Objectives

• Overview of Java Technology

• Capabilities of Java
• Platform independence of Java
• Java Platform components
• Setting up environment variables
• Writing and running a Java program in NetBeans
• Structure of a Java program

About the Java Technology

1. History:
o Developed in 1990 by James Gosling, Bill Joy, and Patrick Naughton at Sun
Microsystems as Oak.
o Transitioned to Java in 1993 to align with the internet and web development.
o Sun introduced the HotJava Browser in 1994, showcasing Java's capabilities.
2. Development Phases:
o Embedded Systems (1991-1994)
o Client-Side Wonder (1995-1997)
o Middle-Tier applications (1997-present)
o Future potential for further success

Features of the Java Programming Language

• Simple, Object-Oriented, Distributed, Multithreaded, Dynamic linking, Architecture

neutral, Portable, High performance, Robust, Secure

Capabilities of Java Technology

• Development Tools
• APIs
• Deployment Technologies
• User Interface Toolkits
• Integration Libraries
• Various Application types: Desktop, Web-based, Network-based, Games, Distributed,
and Embedded Applications

Platform Independence

• Java code is compiled into byte-code (file.class) using javac.exe.

• The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) interprets byte-code, allowing it to run on any platform
with a JVM.

1
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

• Abstract computing machine that runs Java byte-code.

• Details available on Oracle's JVM specifications and Wikipedia.

Java Platform

• Consists of JVM and Java API.

• Can run on various operating systems.

Setting up Environment Variables

• Essential after installing the Java Development Kit (JDK).

• Involves setting Path and Classpath for Java executables and libraries.

Writing and Running a Java Program in NetBeans

1. Creating a New Project:

o Generate a class named Main or create multiple programs in one project.
2. Adding a Java Class:
o Specify package or add the class directly.
3. Writing Code:
o Example: A simple "Hello World" program.
4. Compiling and Running:
o Various ways to compile and run the program in NetBeans.
o Running Java programs using the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).

Common Problems and Solutions

• Compiler problems, syntax errors, semantic errors, and runtime problems.

• Examples include issues with javac, NoClassDefFoundError, and incorrect class names.

Summary

• Overview of Java technology.

• Steps to create and run a simple "Hello World!" application.
• Troubleshooting tips for compiling and running Java programs.

2
 Question & Anwser

Q: What are the three key phases in Java's development history?

A: Embedded Systems (1991-1994), Client-Side Wonder (1995-1997), Middle-Tier

applications (1997-present).

Q: Name three characteristics of the Java programming language.

A: Simple, Object-Oriented, and Distributed.

Q: What allows Java to be platform-independent?

A: Java byte-code, which can be interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) on any
platform.

Q: What are the two components of the Java platform?

A: The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface
(API).

Q: What is the purpose of setting up environment variables after installing Java?

A: To point to the folder where JavaSE is installed and ensure Java executables can be
run from any directory.

Q: What environment variable specifies the location of class files and libraries needed for the
Java compiler?

A: Classpath.

Q: What is the first step in creating a Java program in NetBeans?

A: Create a new Java NetBeans project.

Q: What should you do if NetBeans does not automatically generate a class named Main?

A: Manually create the class within the project.

Q: What is the syntax to run a Java program from the command line?

A: java ClassName.

Q: What is the entry point of a Java program?

A: The main method.

3
 Q: How is the main method declared in Java?

A: public static void main(String[] args).

Q: What is a command-line argument in Java?

A: An element passed to the main method array to affect the program's operation without
recompiling.

Q: What common error occurs if the javac command is not recognized?

A: 'javac' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program, or

batch file.

Q: How can you resolve the error of 'javac' not being recognized?

A: Update the PATH variable to include the location of the JDK.

Q: What causes a NoClassDefFoundError?

A: The JVM cannot find the class file specified.

Q: What should the class name in Java match?

A: The name of the file in which it is contained.

Q: Name a tool provided by JDK for compiling Java programs.

A: javac.

Q: Name a tool provided by JDK for running Java programs.

A: java.

Q: What is the benefit of using a BAT file for running Java programs?

A: It provides an easier way for end users to run the program without setting up
environment variables.

Q: What is the purpose of the Java Virtual Machine?

A: To interpret Java byte-code and allow it to run on any platform with a JVM.

Q: What does the public keyword in the main method indicate?

A: That the method can be accessed from outside the class.

4
Q: What does the static keyword in the main method indicate?

A: That the method can be called without creating an instance of the class.

Q: What happens if you change the order of public and static in the main method declaration?

A: The program will still compile and run correctly.

Q: What is an example of a distributed application that can be developed using Java?

A: A network-based application.

5
 Please choose one answer

Q: Who is NOT one of the developers of the Oak language?

• James Gosling
• Bill Joy
• Patrick Naughton
• Linus Torvalds

Q: What was the original name of Java?

• Oak
• Pine
• Maple
• Birch

Q: What was the Oak language initially developed for?

• Embedding programs into devices

• Web development
• Database management
• Game development

Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Java programming language?

• Simple
• Object-Oriented
• Procedural
• Distributed

Q: What makes Java platform-independent?

• Machine code
• Byte-code
• Assembly code
• Source code

Q: What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?

• A hardware component
• A physical server
• An abstract computing machine
• An operating system

6
Q: Which of the following is NOT a component of the Java platform?

• JVM
• Java API
• JavaScript Engine
• JDK

Q: What is the purpose of setting the CLASSPATH environment variable?

• To specify the location of Java executables

• To specify the location of class files and libraries
• To set the default working directory
• To configure the JVM settings

Q: What does the javac command do?

• Runs Java applications

• Compiles Java source files
• Executes Java byte-code
• Creates Java projects

Q: Which of the following is NOT a step in writing and running a Java program in NetBeans?

• Create a new project

• Add a Java class
• Write code
• Install a database

Q: What does the java command do?

• Runs Java applications

• Compiles Java source files
• Creates Java archives
• Debugs Java programs

Q: What is the entry point of a Java application?

• public static void init(String[] args)

• public static void run(String[] args)
• public static void main(String[] args)
• public static void execute(String[] args)

7
Q: What is the purpose of the public keyword in the main method declaration?

• To make the method accessible from outside the class

• To make the method private
• To restrict the method's accessibility
• To declare the method as abstract

Q: What does the static keyword in the main method signify?

• The method is non-static

• The method is an instance method
• The method is abstract
• The method can be called without creating an instance of the class

Q: What happens if the main method is declared with incorrect syntax?

• The program will not compile

• The program will run with errors
• The program will execute but give incorrect results
• The program will ignore the error and run

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of the Java programming language?

• Multithreaded
• Single-threaded
• Monolithic
• Sequential

Q: Which type of application can NOT be developed using Java?

• Desktop applications
• Web-based applications
• Native mobile applications
• Distributed applications

Q: Which tool is used to compile Java programs?

• java
• jar
• javac
• javadoc

8
Q: What error occurs if the class name does not match the file name?

• Semantic error
• Compiler error
• Runtime error
• Logical error

Q: What is the purpose of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE)?

• To run Java applications

• To compile Java source files
• To create Java archives
• To develop Java programs

Q: Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Java language?

• Secure
• Portable
• High performance
• Low-level

Q: What is required to run a Java program on a different platform?

• Recompilation of the source code

• A JVM installed on the target platform
• A platform-specific compiler
• A platform-specific interpreter

Q: What does a NoClassDefFoundError indicate?

• The JVM cannot find the class file

• A syntax error in the source code
• An issue with environment variables
• A semantic error in the program

Q: What is a common cause of the error 'javac' not being recognized?

• Incorrect classpath
• Missing JRE
• PATH variable not set correctly
• Incorrect file extension

9
Q: Which of the following is a valid command to compile a Java program?

• java HelloWorld.java
• jar HelloWorld.java
• run HelloWorld.java
• javac HelloWorld.java

Q: What kind of applications can be developed using Java?

• Gaming
• Enterprise applications
• Mobile applications
• All of the above

Q: What is the function of the java command in Java?

• To run compiled Java byte-code

• To compile Java source files
• To create Java documentation
• To package Java applications

Q: Which of the following is NOT a Java feature?

• Architecture dependent
• Object-Oriented
• Robust
• Secure

10