GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE, DHARMAPURI

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE(CA)

ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 4.0

CLASS : I .B.COM (CA)

UNIT : IV

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

MEANING

f you sit back and observe your surroundings you are likely to find at least one object that can
connect to the internet. It could be your laptop, your phone, your TV and so on. If you want
to define Iot in one sentence you could say, the Internet of things is the ability of objects to
connect to the internet and that’s about it basically.
Let’s keep it simple and then slowly take over the difficult material. Now, any device that can
connect to the internet and has the ability to store and save data is a part of Iot. Iot is slowly
taking over the world and it is paving the way for a simpler future.

The term Internet of Things is relatively new in the field of technology and dates back to just
16 years ago. Kevin Ashton fabricated the word, “Internet of Things” while working on his
project under Procter & Gamble. Although the thought of connecting objects has always been
an option since the 70s, Iot has gained momentum just recently. Iot guarantees a promising
future and we can expect IoT to take over every giant industry.
Iot comprises of appliances with embedded electronics, sensors, actuators and
communication capabilities that allow these appliances to connect, store and share large
amounts of data. These gadgets include physical devices, home appliances, vehicles and
consumer electronics.

Look around you and you can easily spot a couple of gadgets that are capable of being
connected to the internet directly.

Birth of IoT

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Kevin Ashton discovered the term “Internet of Things” in 1999 while working for a
presentation at Procter & Gamble in the background of RFID supply chains. Kevin Ashton
was the then executive director of the Auto-ID Center.
IoT hardware

IoT devices are a combination of hardware and software. Hardware components are a set
of elements that connect together in a particular manner. For example, consider
a breadboard. We have microcontrollers, LEDs, voltage regulators, resistors, capacitors and
various other things. All of these are hardware components that are wired together.
Working of IoT

The word “things” in Internet of Things includes innate objects such as thermostats, sensors,
geysers and air conditioners. These devices can interconnect through the internet. Each of
the devices can then share data through the help of a mobile application.
The user can operate these devices and gets access to information about these gadgets by the
click of a button on their phones. This is all made possible by just one technology, the
Internet of Things.

Despite the fact that the operation looks easy on the outside, a lot of components have to be
managed to ensure proper functioning of the technology. While talking about Iot devices,
they can be briefly divided into two types.
Types of Iot devices

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INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—

that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

“The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.”

Internet of Things :
According to the definition of IoT, It is the way to interconnection with the help of the
internet devices that can be embedded to implement the functionality in everyday
objects by enabling them to send and receive data. Today data is everything and
everywhere. Hence, IoT can also be defined as the analysis of the data generate a
meaning action, triggered subsequently after the interchange of data. IoT can be
used to build applications for agriculture, assets tracking, energy sector, safety and
security sector, defense, embedded applications, education, waste management,
healthcare product, telemedicine, smart city applications, etc.

However, all complete IoT systems are the same in that they represent the integration
of four distinct components: sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user
interface.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS :

There are the following characteristics of IoT as follows.

1. Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of
IoT should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime
can connectivity should be guaranteed at all times Without connection, nothing
makes sense.

2. Intelligence and Identity – The extraction of knowledge from the generated data
is very important. For example, a sensor generates data, but that data will only
be useful if it is interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a unique identity. This
identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times For
querying its status.

3. Enormous Scalability – The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is

increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the
massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is enormous,and it
should be handled appropriately.

4. Dynamic and self-Adapting (Complexity) – IoT devices should dynamically

adapt themselves to the changing contexts and scenarios. Assume a camera meant
for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in different conditions and
different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).

5. Architecture–
IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting
different manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not
owned by anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when
multiple domains come together.

6. Safety
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can
cause a loss to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge. Besides, the
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 equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also be at the risk. Therefore,
equipment safety is also critical.
7. Naming and addressing

APPLICATIONS OF IOT:

The concept of the Internet of Things entered our lives in 1999. However, in
fact, the first IoT application has entered our lives before. In 1991, a system was
designed to send images of the coffee machine to the computers of academics at the
University of Cambridge three times a minute. Due to the fact that it is online and in
real time, this system is considered to be the first application of the Internet of
Things in the world.Some of the applications are-

IOT APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

IoT connects consumers, manufacturers and products. This leads to a new era with a more
connected environment that enfants collectively. The internet of things is a global
technology that is transforming the industry and manufacturing sector. Let us see some of
the applications of IoT in manufacturing industry.

Benefits of IoT in manufacturing

 Iot recognize manufacturing delays and helps to identify the underlying causes
 Production units benefit majorly with automation of various processes in the
manufacturing industry. This allows the maximum utilization of raw material and
manufacturing components.
 IoT leads to better allocation of resources. It allows users to shift their focus on clients
and profits rather than worrying about tedious and time consuming tasks.
IoT Applications in Manufacturing Industry

Below are a few of the useful application of IoT in the manufacturing sector:

1. Intelligent product enhancements

Similar to the other applications of IoT, IoT in manufacturing also enhances production
quality. Previously, the creation of products would require a heavy market research and
customer suggestions, with IoT, owners have access to large amounts of data and

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information. IoT acts as a reliable source of information about any product and hence ensures
better profits.

2. Dynamic response to market demands

Supplying to market demands depends on a number of factors such as taste and preferences,
income of the population, consumer expectations, country capital and so on. Keeping up with
demands requires constant research and present supply could cause heavy losses to business
and future decisions.

IoT stores and retrieves information continuously and does not require much human
intervention. It controls supply chains because the information IoT gathers is accurate to a
large extent

3. Improved facility service

IoT improves the conditions of workplaces and offers safety and security to any typical
facility. Safety managers communicate through applications and access real-time information
regarding threats and safety events.
This allows organizations to monitor events, enhance communication and increase
production.

4. Product safety

Despite a complicated set of operations ensuring customer safety, hazards and dangers still
find their way into the market. Unknown reasons may cause serious incidents.

IoT deploys sensibility, control and management techniques to track such incidents and raise
alerts in case of potential threats.

5. Lower costs, optimized resource use and waste reduction

IoT replaces manual labour in various domains. It reduces the dependency on humans to
perform background checks for products. Maintenance checks and tests usually require
manual labour costs and are time consuming. With IoT, one can monitor the status of their
organization remotely, through sensors and security webcams.

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IoT offers ways to manage and optimize the usage of resources such as humans and minerals.
It offers cost effective and feasible methods to complicated problems.

6. Quality control

IoT proposes real-time monitoring of appliances and products in the industry. Manufacturers
can predict the breakdown of certain machinery parts and offer solutions instead of waiting
for the machine to collapse. IoT benefits systems by monitoring the status of engines,
machinery and their mechanism. The automation of certain processes reduces the dependency
on manual labour.

7. Predictive maintenance

Traditionally, manufacturers use a time based approach to carry out maintenance checks on
machinery and engines. However, with IoT in the picture, routine checks are automated.
Meaning that the machines carry out their own maintenance without outside support and
inform the users about threats via mobile applications.

Iot sensors monitor the operations and perform data analysis on the real time data in clouds.

IoT has led to the automation of various processes. Predictive maintenance is one such
automation. It is where the device schedules a routine self maintenance check to keep a track
of its functionality. It reports bugs and damages to its authorities who then take actions to fix
the ongoing issues. As a result of which owners are not required to manually perform a
maintenance check as the machine itself deploys a routine system check in intervals of time.

8. Inventory management

RFID and IoT can represent inventory management as a seamless and efficient process. Each
inventory comes with an RFID tag and each tag generates its own Unique identification
(UID).

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9. Smart packaging

Smart packaging is an application of the internet of things that uses forms of technology to
package products and does more than storing the products. It allows users to interact with the
package and resolve their queries regarding the bread, product or delivery.

Iot and packaging work together include sensors, QR code and other options. The main goal
is to interact with the consumer and collect necessary data.

10. Smart metering

This allows the consumption of resources in a more effective manner and reduces the wastage
of these precious resources. Smart meters track the consumption of water, fuels and
electricity. They measure the usage of these resources and deploy methods to consume these
resources more efficiently.

11. Supply chain management

IoT devices trace and monitor the real-time data incoming from supply chains. Authorities
can monitor and control machinery, equipment, and delivery systems from remote locations.
Some IoT systems also offer ERP softwares that reduces the need for manually documenting
the processes.

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12. Workshop monitoring

Machine workshops are stores where the manufacturing of tools and substances is done.
These workshops consume high energy with less efficiency. There exists a complicated
energy flow in the manufacturing of these tools and leads to heavy energy consumption.

IoT designs an effective monitoring system to gather and trace the energy consumption by
these workshops to improve the conditions. IoT manages the manufacturing process leading
to reduction in costs and lesser consumption of energy.

13. Production flow monitoring

One of the important processes in manufacturing is production flow. Manually, it gets

difficult to manage and track the production flow. IoT uses sensors that provide the owners
with real-time data to monitor the prediction. These sensors give details about the parts of
machines and generate service calls when they notice a breakdown or damaged parts.

14. Digital twins

Digital twins is the method of creating exact copies or replicas of actual, hardware devices by
using cloud. IoT scientists and IT officials create these models for testing and deploying
purposes before they publish the real life model. This technology is now being used in large
buildings, construction sites and also in cities.

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IOT HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS

Healthcare system and IoT

Iot allows healthcare officials to be more attentive to their patients. It deploys various
technologies to manage, reason and handle patients effectively.

IoT uses a rough 4 stages architecture. The process is inter-connected in a way that the data
transfers from one stage to the another.

Stage 1: Categorization of Iot devices

These include the inter connection of devices such as sensors, cameras, actuators , detectors.
These devices are capable of gathering real time information.

Stage 2: Conversion from analog to digital

The data coming from IoT hardware devices is in analog form and needs to be converted to
digital form for further processing. This conversion takes place in this stage

Stage 3: Pre-processing
Once the data is digitized it moves from the data centres to giant clouds for further reviews

Stage 4: Data Analytics

Complicated analytics are done on this data for making better decisions and for improvising
the functionality of regular healthcare systems.

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FACTORS AFFECTING IOT HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS

1. Data security
Iot faces a problem of privacy in any domain. In the healthcare field, hackers can hack the
data and real time information regarding patients to manipulate it for their own benefits. Even
though protocols offer maximum security, there is a chance to expose sensitive information to
the outside world.

2. Data overload and accuracy

IoT collects a large amount of data in a short period of time. Reliable methods must ensure a
means to handle this data in an effective manner.

3. Cost concerns
Iot systems and Iot healthcare devices are highly expensive and costly. However, when one
sees the benefits of IoT based systems in the long run the costs only translate to gross profits
and higher returns.

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Advantages of IoT in healthcare systems

1. Complex operations cost a lot of money. Expensive hospitals at times expolit the patients
and charge them very high fees. IoT reduces the cost of operation and improves the patient’s
condition by using the best medical services.

2. Even today, a large percent of the population fear visiting the doctor’s office due to a bad
experience. IoT improves the patient experience by being more responsive and attentive.

3. IoT increases the precision during a surgery. This increases the chance of survival of a
patient and the chances to recover from a serious accident.

4. IoT monitoring systems offer disease management to avoid the heavy dependence on
medical staff. By the use of sensors and actuators doctors and health professionals gather
information to improvise disease management systems.

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APPLICATIONS OF IOT IN HEALTHCARE

Listed below are a few of the most effective applications of the Internet of Things in the
healthcare industry.

1. Research

Current medical research deploys unreliable methods for gathering information. It uses old,
leftovers, controlled environments for medical examination, and IoT opens up opportunities
for real-time information gathering from various fields.

IoT guarantees better results in any research trials since it uses modern methods of
technology, standard instruments and reliable data sets. It avoids risks involved in older
methods of research such as human testing and gathering of information from dangerous
areas.

2. Care

IoT helps healthcare professionals to make better use of their training, education and
knowledge to manage their patients. They use better equipment to obtain exact and effective
results. Iot reduces administrative tasks of healthcare officials and allows them to better focus
on their jobs of saving lives.

3. Devices

IoT bridges the gap between devices and the method of delivering healthcare by offering
integrating systems that strive to work efficiently. It improves huge flaws in healthcare
devices and removes these patterns.

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4. Emergency situations

Through IoT, we improve the emergency support services. IoT offers to handle an emergency
situation in a much better way remotely. IoT allows access to the status and details of the
patient before their arrival to the hospital in order to prepare the doctors right ahead. This
reduces the chances of losing lives and improvises a healthcare system.

5. Medical Information distribution

Medical care faces the challenge of distribution of reliable and accurate information to the
patients. Iot is helping improve the health and lives of individuals by increasing dependency
and connectivity.

IoT carries healthcare out of cubicles, operations theatres, hospitals and offices into homes.
This way doctors have direct access to the condition of the patient 24/7. Individuals now
manage their health in a much better way and rely less on older methods of healthcare.

6. Remote patient monitoring

IoT devices are capable of collecting information regarding the patient such as pulse rate,
temperature and blood pressure even when the patients are not physically present in the
hospital. Doctors view this information and take the necessary precautions.

7. Glucose monitoring

IoT improves the quality of healthcare facilities by reducing their manual work. A doctor
needs information about glucose levels before treating the patient. Testing the patient’s
glucose levels becomes tiring and time consuming. IoT systems offer real-time data about
glucose level, temperature and the condition of the patient before the patient enters the
hospital.

8. Ingestible sensors

A team of researchers in MIT developed an IoT sensor to detect and treat gastric problems.
The sensor contains a chip and bacteria that grows in stomach bleeds. The electronic chips
pick up this light emission and convert it into a signal. The user application receives an alert
about the status of the disease.

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9. Robotic sensors

The internet of things bridges the gap between the physical and digital world. Its main
purpose is to make our lives easier. Surgeons can perform a largely-complicated surgery that
takes hours and hours by including mini robots. Robotic procedures use IoT hardware devices
that reduce incision size and increase precision This way the patients take lesser time of
recovery.

10. Connected inhalers

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease and asthma attacks are two diseases that occur
without any warning. The condition worsens when the patient is alone and there is nobody to
call out for help. IoT connected inhalers keep a track of the attacks, the frequency of attack
and the cause of attacks. Doctors look at these reports to suggest effective medication.

11. Connected contact lenses

Smart contact lenses are one of the lesser known yet powerful discoveries of IoT. It is an
efficient way to collect health data. They also include cameras that click pictures when you
close your eyes and one such example is the google connected contact lenses.

12. Heart-rate monitoring system

Even when patients are present in healthcare wards monitoring their heart rate and glucose
levels constantly gets difficult, especially in large institutions that treat a large number of
patients. An IoT heart rate monitoring system collects data of the patient constantly and alerts
the hospital officials in case of fluctuations. Most of the Iot equipment provide a high
accuracy rate meaning that they are reliable and trustable.

13. Depression and mood monitoring

Smart tech wearables can monitor the mood changes of a person and advise them better about
their mental health. Mood aware IoT sensors collect and analyze the data incoming from the
body and predict the health condition of the person. Reports go to therapists who prescribe
necessary therapy and medication on the basis of the health details.

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IOT APPLICATIONS IN EDUCATION SECTOR

The internet of things or the connection of devices other than the standard computers such as
laptops and PCs is on the way to transform our lives completely in the coming years.
Transformation of the educational sector through IoT is on that list. This transformation is
further accelerating day by day. If you look around yourself, every student uses a smart
device to connect to their school or any educational institute.

With the rise of technology, IoT allows educational institutes to increase safety in campuses,
improve the quality of education, saves teachers from the tremendous paperwork and keep
track of enrollments.

In this article we will study about the IoT applications in the educational sector.

What is the role of Iot in education?

According to a report by emarket retail, around 82 percent of kids between the age 12 to 17
have smart phones and they use these gadgets for educational and recreational purposes.
The upcoming generation is already attached to their phones and most of their activities
depend on these phones.

There is concern for safety and protection of users but there is no doubt that IoT has so much
potential to improve education.
You can view the application of IoT in educational institutes through two perspectives:
teachers/staff and students’ perception.

Teachers can track their students’ attendance. Sensors in classes, libraries or canteens transfer
student location or information to the teacher who can then assess student attendance
accordingly.

The incorporation of IoT in classrooms helps teachers monitor the class virtually or remotely.

IMPLEMENTATION OF IOT IN EDUCATION SECTOR

1. Energy Management

 Rising global warming concerns call for reforms in the education sector to conserve
the limited energy resources.

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  Printing notebooks and textbooks in huge amounts lead to paper wastage.
Through IoT, textbooks are available in the electronic mode on devices for students to
read and make changes.
 Installing sensors and actuators in taps and lights so they automatically switch in the
absence of human beings. IoT helps reduce harmful emissions such as CO2 and CO in
the air.
2. Accessing classes remotely and securely

 IoT helps in creating a safe and secure environment for students. Most of the institutes
globally switched to remote means of education and this was made possible through
IoT.
 Sensors installed around the campus help monitor student activities and take action in
case of bullying or damage to school property. RFID tags in students ID cards record
attendances of students on a daily basis.
3. Monitoring health of students and staff

 Healthy students and staff means a more productive educational institute. It is

important to ensure that students are taking care of their health and getting proper sleep
every day so they are more active in class.
 Physiological signals detect and monitor student’s health. This information is stored in
databases and it helps doctors analyse student health easily.
 IoT also helps in storing information such as blood pressure, medical history, allergies,
prescription details to take necessary treatment in case of an unfortunate accident.
4. Applications to enhance interactive learning

Education can be made much more fun and interesting with the help of IoT. It keeps students
engaging in knowledge and overall helps in building their personality and sharpens their
minds.

 Even when a student is sick, learning can still continue through virtual classrooms on
TVs and mobile phones.
 Learning becomes more interesting with Iot based graphic classrooms where textbooks
are brought to life through 3D graphics, colours and noises.
 Applications such as voice-to-text converters help in taking down notes more
effectively and easily.

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5. Smart Boards

An electronic board or smart board is a great example of how Iot makes the job of teachers
much easier and makes learning smoother.

 They are easy to use, reliable and student-friendly. It allows you to display images on
the board and it helps you interact with the image.
 The board is a touch screen so you can manipulate the screen, move images around,
draw graphics and so much more to personalize learning.
 Smart pens are used to draw and create 3D objects with colours and voices.
 Voice-to-text sensors convert teachers’ lessons into notes that are emailed to students
directly.
6. Supervising disability

Children with disabilities such as dyslexia are often neglected while manufacturing
educational tools. With IoT, special applications can be made that aid student learning for
students with disabilities. Transcripts convert voice to sound so students with a hearing
disability can read out the notes. Sound to voice aids students who cannot see. Special apps in
tablets reform education for disabled students. These apps are analysed to assist learning.

7. Attendance and exams assessment

Certain institutions have rules in order for a student to pass such as maintaining 80 percent
attendance to pass the semester and so on.

 IoT applications track student attendance and deliver reports to staff members.
 A message is sent to students with lower attendances and students can track their
performance on applications developed through IoT technology.
 IoT makes it possible for students to take exams remotely. Sensors placed in devices
can track student movement to ensure the student does not cheat.
8. Safety enhancement

In schools, technology and education go hand in hand. There are many IoT applications in
school to help protect kids.

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  These include fire detection sensors. Sensors alert the school premises and even go
ahead and call the fire department in case of danger.
 Online activity monitoring to ensure students are not accessing explicit content in
school premises.
 Video monitoring to keep track of student activities out of classes or during lunch
breaks.
 Digital signage, access control, visitor management are other IoT applications to
ensure school safety
9. AR in education

Augmented Reality is the technology that promotes live interaction and brings audios, videos
and graphics to life. This helps students learn and understand the concepts better.

 Project mapping concepts in AR show the distances physically on the ground so

students can perceive topics better.
 AR helps in creating interactive learning in classroom sessions and does not limit
learning to only books and textbooks
10. Temperature Control in premises

Temperature requirements change in classrooms and gymnasiums

 IOT applications changes the temperature and light conditions according to the
environment
 These application can also sense human presence and switch off or on the electricity
accordingly
11. Real time data collection

 One of the biggest concerns of the current education system is that most of the syllabus
and techniques of teaching are outdate now. Meaning, the topics do not fit well with
the students of today.
 IoT helps in collecting data and performing analytics to produce topics that emphasize
student interaction, build focus and promote learning on a much larger scale.
 IoT also helps in collecting data on information of staff and students to understand
their likes and dislikes to improve production of school gadgets, accessories and
information.

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12. School Bus Safety

Parents have concerns sending their children to school through school buses dues to rash
drivers and large amount of accidents involving school buses throughout the world

 IOT can help resolve this problem

 Drivers can use IOT applications to monitor the condition of the students on board
 School can track the driver and the bus from school premises
 Parents can check up on the location of their children to ensure they reach school
safely and on time
 Speed limits, tire punctures can also be checked using IOT to raise alerts in case of
danger.
13. Make sure kids get home safely

Many parents worry about their kids not being home on time or being lost on the way home
from school. IoT is helping kids and parents by ensuring their kids arrive home on time.

 For example, sensors in school bags or school shoes send details and whereabouts of a
kid’s location to their parents.
 This way parents can check up on their kids remotely. These IOT app raise alerts when
the child is in danger
 These apps send location details to parents and to the nearby police departments as
soon as the child goes out of the regular roads leading to home.
14. Educators

As important students are in the education system, teachers, tutors and professors are equally
important.

 IoT helps ease the job of the teachers

 IoT applications take the attendance of the students, keep a track of their progress, list
out the students based on different criteria such as grade, sports and so on.
 It is helping connect the gap between students and teachers by helping teachers
understand better the needs of their pupils

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15. Exam Surveillance

Examinations play a vital role in the success of a student. Hence, it is important to devise a
mechanism that ensures that exams are conducted properly and in a fair manner.

 IoT is helping institutions in maintaining discipline during examinations.

 IoT embedded LED screens are helping detect faint noises and send alerts to the
examiners.
 These devices display warning messages to students as well.

ADVANTAGES OF IOT IN EDUCATION

1. Efficient management of the school system: IoT is helping reduce the time and cost of
spending money on manual work such as paper work, managing funds and tracking supplies.
2. Real-time information collection: IoT processes terabytes of data simultaneously. This
data predicts and analyzes the activities of students and staff to build an efficient and reliable
school system.
3. Improvisations in Resource Management: IoT is helping manage and rescue water and
electricity consumption. The usage of paper has significantly reduced due to Iot systems in
education
4. Global connections: Since Iot systems require the internet, it in a way connects and
exposes you to school and universities globally. This gives you a platform to interact with
global systems and improve the quality of education.
5. Includes Safety Concerns: Many parents living in rural areas worry about sending their
kids to schools. Some may not be able to afford it while some may simply not have enough
resources to fund a proper education. IoT is addressing such concerns and is making sure the
child feels safe and secure while accessing quality education.
Drawbacks in involving IoT in education

1. High cost infrastructure: IoT managed systems cost high prices and are expensive to set
up. It requires a large amount of software and hardware. It would require hiring a skilled team
of IT officials to manage the school system.
2. In-class morals: IoT grades knowledges based test but there should be ways to prevent
cheating, plagiarism or other kinds of fraud means to pass the test

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3. Lack of data storage infrastructure: IoT requires large amounts of data processing
information to be stored in the cloud. Old forms of data storing are not competent with IoT
ecosystems.
4. Security and safety issues: IoT exposes private information to thousands of users online
that can manipulate this information for their own benefits. IoT provides access to data and
details of students and staff. Hackers get access to this sensitive data.

IOT IN AVIATION OR AEROSPACE

The aviation industry can be seen as significant for various reasons. It smoothes travel and
tourism, primarily international travel. It generates jobs and creates vast opportunities for
economic growth across the nations.

The presence of IoT has changed the ways and methods of the industry as connected devices
and sensor-based systems pave the way for regulation and management of various kinds.

This ranges from passengers to crew and not just this, baggage tracking and cabin climate
control, and even emergency alerts are the significant milestones that are being used in the
aviation industry as it goes on to adopt IoT techniques and devices.

APPLICATIONS OF IOT IN AVIATION INDUSTRY

Let’s have a look at various uses of IoT in the aviation industry:

1. Climate Control in Cabin

Temperature detection-based sensors can be equipped with airplanes to manage a smooth

experience for the passengers. This can be done by automated temperature controlling
systems strategically placed in the cabin all over so that based upon the location and weather
forecasting, the temperature inside the cabin can be maintained.

Such sensors can collect real-time temperature for the plane enabling the cabin crew to take
remedial measures of reducing or increasing the manual temperature to suit the requirement.

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2. Aircraft Safety

Different parts of the plane having different and requirement-based sensors which can track
airplane velocity, airplane angle, weather conditions, etc connected to a central system can
help the devices communicate to each other as well as be monitored by the concerned
authorities be it by the pilots or the ground control.

This allows efficient functioning which can be free of any defective systems and pre handle
the maintenance systems and take the preventive steps for the aircraft and the people
traveling in it.

This system can significantly work by transmitting the data and generating communication in
the case of an anomaly in any of the parts of the plane.

3.Managing Traffic

Air traffic on the runway might seem absurd but it is a real thing. Although the planes are
already tracked of their real-time location and maintained communication with but to take it a
level ahead, the planes can be made to be tracked down via a system of the times of their
arrival and departure to be able to see for the availability and pauses on the runways.

This can provide for tactics of speed monitoring, timing rescheduling to facilitate smooth
movement, avoid collisions and maintain a smooth flow of aircraft in the line and this can
also be combined with features of artificial intelligence to come out with effective conclusion
based plans to organize the flight's dispersal based on their arrival and departure.

4. Effective Maintenance

IoT can provide a good alternative to make the best out of the maintenance practices. IoT
systems can track the existing conditions and on-air conditions of the arrived planes and also
of their various parts.

This informational data can be transmitted to the concerned engineers way before so as to let
them prioritize which maintenance function to perform first and on which aircraft. This will
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not just help in reducing the runway time of the planes but also help in ensuring that the
proper maintenance takes place.

There is no absence of an expert engineer if required as well as no parts etc to maintain

smoothly. This is somehow essential to maintain the safety of the plane and passengers in the
air and IoT can provide real-time information about the parts and the kind of maintenance
they need.

5. Improvement in Passenger Experience

Airlines seek to provide a hassle-free and smooth experience to the passengers at all the
stages of flying with them. In providing this suitable experience, the internet of things can
come to the rescue.

All the airline companies have their own application and updating portal for the passengers to
use. Using such devices the airline is maintaining a seamless flow of information exchange
between the passengers and the cabin crew.

Such information can go on to reduce the chaos for the passengers and create a system for the
airport movement of the passengers.

They can get details and plans about finding the right gate, getting alerts about departure time
and any change in schedules, customizing the in-flight experience, personalized
recommendations based on previous choices.

6. Personalization

IoT and big data work collectively. It will not be wrong to say that IoT devices pave the way
for the generation of big data which is used to generate certain conclusions and make
decisions.

IoT devices can also record and track customer preferences while booking a seat from their
online web-based portal or food choices while on the board.

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This will be useful in generating even more data in the case of frequent fliers and can be
really insightful in providing them a customized and personalized experience in some cases.

This will not just make it hassle-free for them but also convenient in a way that they get to do
bookings with menial efforts and secure their preferences.

7. Luggage Management

This is now a prime function that IoT can change and is essential for the aviation industry.
Luggage and baggage collection and loading can be a cumbersome and bothersome task for
the passengers and in the case of any mishandling and inability of the collection can create
the task for the crew.

IoT-enabled solutions like barcodes or chips can help in tracking of the luggage by the
passengers when they are on their way to board the flight. Such devices and features enable
the passengers to check the real-time location and the condition of their luggage from their
smartphones.

This can also be of help by combining such tracking devices with artificial intelligence and
detection cameras at various stages of loading and unloading to be able to point out the
carrying of any prohibited stuff by insecure means.

8. Smart Airports

Just like smart cities, IoT can feature smart airports that come to reality. The main idea is to
have automated and sensor-based systems that collect the information from the passengers
and work on it and can guide the crowd at various checkpoints of the airport like passport
verification, security checks, and even baggage submission.

This will make the entire process convenient and automated which will lead to fewer chances
of congestion and troubles in management for both the airport authorities and the passengers
who come to dread the procedural formalities which are hectic and time-consuming.

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Examples of IoT in Aviation
1. EasyJet has adopted wearable technology making use of IoT. This company has
its crew and staff members use tech-enabled uniforms. Their suits are equipped
with inbuilt microphones for direct communication between crew to passenger
and crew to crew on various occasions.

They also use and compose the screens and LEDs which make them have a clear
count of ongoing and pending flights and guidelines in emergency cases. They
also use drones to monitor their fleet of airplanes.

2. Virgin Atlantic’s Boeing 787 is attached to a wireless airplane network that

provides real-time data from performance to required maintenance This enables
the airlines to solve the issues based on huge collected data even before there is a
real issue.

3. Delta has been the first airline to use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
baggage tracking technology to deal with the issues of baggage loss and
mismanagement which is a real issue for this industry.

This helps the passengers to have real-time information of their bags via a push
notification feature and creates transparency among the passengers regarding their
bags using the internet of things.

4. Miami Airport, with the presence of over 500 beacons, is providing detailed
information to the passengers at its various terminals. This not just provides them
gate details bus as well as shopping and dinner details when they scan their
boarding passes.

5. The Airbus Connected Experience seeks to keep the airplane cabin connected.
They have seats, bathrooms, etc connected in a way to IoT helping the cabin crew
to get real-time updates about seat positions, food availability, bathroom
shortages, etc, enabling them to provide the best services to the passengers using
data collected.

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APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN DEFENSE AND MILITARY

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been growing at an explosive rate in the past
decade. Many industries and businesses are already embracing IoT to simplify, improve,
and automate different processes. The IoT technology has the potential to dramatically
improve various aspects of defence and military capabilities. Many countries are using this
technology in defence and the military to drive new ways of conquering the of tomorrow.
In this blog, we have listed 7 practical applications of the IoT in the defence and
military fields.

Internet of Military Things (IoMT) –

Internet of Military Things (IoMT) or Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) is a class

of Internet of Things (IoT) for modern battle operations and intelligent warfare. It refers to
physical objects in the military domain, which are embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies. These objects communicate with each other to collect and transfer data
over the internet to accomplish a broad range of activities in a more efficient and informed
way.

In IoMT and IoBT, the sensors are incorporated into the combat suits, helmets, weapons
systems, and other equipment used by soldiers. These sensors collect a variety of biometrics
such as their iris, face, fingerprints, heart rate, gestures, and facial expressions.

APPLICATIONS OF IOT IN DEFENCE AND MILITARY

In the modern world, military operations are becoming more complex and unpredictable.
Using IoT can help defence and military personnel to take suitable actions in increasingly
pressurized environments. Here are the most important applications of IoT in defence and the
military.

1. Gathering Battlefield Data

IoT enables armed forces to survey the battlefield with unmanned aerial drones that are
equipped with cameras and sensors. These drones can capture live images, trace the

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landscape and location of the enemies, and send real-time data to the command center. Using
this data, officers can keep an eye on the battlefield and make informed decisions on time.

2. Monitoring Soldier’s Health

Another application of IoT in defence and the military is knowing the health status of a
soldier. This is done by placing sensors in the soldiers’ clothes to track or centrally monitor
their physical health and mental health. Sensors can monitor heart rate, body temperature, and
thermal distribution as well as some behavioral attributes like speech patterns. The data about
their changing medical condition can be shared with doctors in real-time so that they can
arrange medical supplements or equipment in advance based on their needs.

3. Equipment and Vehicle Fleet Management

Regular maintenance of military vehicles and efficient transportation of ammunition and

troops is important for a successful military operation. Connected sensors and analytics
provided by IoT technology can help in tracking supplies from the source to where they are
required on the battlefield.

Incorporating sensors into military vehicles can help track their position, fuel efficiency,
damage level, engine status, and other crucial parameters. Smart tracking of defence and
military transportation enables military fleets to quickly identify inconsistencies and
implement solutions. This helps them lower transportation costs and reduce human
operational efforts.

Similarly, arms, ammunition, and unmanned equipment can also be tracked using sensors.
Integrating sensors into weapons can help the soldiers know when to reload. Unmanned
equipment can be tracked and monitored during spying and surveillance the enemy grounds.

4. Identifying the Enemy

Enemies can access military bases with stolen badges or appear as civilians. IoT sensors can
capture irises, fingerprints, and other biometric data to determine the identity of a person and
find the individuals who can pose a threat.

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5. Smart Bases

IoT sensors and devices can be incorporated into military bases to improve the efficiency,
performance, and convenience of assets and services on a military base. It can help in
automated screening, efficient resource management, and more. Smart management of
resources such as water and electricity can help enhance the capacity and output of military
bases.

6. Remote Training

IoT can help military personnel to get prepared for the real battlefield fight. Movement
sensors, acoustic sensors, and more can screen the personnel during preparation or practice
and send data and insights to the coaches who prepare them.

7. Data Processing & Analysis

The information collected by IoT about various defence and military areas, such as weapons,
aircraft, fleet, and troops can increase the effectiveness of their intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance systems. The data obtained related to these areas can enable armed forces to
identify key threats quickly and with more accuracy. Military personnel can perform analysis
on the collected data to recognize patterns and derive correlations.

SMART AGRICULTURE USING IOT

Another very important domain in the internet of things is the agricultural domain. IoT is
responsible for modernizing the agricultural field by using proficient methods and
instruments to manage crops, soil and animals. This in turn has led to decrease in the waste
generation and a phenomenal increase in productivity. This is smart agriculture using IoT.

Some of the applications of IoT in the agricultural domain are as follows:

 Sensors to monitor and track the status of crops and insects

 Drones for monitoring the livestock such as hens
 Automated water pumping systems to water the crops according to convenient
times

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  Machines for performing route operations and ensuring proper functioning of
systems
What is smart agriculture?

Smart agriculture is a newly introduced concept. Majority of farmers and agricultural experts
are new to this concept. Smart agriculture involves the use of smart technologies such as
automated machines, sensors, actuators, drones and security cameras to control and operate
agricultural lands and animals. The motive is to increase the quality and quantity of
agricultural goods at the same time keeping in mind the cost and energy usage.

What is a smart farm?

A farm which is managed using smart technologies and modern forms of communication is
termed as a smart farm.

The various of technologies farmers use in smart farms are:

 Sensors for soil, water, moisture and humidity control

 Software to diagnose plant and animal disease, to learn and treat the disease.
 Connectivity using LoRa or cellular networks
 Managing and tracking locations using GPS and satellite
The smart farms are completely operated by automated tools and robotics in such a manner
that the farmer does not even have to step on the field. The cost of manual labour reduces due
to smart farming. IoT integrates and connects the entire farm to improve quality and quantity
of crops and other produce.

Smart farming and traditional farming

Traditional farming methods used old and outdated farming methods. Manual methods are
used to monitor the soil and manage the livestock. These methods are time consuming and
expensive. It is very difficult to detect outbreaks at an early stage.

Smart farming uses modernised methods and IoT based technology to manipulate and
manage the agricultural yields. It includes the usage of Geo locations, GPS tracking, sensors
and drones to monitor the fields, crops and cattles.

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IoT based smart farming cycle

Data is the center of any IoT based technology. In order to ensure optimization, smart farms
must form a continuous and constant cycle that collects and analyzes data to perform the next
set of actions. The following is an example of a smart farming cycle:

 Observation: sensors are used to sense the surroundings and collect information
about the soil, temperature, humidity and so on.
 Diagnostics: the information collected from sensors are sent to IoT based cloud
platforms for data analytics.
 Decisions: based on the analysis done the farmers make relevant decisions to
generate better outputs.
 Actions: when the tasks are operated the cycle repeats itself from the beginning.
IoT solutions for agricultural problems

IoT offers solutions to many of the agricultural problems. The most important IoT based
solutions are precision farming and automated farming.

Precision farming

Precision farming is a modern approach which makes use of precision values to get an
increased amount of yield and produce. It obtains accurate data and precision amounts about
the agricultural lands. As a result of this, plants and animals get the exact amount of input
they need as decisions are made for each plant or animal rather than the entire produce or
cattle.

Precision livestock farming

The main target of PLF is to monitor, control and manage individual animals by using
precision techniques that generate accurate data about individual cattle. Precision technology
measures and collects data about the livestock 24 hours every day. The farms are notified in
case something goes wrong with any farm animal. This allows the farmers to respond quickly
to prevent disease outbreaks or any other setbacks.

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Automation in smart greenhouses

Smart greenhouses are controls with devices such as temperature sensors and actuators.
These devices capture and send information 24/7. This information is fed to clouds that later
store the information in servers for future needs. Once the performance analysis is done,
lighting control and spraying activities are managed accordingly.

Agricultural drones

Farmers use drones to collect insight and real time information about crops and animals on
the barns. The drones monitor the entire field from the sky and send alerts to the farmers in
case of suspicious activity. These drones are also placed for security purposes.

Third green revolution- future of smart farming

Smart agriculture is taking over farms of all sizes by rapid speed. It is becoming a part of a
movement that is known as the third green revolution. It involves the use of modern IOT
devices such as security cameras, sensors, drones and actuators to manage agricultural yields.
Smart agriculture has increased in profitability by providing help to both farmers and
consumers.

IOT IN AGRICULTURE

The world’s population is growing by large percentages. Agriculture needs reforms to feed
the world in large quantities. The internet of things allows the integration of technology with
agriculture to provide better quality food, management, monitoring and control.

How automation and robotics help?

As the population rises the increase for food also certainly rises. In order for the demands to
be met, we require automated methods that reduce the cost spent on manual labour. We also
require methods that reduce the time taken to cultivate produce. All of this must be done
keeping in mind the health of the individuals that will consume the produce.

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Semi automatic robots could be placed in the fields in order to detect insects and pesticides to
stop their growth at an early stage. These robots can also overlook heavy vehicles. The
farmers can easily control these operations from the comfort of their homes.

PROCESSES IN SMART AGRICULTURE

1. Data collection: farmers place sensors in the farm to gather information about the
moisture levels in soil and so on.
2. Diagnostics: the data is then sent to clouds for processing. The data is interpreted to
generate weighted outputs.
3. Decision making: based on the processed data the next step is taken with utmost care and
precaution.
4. Action: once the decision has been made, it is time to take necessary action towards
fulfilling the goals.
Smart irrigation system

Smart irrigation systems check the water levels in the water lanes that farmers make. They
involve the use of raspberry pies and Arduino boards. The main processing unit is the
raspberry pi and the arduino board is for each of the water lanes.

The arduino boards are capable of connection to various sensors that are a part of the water
lanes. These sensors collect vital information such as moisture and hydration levels of the
soil.

In case any water lane does not meet the level that the farmer specifies, the Arduino boards
send signals to the Raspberry Pis that then alert the farmers to take the necessary steps. The
farmers interact with application to activate the relays that send water to the lanes as per the
specified criterion. The smart irrigation systems can be seen as gate controlled systems that
adhere the gates open only when the moisture content is less.

In case the moisture levels go beyond the limits it sends another signal to the raspberry pi to
stop the pumping. This system leads to efficient uses of resources and reduction in water
usage. Smart systems such as these increase productivity in agriculture.

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CHALLENGES IN THE MODERN AGRICULTURAL CITY

Given below are some of the challenges farmers face with the modernization of the farming
industry:

 Lack of labour and human resources

 Global warming and greenhouse gases
 Manual intervention at a larger platform
 No proper monitoring systems
 Challenges in processing the large amount of non uniform data
IoT analytics in agriculture

The data incoming from sensors is sent for further processing and analysing. Smart farming
integrates machine learning and predictive analysis to help farmers deal with natural
calamities such as droughts and landslides.

Application of smart agriculture

1. Drone-based uses
Smart farming also involves the deployment of drones to monitor areas from a remote
location. Drones can reach places humans cannot reach. They are also capable of collecting
information and data. They can send users data regarding soil, livestock, water levels and in
addition help in the prevention of burglary attempts, crow attacks and so on.

2. Real-time crop monitoring

Temperature sensors, light sensors, motion sensors and various other smart sensors allow for
retrieving real time updates about the crops. The farmers can remotely check on the status of
the crop to ensure smooth functioning.

3. Livestock management
Sensors and smart cameras can count the number of animals such as hens and pigs on the
farm. Sensors can also obtain health conditions about the animals on the farm. This helps in
the early detection of flu breakouts and allows farmers to take necessary actions more
quickly.

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4. Tank level monitoring
Iot allows the remote mounting of water levels in huge tanks. It alerts the authorities when
water levels fall below the average level in the tanks.

5. Smart greenhouse solutions

Greenhouses ensure that the plants meet the required level of oxygen levels. However, this
procedure requires continuous monitoring and outside intervention. But a smart greenhouse
uses iot monitors and sensors that sense the atmosphere to send vital information for further
analysis. This is a reliable and efficient procedure that curbs the level of harmful pollutants in
the environment to a large extent.

6. Data analytics
Cloud and IoT platforms play an important role in smart agriculture systems. Sensors are the
main source of data collection. However if there is no proper mechanism to analyse the data
then the information has no uses. The data undergoes predictive analysis and the cloud
generates back a necessary action on the basis of the inkling data.

7. Infrastructure requirements
In order to implement smart farming the farms require some basic infrastructure such as
stable internet connection, hardware maintenance cost, huge investment on drones and
sensors, a well trained staff and stable power connection.

RoleandApplicationsofIoTinTransportation

IoT offers solutions in various layers of transportation. It improvises communication,

authority and information distribution. IoT offers integration in personal, public and
commercial vehicles. IoT upgrades elements of transportation including engine, fuel,
destination and routes, parking and much more. The following article discusses in detail the
applications and role of IoT in transportation. Let’s begin

Role of IoT in transportation

The transportation is an intermediary that connects supply chains to users via logistics. It
plays an important role in connecting consumers and goods. It is made up of factors such as
availability, logistics and movement.

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IoT helps in integrating the entire management process by offering benefits such as
automobile tracking, safer route optimization, distance coverage and so on.

An Intelligent Transport management system benefits the travellers, the automobile industry,
infrastructure improvisation, and thus the core of any organization.

Below are a few of the application of IoT in transportation:

Applications of IoT in transportation

1. Rail and mass transit

Currently, the systems in railways use older methods of technology which makes processes
slow. Iot systems deliver better performance systems, monitoring and control. This gives rise
to better execution, issue handling and improvisation.

Mass Rapid Transit or MRT faces the problem of being an option rather than being a larger
service. IoT is helping integrate MRTs to produce better standards and in increasing the
outturn. IoT enhances services such as scheduling timings, customer care, quick response,
management and cleanliness.

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2. Commercial transportation

Commercial transportation companies rely heavily in satisfying the needs of their customers.
By adopting new technologies, companies can change profit margins by a large percent.
Cargo monitoring systems help track the package from shipment to delivery. They provide
real time location of packages and notify the company in case of an emergency. If there is a
breach in the code of conduct, the user is immediately notified and the authorization takes
further action.Thus, Iot offers a constant flow of information in commercial transportation.

3. Transport management system

Businesses are quickly adapting to the new technologies in order to increase efficiency and
performance. Iot is helping in transportation management by introducing self-driving trucks.
These trucks connect to the warehouse, delivery addresses and checkpoints. IoT is helping
collect, analyze and process information regarding stock, loading, unloading, inventory and
workforces. RFID tags send location details through clouds so customers can track their
shipments and packages.

4. Road

IoT sensors on roads submit real time analysis and information about the situation of traffic
on the roads to help avoid congestion and minimise road incidents. IoT is helping reduce
accidents, road rage and other road mishaps. Road sensors can help create diversions to make
way for an ambulance, fire trucks and police vehicles.

5. Transportation monitoring system

IoT in transportation monitoring is easily meeting the requirements, reducing the risks and
improving the quality. Unlike the regular transportation management systems, the connected
supply chains contain sensors that connect to the internet to provide real time information of
the cooling condition in the warehouse and truck, the traffic conditions, information about the
driver and vehicle and so on. The sensors notify the admin about the conditions
simultaneously.

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6. Asset management and remote area surveillance

Iot based technologies can help monitor remotely the condition of inventory stock. Supply
chains integrated with AI and IoT reduce inventory costs by playing IoT devices in
warehouses that deliver real time analytics on the situation of the product. A staff head
checks up on the situations and updates on the condition from a different location.
Real Time inventory tracking accelerates the Supply chain management and thus produces
faster and quality results.

7. Automobile

The IoT industry improves the functionality of regular cars. “Smart cars’” integrated with Iot
technology offers the same functionality as any regular car, in addition it improvises the
features of a traditional car. “Smart cars” have sensors that sense the environmental changes
around them, provide real time information about roads and traffic, thermostats to adjust the
temperature automatically, child lock features and so much more.

Similarly, other automobiles with Iot technology improve the performance of traditional
automobiles.

8. Information and Entertainment in Automobiles

IoT applications allow users to have entertainment functionality in automobiles. Users use
Automotive Telematics to monitor the condition of their car remotely. Smart-phone enabled
dashboard promises driver safety. Cameras and sensors located externally monitor the
condition of the car and transfer information over an app.
GPS devices track the exact location of a car and help users in case the car has been stolen.
Voice-command-based-applications allow users to change music, lights and temperature
inside the car.

9. Improved safety

IoT helps in improving road safety and reducing road accidents. Webcams on highways
record the speed of a vehicle and if the vehicles exceed the specified limit, authorities are

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immediately informed to take relevant action. Security systems also track accidents and
inform the ambulances to reach at the place of accident immediately.

10. Operational performance

IoT not only increases the quality of production but it also increases the performance of
operations. In traditional factories, factory workers do regular machine checks which is not
only time consuming but it also costs a lot. With IoT in industries, the machine performs
automated routine checks and alerts authorities in case of potential threats and damages.

11. Inventory management system

Smart Inventory management systems provide real-time information about the condition of
the inventory remotely. The supply chains generate and collect large amounts of data and
thus create an integrated framework.
IoT contributes heavily to logistics, inventory management and supply chains. The industry is
blooming with large profit generation.

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