8 ≡ −1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 7)
(893 )196 ≡ 89588 ≡ (−1)196 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 7)
Since today is Friday, then 1 day forward would be Saturday.

14. Find the value of the expression

√99 − 2√99 − 2√99 − 2 ⋯.
Answer: 9
Solution:

Let 𝑥 = √99 − 2√99 − 2√99 − 2 ⋯.

Then
𝑥 = √99 − 2𝑥
2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 99 = 0
(𝑥 + 11)(𝑥 − 9) = 0
𝑥=9

15. Find the sum of all positive factors of 1590.

Answer: 3888
Solution:
1590 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 53
Then the sum of all positive factors of 1590 would be
(20 + 21 )(30 + 31 )(50 + 51 )(530 + 531 )
= (3)(4)(6)(54)
= 3888
 GEOMETRY

16. Referring to the figure below, line 𝐴𝐷 and line 𝐵𝐸 intersect at point 𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵//𝐷𝐸. It is given
that 𝐴𝐵 = 12, 𝐵𝐶 = 17, 𝐷𝐸 = 24, 𝐴𝐹 = 12 and 𝐸𝐹 = 45. Find the area of pentagon 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹.

Answer: 900
Solution:
𝐴𝐵 = 12, 𝐷𝐸 = 24, 𝐵𝐶 = 17
⟹ 𝐶𝐸 = 34
Note that Δ𝐵𝐸𝐹 is a right triangle since
𝐵𝐹 2 + 𝐸𝐹 2 = 𝐵𝐸 2
(𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐹)2 + 𝐸𝐹 2 = (𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐸)2
(12 + 12)2 + 452 = (17 + 34)2
242 + 452 = 512
32 (82 + 152 ) = 32 (172 )
And 8:15:17 is a known Pythagorean triple.
Also, note that the height of Δ𝐶𝐷𝐸 is 2/3 of 𝐸𝐹.
Then the area is given by
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐵𝐸𝐹 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐶𝐷𝐸
1 1 2
= (24)(45) + (24) ( (45))
2 2 3
= 12(45) + 12(30)
= 540 + 360
= 900

17. A solid cuboid is formed by merging 1080 cubes with side length 1cm. Find the minimum
value of the total surface area of the cuboid.
Answer: 636
Solution:
If we want to minimize the total surface area, then the cuboid must be as compact as
possible, that is, having the values of the dimensions as close as possible.
Looking at the factors of 1080,
1080 = 23 × 33 × 5
Thus, the dimensions would be 9,10, and 12.
Therefore.
𝑆𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 2(𝐿𝑊 + 𝑊𝐻 + 𝐿𝐻)
= 2(9(10) + 10(12) + 9(12))
= 636
18. Find the area enclosed by the 𝑥-axis, 𝑦-axis and the straight line 8𝑥 + 27𝑦 = 72.
Answer: 12
Solution:
Observe that the area enclosed is a right triangle, with height and base as the intercepts of
the line 8𝑥 + 27𝑦 = 72.
So, let’s obtain the intercepts of that line.
Let 𝑥 = 0.
Then
27𝑦 = 72
8
𝑦=
3
Let 𝑦 = 0.
Then
8𝑥 = 72
𝑥=9
Thus
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑏ℎ
2
1 8
= (9) ( ) = 3(4) = 12.
2 3

19. Given the polar coordinates of the points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are (29,140°), (7,230°) and (13,320°)
respectively, find the area of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Answer: 147
Solution:
Observe that the points 𝐴 and 𝐶 form a straight line that can serve as the base of our
triangle and the point 𝐵 will be used as the height of the triangle. Then
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ
2
1
= (29 + 13)(7)
2
1
= (42)(7)
2
= 21(7)
= 147.

20. Given two points 𝑇(11,21) and 𝐻(3,5) on the plane, if 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on line segment 𝑇𝐻
such that 𝑇𝑀: 𝑀𝐻 = 3: 5, find 𝑥 + 3𝑦.
Answer: 53
Solution:
𝑇𝑀: 𝑀𝐻 = 3: 5
⟹ 3𝑛 + 5𝑛 = 8𝑛
 𝑇𝑥 − 𝐻𝑥 = 11 − 3 = 8
𝑇𝑦 − 𝐻𝑦 = 21 − 5 = 16
Then for 𝑥
8𝑛 = 8
𝑛=1
⟹ 11 − 1(3) 𝑜𝑟 3 + 1(5)
=8
And for 𝑦
7𝑛 = 14
𝑛=2
⟹ 21 − 2(3) 𝑜𝑟 5 + 2(5)
= 15
Thus
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑀(8,15).
Finally,
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8 + 3(15) = 53.

COMBINATORICS

21. 153 cards are marked from 1 to 153 and 3 of these cards are drawn at random. Find the
probability that at least one of the cards drawn is a multiple of 2 or 9.
7870
Answer: 8607
Solution:
There are 76 multiples of 2, 17 multiples of 9, and 8 multiples of 18.
Then the number of multiples of 2 or 9 would be
76 + 17 − 8 = 85
Thus, by complement probability
153 − 85
( )
1− 3
153
( )
3
68
( )
= 1− 3
153
( )
3

50116
= 1−
585276
535160
=
585276
7870
= .
8607
22. A flight of stairs has 11 steps. Caren can go down 1 step, 2 steps, 3 steps or 4 steps at a time.
How many different way(s) is/are there for Caren to go down the stairs?
Answer: 773
Solution:

Note that Caren can go down from 1 up to 4 steps at a time. This means that for the first
four steps, Caren can have

1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 = {1} = 1

2𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 = {1,1}, {2} = 2

3𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 = {1,1,1}{1,2}{2,1}{3} = 4

4𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 = {1,1,1,1}{1,1,2}{1,2,1}{2,1,1}{1,3}{3,1}{8}{2,2} = 8

For the succeeding steps, all we have to do is add the previous 4 steps since Caren can
always do up to 4 steps at a time. We can just follow the chart below:

STEP # OF WAYS
1 1
2 2
3 4
4 8
5 15
6 29
7 56
8 108
9 208
10 401
11 773

23. There are a total of 35 questions in a quiz with the following point rules: 15 points will be
given for a correct answer and 7 points will be deducted for a blank or a wrong answer. At
least how many questions do we need to answer correctly to get more than 260 points?
Answer: 23
Solution:
Let 𝑥 be the number of correct answers and let 𝑦 be the number of blank or wrong answers.
Then
 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 35
15𝑥 − 7𝑦 > 260
Observe that
𝑦 = 35 − 𝑥
So
15𝑥 − 7(35 − 𝑥) > 260
15𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 245 > 260
22𝑥 > 505
505 21
𝑥> = 22
22 22
Thus, at least 23.

24. Given a standard 52-card deck comprises of 13 ranks in each of the 4 suits, find the
probability of 3 cards drawn randomly from the deck having the adjacent rank? (For
example, 3 cards of ranks 6, 7 and 8).
176
Answer: 5525
Solution:
Note that we have the following sets of adjacent ranks
{1,2,3}, {2,3,4}, {3,4,5}, {4,5,6}, {5,6,7}, {6,7,8}, {7,8,9},
{8,9,10}, {9,10,11}, {10,11,12}, {11,12,13}.
Then
11 × 4 × 4 × 4 176
= .
52𝐶3 5525

25. It is known that 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are integers and all of them are greater than 7. Find the number of
solution sets for 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 43.
Answer: 364
Solution:
14
(43 − 4(8) + 4 − 1) = ( ) = 364
4−1 3